the next (third) lecture (possibly two lectures) assumes audience has now read: -durkheims normal...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE NEXT (THIRD) LECTURE (possibly two lectures) ASSUMES AUDIENCE HAS NOW READ:
-Durkheim’s “Normal and Pathological” from Rules of the Sociological Method
- Kai Erikson’s Wayward Puritans, Chapter 1/Introduction
- Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish, Chapter 1 - Best to warn audience ahead of time that this material is
graphic and may be skipped over if necessary- Any of a number of Max Weber’s definitions of basic
characteristics of bureaucracy (only brief excerpts are necessary)
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Lecture 3 (~25 slides; possibly two lectures)
Punishment:From public torture
to public bureaucracy
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TODAY: Social Control
Foucault’s “old” style of punishmentbodily pain to dramatize gravity of offense; public ritual; sacrifice in the name of values
Erikson & Durkheim’s definition of “crime”what the community defines as illegal, punishes
Durkheim (why is crime necessary? functional?), Erikson (Salem witch trials), & Weber (bureaucracy)
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Review
• Returning to Durkheim: Why is crime inevitable?
• In a moment: Why is it “functional”?
• But first: The story of poor Damiens
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Foucault. Discipline and Punish
• History of “social control” styles in punishment– From public torture rituals to public bureaucracy
• “Social control”—
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Foucault. Discipline and Punish
• History of “social control” styles in punishment– From public torture rituals to public bureaucracy
• “Social control”—– Doing something to control, stigmatize, punish
people & behavior – Formal vs. informal– Formal—criminal & other kinds
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“Old style” of social control (Foucault)
• Story of Damiens—“regicide,” “parricide”• Qualities of punishment—
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“Old style” of social control (Foucault)
• Story of Damiens—“regicide,” “parricide”• Qualities of punishment—– Public– Painful, bodily attack– Destroying the body– Symbolic “festival of punishment”– Question—Why do these things?
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“Old style” of social control (Foucault)
• Why do these things? Symbolic meaning?
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“Old style” of social control (Foucault)
• Why do these things? Symbolic meaning?• Sacrifice, seriousness of offense• What’s different now—
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“Old style” of social control (Foucault)
• Why do these things? Symbolic meaning?• Sacrifice, seriousness of offense• What’s different now—– Bureaucratic rules, procedures– Focus on soul/self not body
• Has this kind of symbolism, control disappeared completely? Pain, sacrifice, bodily harm?
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Definitions of “crime”
• Step back from history and punishment – what makes something a crime?
• Some of the usual ideas—
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Definitions of “crime”
• Some of the usual ideas—– Things that are harmful to the community– violate other people’s rights– simply bad
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Definitions of “crime”
• Some of the usual ideas—– Things that are harmful to the community– violate other people’s rights– simply bad
• Why are these inadequate?
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Definitions of “crime”
• Durkheim. What makes a “crime”—– “not the intrinsic quality of a given act but that definition
which the collective conscience lends them.”
• Erikson. Definition of deviance—– Whatever “people consider so dangerous or irritating that
they bring special sanctions… Deviance is not a property inherent in any particular kind of behavior; it is a property conferred upon that behavior…”
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Definitions of “crime”
• In other words—– Acts which are defined as illegal
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Definitions of “crime”
• In other words—– Acts which are defined as illegal
• Advantages of this definition—– Fits all acts in the category– Directs attention to definitions, those who define– Explains variations over time & place
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Definitions of “crime”
• In other words—– Acts which are defined as illegal
• Advantages of this definition—– Fits all acts in the category– Directs attention to definitions, those who define– Explains variations over time & place• examples?
• (Most stringent—acts resulting in conviction)
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Why “functional”?
1. Progress requires difference, originality– Example of Socrates
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Why “necessary,” “functional”?
2. Erikson’s quote of Durkheim—• “Crime brings together upright consciences
and concentrates them…”• In other words—
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Why “necessary,” “functional”?
2. Erikson’s quote of Durkheim—• “Crime brings together upright consciences
and concentrates them…”• Reaction as ritual• defines morality, builds community &
solidarity
• Compare to Foucault:
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• Using Durkheim’s logic, can you really win the
“war on crime”?“war on drugs”?“war on poverty”?
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• Using Durkheim’s logic, can you really win the
“war on crime”?“war on drugs”?“war on poverty”?
• Regardless of value, where are the symbolic dimensions?
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Kai Erikson. Wayward Puritans
• Communities need deviance—– To define— – positive values, us vs. them, inside/outside, – symbolic boundaries of the community
• So, how does a society/community choose?
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How to choose?
• What threatens/reflects positive values• People who are already marginal, “outsiders”• Ignoring some acts– Not based on “harm” or utilitarian reasons
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How to choose?
• What threatens/reflects positive values• People who are already marginal, “outsiders”• Ignoring some acts– Not based on “harm” or utilitarian reasons
• Examples in Salem witch trials—– How did they choose? – Note the bureaucratic qualities– Why now (for Wed)?
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END LECTURE THREE
NEXT TIME: “New Style” Social Control (in Foucault’s words)
Max Weber, bureaucracyBentham’s “Panopticon,” new style punishment
Optional, but useful:Reinarman’s “Social construction of drug scares,” an application
of Erikson’s theory “crime waves” & “boundary crises”
Think about applying each theme to current events:1. What is the symbolic meaning for the community?2. What is the extent of formal rationality?