I.I. Early PresidentsEarly Presidents

A.A. (1(1stst) George Washington - ) George Washington - Vice Vice President John AdamsPresident John Adams

1.1. Strong leadership skills & focused Strong leadership skills & focused on country’s needson country’s needs

2.2. SetSet precedent precedent with the ability to with the ability to relinquish (give up) powerrelinquish (give up) power

3.3. Established three cabinet posts: Established three cabinet posts: • Thomas Jefferson – Secretary Thomas Jefferson – Secretary

of State; Alexander Hamilton – of State; Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury; Henry Secretary of Treasury; Henry Knox - Secretary of WarKnox - Secretary of War

4.4. The first Congress established the The first Congress established the Supreme Court – Judiciary Act of Supreme Court – Judiciary Act of 1789.1789.

* 1791 added the Constitution’s Bill * 1791 added the Constitution’s Bill of Rightsof Rights

5.5. Worked to strengthen the economy:Worked to strengthen the economy:

a.a. Alexander Hamilton’s plan to Alexander Hamilton’s plan to pay off large Revolutionary War pay off large Revolutionary War debt.debt.

1. Govt. issued bonds to raise 1. Govt. issued bonds to raise funds during the war.funds during the war.

* James Madison believed * James Madison believed speculators rewarded by speculators rewarded by purchasing at lower cost.purchasing at lower cost.

Alexander Hamilton – Alexander Hamilton – 11stst Secretary of the Secretary of the

TreasuryTreasury

2.2. Placed tariffs on foreign importsPlaced tariffs on foreign imports

3.3. Encouraged growth of manufacturing Encouraged growth of manufacturing & trade& trade

* Hamilton’s plan was supported by * Hamilton’s plan was supported by northern cities.northern cities.

6.6. Dealt with domestic and foreign instabilityDealt with domestic and foreign instability

a.a. Whiskey Rebellion – farmers in W. PA Whiskey Rebellion – farmers in W. PA rebel against new taxesrebel against new taxes

b.b. Conflict with Native Americans over Conflict with Native Americans over land – Northwest Territoryland – Northwest Territory

c.c. Foreign policy of neutralityForeign policy of neutrality 1.1. British practice of British practice of

impressment impressment and attacks on American and attacks on American merchant merchant (trade) ships.(trade) ships.

* (John) Jay’s Treaty with * (John) Jay’s Treaty with Britain Britain – didn’t deal with these 2 – didn’t deal with these 2 major major issues – unpopular issues – unpopular but ended but ended crisis with Britaincrisis with Britain

2.2. Pickney’s Treaty with Spain – Pickney’s Treaty with Spain – gained use of the Mississippi and gained use of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans trade at New Orleans

7.7. Washington’s Farewell Speech – warned Washington’s Farewell Speech – warned of danger of political parties.of danger of political parties.

B.B. (2(2ndnd) John Adams – ) John Adams – Vice President – Thomas JeffersonVice President – Thomas Jefferson

1.1. Political parties develop & Political parties develop & clashclash

2.2. Election results of 1796:Election results of 1796:a. John Adams – Federalist a. John Adams – Federalist (supported the Constitution) (supported the Constitution)

#1 #1 votesvotesb. Thomas Jefferson – b. Thomas Jefferson –

Republican Republican (favored state’s rights) (favored state’s rights) #2 votes#2 votes

3.3. Republican Congress Republican Congress criticalcritical (watched Adams closely)(watched Adams closely)

4.4. Adams very cautious:Adams very cautious:a. a. Naturalization Act – Naturalization Act – 14 yrs. to 14 yrs. to

citizenshipcitizenshipb. b. Alien Act Alien Act - Could deport - Could deport

“dangerous” aliens.“dangerous” aliens.c. c. Sedition Act: Sedition Act:

* illegal to criticize Congress * illegal to criticize Congress or the Presidentor the President

5.5. French Foreign PolicyFrench Foreign Policya.a. Stopping U.S. ships – seizing Stopping U.S. ships – seizing

(taking) cargo(taking) cargo*Adams sends negotiators *Adams sends negotiators

to to ParisParis

b. Three French Agents report – price of b. Three French Agents report – price of US treaty will cost millions of $$US treaty will cost millions of $$

* US (negotiator) Pickney’s * US (negotiator) Pickney’s reply ‘NO!’reply ‘NO!’

c. President Adam’s reports to c. President Adam’s reports to Congress on the “XYZ Affair”Congress on the “XYZ Affair”

6.6. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions - Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions -

* Declare * Declare Alien & Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutionalunconstitutional

* Favor State’s Rights* Favor State’s Rights

C.C. Election of 1800 – (Federalists Election of 1800 – (Federalists lose power)lose power)

* President Adams & VP Pickney – * President Adams & VP Pickney – run for reelectionrun for reelection

* Thomas Jefferson – * Thomas Jefferson – Republican Republican candidate for candidate for President, President,

* Aaron Burr – Republican * Aaron Burr – Republican candidate for VPcandidate for VP

* Adams & Jefferson are harsh* Adams & Jefferson are harsh(mud slinging)(mud slinging)

D.D. (3(3rdrd) Thomas Jefferson becomes President) Thomas Jefferson becomes President

1. 1. 1212thth Amendment Amendment (1804) (1804) changes election rules changes election rules

2.2. Federalist Party declines – out of touch Federalist Party declines – out of touch with voterswith voters

3. 3. Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

a.a. April 1803 – France offers Louisiana April 1803 – France offers Louisiana Territory Territory

* 15 million – a terrific bargain for US* 15 million – a terrific bargain for US

** Jefferson doubts Constitutionality** Jefferson doubts Constitutionality

*** Purchase could be controversial*** Purchase could be controversial

E. 1804 Election – Jefferson E. 1804 Election – Jefferson reelectedreelected

* Before leaving office, Adams appointed * Before leaving office, Adams appointed John Marshall as Supreme Court JusticeJohn Marshall as Supreme Court Justice

F.F.1803 1803 Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison – – Supreme Court decisionSupreme Court decision1.1. Use of Use of Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

a. President Adams appointed a. President Adams appointed William William Marbury as Justice of Marbury as Justice of Peace – Peace – papers not delivered.papers not delivered.

b. President Jefferson b. President Jefferson orders Sec. of State orders Sec. of State James Madison not to James Madison not to deliver papers.deliver papers.

c. Marbury appeals to Supreme Courtc. Marbury appeals to Supreme Court

d. Judicial Act of 1789 –d. Judicial Act of 1789 –*Decides Jefferson’s actions*Decides Jefferson’s actionsunconstitutionalunconstitutional

Supreme Court Supreme Court case of case of William William Marbury vs. Marbury vs. James James MadisonMadison

e. Marbury v. Madison – set a e. Marbury v. Madison – set a precedent – precedent – Supreme Court can check other branches of Supreme Court can check other branches of govt.govt.

G.G. Lewis & Clark ExpeditionLewis & Clark Expedition1.1. Begin May 1804 – Begin May 1804 –

travel 1,000 mi. till travel 1,000 mi. till winter (St. Louis to winter (St. Louis to North Dakota)North Dakota)2.2. Sacajawea & Sacajawea & Charbonneau – Charbonneau – interpreters and guides lead them into Oregon interpreters and guides lead them into Oregon TerritoryTerritory3. November 1805 – reach the Pacific Ocean3. November 1805 – reach the Pacific Ocean4.4. March 1806 – Begin trip home (arrive St. March 1806 – Begin trip home (arrive St. Louis in Sept. )Louis in Sept. )

H. Zebulon Pike – Explores H. Zebulon Pike – Explores Louisiana Louisiana (1806)(1806) * Leaves St. Louis, MO * Leaves St. Louis, MO

– – heads W to Rocky Mts. heads W to Rocky Mts.

Then SW into Spanish TerritoryThen SW into Spanish Territory

* Provides a lot of info. about the* Provides a lot of info. about the

SouthwestSouthwest

II. Conflict Occurs – James Madison – II. Conflict Occurs – James Madison – 44thth President President

A.A. Two term Republican Two term Republican (1809-1817)(1809-1817)

Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike

1. Problems with Britain:1. Problems with Britain:* impressment, trade harassment* impressment, trade harassment* Frontier Indian Wars* Frontier Indian Wars

2.2. War HawksWar Hawks call to protect US interests call to protect US interests

B. June 1812 – US Congress B. June 1812 – US Congress declares wardeclares war

* “Mr. Madison’s War” – strike at * “Mr. Madison’s War” – strike at CanadaCanada1. US not prepared for war1. US not prepared for war

a. US wins naval battles a. US wins naval battles * 1813 – Captain Oliver * 1813 – Captain Oliver Hazard Perry wins on Hazard Perry wins on Lake Erie Lake Erie “We have met “We have met the enemy and they are the enemy and they are ours.”ours.”

b. William Henry Harrison b. William Henry Harrison invades Canadainvades Canada

c. British successesc. British successes* Blockaded American * Blockaded American harborsharbors* August 1814 – capture * August 1814 – capture Washington, DCWashington, DC* Capitol & White House * Capitol & White House burnedburned* Dolley Madison – “hero”* Dolley Madison – “hero”

2. American Advances2. American Advances * September 1814 Battle of * September 1814 Battle of

Baltimore – Fort McHenryBaltimore – Fort McHenry * Francis Scott Key – creates lyrics * Francis Scott Key – creates lyrics

that eventually become our that eventually become our National National AnthemAnthem

* Andrew Jackson – hero * Andrew Jackson – hero atat

Battle of New Battle of New OrleansOrleans

Francis Scott Key – Battle over Ft.

McHenry

The burning of

Washington, DC

3. Peace Treaty of Ghent3. Peace Treaty of Ghent

*** War of 1812 – US Second *** War of 1812 – US Second war of independencewar of independence

* US gained respect for * US gained respect for sovereignty (our sovereignty (our

existence)existence)

* American patriotism * American patriotism gained (increases) gained (increases)

III. An “Era of Good Feelings” – III. An “Era of Good Feelings” – James Monroe – 5James Monroe – 5thth President (after President (after War of 1812)War of 1812)

A. British treated Americans as equalsA. British treated Americans as equals* (1818) US/Canadian boundary fixed at * (1818) US/Canadian boundary fixed at 49 deg. N latitude 49 deg. N latitude

B.B. America’s Boundaries EstablishedAmerica’s Boundaries Established

1.1. Florida:Florida:

a. Purchase negotiated by Sec. of a. Purchase negotiated by Sec. of State John Quincy Adams.State John Quincy Adams.

b. (1819) US purchases for $5 b. (1819) US purchases for $5 millionmillion

2.2. Oregon Territory – Spain gives up Oregon Territory – Spain gives up all rights to USall rights to US

3.3. Alaskan Territory – Russia claimsAlaskan Territory – Russia claims

* 1824 US treaty boundary: 54 * 1824 US treaty boundary: 54 deg. 40 min. Northdeg. 40 min. North

C. (1820) C. (1820) Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise – issue of – issue of sectional divisionsectional division1. Missouri seeks statehood (slave)1. Missouri seeks statehood (slave)

* Debate over non-slave (free) * Debate over non-slave (free) representation in Congressrepresentation in Congress

* 1819 – 11 states slave, * 1819 – 11 states slave, 11 free11 free

2. Maine seeks statehood 2. Maine seeks statehood (non-slave-free)(non-slave-free)

3. Henry Clay’s plan – 3. Henry Clay’s plan – COMPROMISECOMPROMISE* New States: Missouri – * New States: Missouri –

slave, Maine – freeslave, Maine – free* Official line drawn at 36 deg. 30 * Official line drawn at 36 deg. 30

min. North latitude.min. North latitude.

Senator Henry ClaySenator Henry Clay

D. (1823) D. (1823) Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1.1. Stated during President Monroe’s Stated during President Monroe’s annual annual State of the Union Address State of the Union Address to to CongressCongress

* Goal: Preserve peace & * Goal: Preserve peace & independence in W. independence in W.

HemisphereHemisphere

* Warning ‘hands * Warning ‘hands off’ off’ to European powersto European powers

allow new allow new nationsnations freedom freedom

A.A. Election of 1824 – 4 (sectional) Republican Election of 1824 – 4 (sectional) Republican candidatescandidates1.1. No one had the majority of electoral No one had the majority of electoral votes to win.votes to win.2.2. 1212thth Amendment Amendment – deciding vote in the – deciding vote in the House of Reps.House of Reps.

B.B. John Quincy Adams wins – Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams wins – Andrew Jackson angry – claims corruptionangry – claims corruption

C. Congress doesn’t work well with President C. Congress doesn’t work well with President J.Q. Adams – party splitJ.Q. Adams – party split

A. Jackson – “Democratic-Republican” beat A. Jackson – “Democratic-Republican” beat President J.Q. Adams for reelectionPresident J.Q. Adams for reelection

B. B. Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy est. – political est. – political ideas:ideas:1. Rotation of Office – 1. Rotation of Office – No more jobs for lifeNo more jobs for life

2.2. Spoils System Spoils System (reward) – workers who (reward) – workers who support presidentsupport president

3.3. Kitchen Cabinet – Kitchen Cabinet – * Cabinet not used for (official) * Cabinet not used for (official)

decision decision making,making,* Trusted friends from West & * Trusted friends from West & Martin VanBurenMartin VanBuren

C.C. Political IssuesPolitical Issues

1.1. Nullification Act – proposed by SCNullification Act – proposed by SC

* * Issue of high Issue of high Tariff of 1828 –Tariff of 1828 –favoring favoring NorthNorth

2.2. Doctrine of States RightsDoctrine of States Rights – proposed by – proposed by

VP John C. CalhounVP John C. Calhoun

* Would allow states the right * Would allow states the right to to disobey Federal law as neededdisobey Federal law as needed

* South Carolina forms * South Carolina forms

an army to rebelan army to rebel

3. President Jackson sends 3. President Jackson sends Proclamation to the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina.People of South Carolina.

* Claims SC – traitors to the country* Claims SC – traitors to the country

Vice President John C. Calhoun

4. Senator Henry Clay (KY) saves the 4. Senator Henry Clay (KY) saves the Union.Union.

* Compromise of lower tariffs – * Compromise of lower tariffs – accepted by both sides.accepted by both sides.5.5. Second Bank of the US Second Bank of the US (B.U.S.)(B.U.S.)

* Believed (B.U.S.) favors* Believed (B.U.S.) favorswealthy northeasterners.wealthy northeasterners.

D.D. President Jackson moves Native President Jackson moves Native American tribes West American tribes West to “Indian Territory”to “Indian Territory”* Cherokee * Cherokee Trail of Trail of Tears Tears to Oklahomato Oklahoma

E.E. President Andrew Jackson – beloved President Andrew Jackson – beloved political leader political leader

1.1. Economic depression occursEconomic depression occurs

2.2. (1834) Whig Political Party formed(1834) Whig Political Party formed

A.A. Martin Van Buren – 8Martin Van Buren – 8thth President President•Democrat – takes office 1837Democrat – takes office 1837•Farmers and workers face Farmers and workers face hardships – economic depressionhardships – economic depression•Independent Treasury System failsIndependent Treasury System fails

* Election of 1840 – Whig Party * Election of 1840 – Whig Party candidatecandidate

** War of 1812 hero – Battle of War of 1812 hero – Battle of TippecanoeTippecanoe* John Tyler – Vice President* John Tyler – Vice President* Wm. Harrison wins the * Wm. Harrison wins the election -promises election -promises prosperity (wealth)prosperity (wealth)

V.P. John Tyler, became V.P. John Tyler, became president less than one month president less than one month after President Harrison’s after President Harrison’s inauguration when he died of inauguration when he died of pneumonia, becoming the first pneumonia, becoming the first V.P. to assume the presidency.V.P. to assume the presidency.

The End!