The New Republic

http://www.harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/alexander-hamilton.jpghttp://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg

EQ – What was the impact of the major

domestic and foreign issues Washington faced?

The Federalist Era

George WashingtonChosen by the

Electoral College in 1789, unanimously elected

2 Term President (1789-1796)

6’2”, 175 lbs., pock marked and toothless

Washington’s LifeSurveyorPlantation Owner

(Slave Owner)Married (Martha, no

children)Hero of American

RevolutionLeader of the

Constitutional Convention

Federalist (not in name, but in policy)

Washington is one of the few leaders of a military revolution to not become a dictator afterwardsLeninMaoNapoleonCaesar

Washington’s AmericaAccording the the

census of 1790…-4 million in total population-90% of Americans lived on farms-Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, and Baltimore were the major cities

Suffrage (Voting) Requirements

WhiteMaleProperty Owner

Applied to ONLY 10-16% of population

The Preamble of the Constitution– The Goals of the New Nation

More perfect UnionEstablish justiceEnsure domestic tranquilityProvide common defensePromote general welfareSecure blessing of liberty

As the first President,Washington set many

“precedents”

Examples that becometraditions to be followed

http://www.history.com/videos/george-washingtons-precedents#george-washingtons-precedents

George Washington elected Presidentin 1789

ExecutiveOffices

No executive offices to help run

the government

Creates theCabinet…

Concept Problem Solution

Washington’s Cabinet

State Dept War Dept Sect. of Treasury

Attorney General

Thomas Jefferson

Henry KnoxAlexander Hamilton

Foreign policy National Defense Nation’s finances

Edmund Randolph

Defend cases

http://www.visitingdc.com/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg , http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/web_exhibit/KNOX_exb.jpg , http://law.wustl.edu/Faculty/Wiedenbeck/BasicTax/Hamilton1806Trumbull.jpg, http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/images/secretaries/Randolph,%20Edmund.jpg

What about a court system?

CourtSystem

No Federal Court System

Judiciary Act of 1789creates a federalcourt system &

6-personSupreme Court;John Jay = first

chief justice

Concept

Problem Solution

Problems in Washington’s America

Massive Debt Around $80

Million This is approx.

$1,012,240,368.79 today

Money was owed to: France Ordinary

Americans

THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FOR THE GOVERNMENT WAS RAISING MONEY!!

A Nation in Debt

Why were we in debt?

National &State Debt

$80 million war debt;Lack of international

respect

Hamilton’sEconomic Plan-Pay debts in full

-Fed. gov. assumesstate debts

-Create a nationalbank

Concept Problem Solution

Washington’s Problems Continued…

Failure of Paper Currency• Money was worth very little (both Federal

and State)

Taxes

No tax system, no money to run government

Excise Tax(Part of Hamilton’s Plan)

Tariff – 25% tax onimported goods

Concept

Problem Solution

What can our government now do to make money?

Washington’s Problems continued…

Britain and Spain challenged unity

Foreign Issues with Europe

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Conflicts between Great Britain & France

Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793) Why…?

Weak military

Dependent onforeign trade

Young nation, did notwant to get involved

Proclaiming Neutrality

http://azfar08.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/george-washington-big.jpg

Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793)

Britain begins stealingUS ships & sailors…

aka “Impressment”

Why does G.B do this?

How does this affect the Neutrality Proclamation?

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Foreign Policy Struggles

The British wantedto keep Americansfrom settling in theNorthwest Territory

How…?

The British supplied Indians with arms to fight; Indians resisted American troops

Proclamation ofNeutrality (1793)

Conflicts with Indians

Little Turtle

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Treaty of Greenville

Opened Ohio to settlement

Who won?

What resulted?

NativeAmericanwar chief

Issues with Great Britain

Impressment

Jay’s Treaty

Avoided war with Britain

Pickney’s Treaty

Opened Mississippi River &New Orleans to trade

Jay’s Treaty of 1794

What did Britain & the U.S. agree to?No British forts on American soilAmericans must pay prewar debts

Result?Avoids war with Britain

NO!

Does this treaty stop impressment?

Reaction to the Jay Treaty

Split along party lines…Washington & Federalists = “good work”

Democratic Republicans = “Jay is a sellout”

Treaty was passed

http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/jaytreaty/1.html

Pickney’s Treaty

What did Spain & U.S. agree to?U.S. gains shipping rights on the Mississippi River & access to New Orleans

Result?U.S. can send goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans, trade with other nations

Whiskey RebellionTo help pay off the war debt, Washington started to tax whiskey

Whiskey is an alcoholic beverage

The farmers who grew the grain to make the whiskey were angry.

Why whiskey?

Farmers had a hard time getting their grain to market, so they turned their grain into whiskey, which was easier to transport.

They got more money for the whiskey anyway.

Farmers traded the whiskey for salt, sugar, and other goods.

Farmers used whiskey as money to get whatever supplies they needed.

Farmers did not have the money to pay for the tax.

The Rebellion

In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in Western Pennsylvania rebelled against the whiskey tax and staged the Whiskey Rebellion.

One group beat up a tax collector and coated him with tar and feathers.

The Government Responds

Alexander Hamilton wanted the government to look strong. He encouraged President Washington to stop the revolt.

Federal troops (13,000) marched to Western Pennsylvania and put down the revolt.

Washington had proved that the government would deal with people not obeying the law.

Challenging the New Government

Enforcementof Laws

Whiskey Rebellion:PA farmers refuse to

pay the tax on whiskey

Washington sendstroops; US will

enforce its laws

Concept Problem Solution

Political PartiesAuthors of the Constitution wanted to avoid political parties

Why do you think this was the case?

They felt these groups were “factions” that threatened the unity of a republic

However, two political parties form…Federalists & Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalists)

Political Parties

Considering the state of politics today, have political parties had more of a positive or negative effect on our country?

Leader

Power of Gov.

Economy

British/French

Constitution

Hamilton

Strong central

FederalistsDemocratic Republicans

Jefferson

More power to states

Industry/Trade

Pro-British

Loose construction

Farming

Pro-French

Strict construction

Washington Calls It Quits

After two terms, Washington retired from the PresidencyCould he have run for a third term?

Why do you think he decided not to?

Many historians feel the US would not have survived without his leadership

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Washington’s Farewell Address

Before he retired, Washington gave a farewell address (speech). In it he:

Warned against political parties - He thought they could divide the country and lead to civil war.

Urged the nation to remain neutral and not become involved in foreign alliances- He feared that the U.S. would get dragged into war quickly this way.

Urged Americans to maintain and value a sense of national unity.

The Bill of Rights (1791) – Washington’s Major Accomplishment

1. RAPPSFreedom of Religion,

Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech

2. Right to Bear Arms3. No Quartering of

Soldiers4. No illegal Search

and Seizure5. No Double Jeopardy,

Self Incrimination, Eminent Domain, etc…

6. Speedy Public Trial, Lawyer

7. Trial by Jury8. No Cruel/Unusual

Punishment or Excessive Bail or Fines

9. Constitution is not a limited document

10. Reserved Powers

Washington’s Death (1799)

Extremely painful – he was bled 4 times and given laxatives in an attempt to purge his body. Eventually his throat swelled shut.