the nespole! speech-to-speech translation system · 2003-09-16 · the nespole! speech-to-speech...

6
The NESPOLE! Speech-to-Speech Translation System F. Metze, J. McDonough, H. Soltau, and A. Waibel Interactive Systems Laboratories Universit ¨ at Karlsruhe (TH) Karlsruhe, Germany A. Lavie, S. Burger, C. Langley, L. Levin, and T. Schultz Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA F. Pianesi, R. Cattoni, G. Lazzari, N. Mana, and E. Pianta ITC-irst Trento, Italy 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Upload: others

Post on 05-Jan-2020

57 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

The NESPOLE! Speech-to-Speec h Translation System

F. Metze, J. McDonough,H. Soltau, and A. Waibel �

Interactive SystemsLaboratories

Universitat Karlsruhe (TH)Karlsruhe, Germany������������ ������������������������������

� �� !�#"$�!%!�#"��!�

A. Lavie, S. Burger, C.Langley, L. Levin, and T.

SchultzCarnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA, USA�����!��&'�������(��� �)�� ��*���!��+!)�!�(,-�$�!�������(+ !��.!� � ��#"*����-"*���(�

F. Pianesi, R. Cattoni, G.Lazzari, N. Mana, and E.

PiantaITC-irst

Trento, Italy��/����(+'��!�#����(����+'�#�$�!������� �0�1�'�(+���/����(+!��� � ����0"��(�

1. INTRODUCTION2-3!465879�7:(;�<!:�5>=(;*41?:�58@�3!:BA�;*5>@�5�3!C�D�=(9�5>:EC�F�@�3!:EGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N6O5>P5>@>:(QSRTGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N�465U9V5�7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3XQE9�=�3!41Y!:Z@�;>9�Y!5*W[19�@>46CY\5>P5>@>:(Q]<!:�5>46^Y!:(<\@>C_7;*C�`41<!:SF�a![6[6PbF�aY!=�@>46CY9�[-5�7:�:�=�3W@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3Z=(9�79�?!46[646@>46:�58D-46@�3!41YZ;*:(9�[ W�D�C;*[1<V5>:�@>@>41Y!^�5IC�F�=�CQEQ8CYa!5>:(;*5�41Y`�C�[6`�:(<U41YS:�W�=�CQEQ8:(;*=(:c9�77![646=(9�@>46CY!5(R-2-3!:87;*C�d*:�=�@-465I9=�C�[6[19�?C;>9�@>46CYV?:�@*D�:�:(YU@�3;*:�:BH�a;*C7:(9�YS;*:�5>:(9�;*=�3U[19�?C;>9�@>C;*46:�5e$f*g J!2Z41Y820;*:(Y@>Ch f @�9�[6P'i f J!Mc9�@#jIY!46`�:(;*5>46@(k9�@�lB9�;*[65�;>a3!: e 2-mIn'41Yo :(;>QE9�YP'i9�Y<Ip-M f K�JI9�@#jIY!46`�:(;*5>46@!q:-r�C�5>:(73Bs!Ca;*46:(;041Y o ;*:(Y!C�W?![6:�h0s;>9�Y!=�:(n�h�CY!:EjBJU;*:�5>:(9�;*=�3_^;*Ca7 e$f J!Mt9�@Bp-9�;>Y!:�^�46:SuU:�[ W[6CY_jIY!46`�:(;*5>46@*PV41Y_K#46@>@>5�?a;*^3�h#KvBnI9�Y<Z@*D�CU41Y<a!5>@�;*419�[�79�;*@*WY!:(;*5 e vBK�2Ii'20;*:(Y@>Ch f @�9�[6PSwU@�3!:E20;*:(Y@>41Y!CU7;*C�`41Y!=�419�[�@>Ca;*465�Q?C9�;><�h�9�Y<ZvI:�@�3;>9!i'vBY!=�CY9!h f @�9�[6PUwZ9c@>:�[6:�W�=�CQEQEaY!46=(9�@>41CY!5=�CQE79�YP!n�RU2-3!:S7;*C�d*:�=�@8465BF�aY<!:(<Sd*C�41Y@>[6Pt?PZ@�3!:cH�a;*C7:(9�Yp�CQEQ8465>5>46CY_9�Y<S@�3!:BjBJ'x!GBJ!s�R

2-3!:_QE9�41YX^�C9�[IC�FcGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N�465Z@>C\9�<!`�9�Y!=�:V@�3!:V5>@�9�@>:�W�C�F�W@�3!:�W*9�;*@SC�FE5�7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3X@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYy41YX;*:(9�[6465>@>46=t5>=�:(Y9�;�W46C�5B9�Y<U41Y`�C�[6`41Y!^ZY9�46`�:Ea!5>:(;*5(RI2-3!:IA�;*5>@�5�3!C�D�=(9�5>:E7;*:�5>:(Y@>:(<41Yz@�3!465t<!:(Q8CY!5>@�;>9�@>46CYz41Y`�C�[6`�:�5\9�YzH�Y!^�[6465�3w'hUs;*:(Y!=�3w'hcC;o :(;>QE9�Yw5�7:(9�{�41Y!^S=�[646:(Y@I:(Y!|!a!41;*41Y!^S9�?Ca!@-D-41Y@>:(;�W�5�7C;*@>5I7C�5*W5>41?!46[646@>41:�5_41Yy@�3!:_20;*:(Y@>41Y!C\;*:�^�46CYXC�FE@�3!: f @�9�[6419�YXvI[17!5U`419b9G�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^�}~ =�CYY!:�=�@>46CY�R�m�465#C;03!:(;�|!a!:�5>@>46CY!5�9�;*:�9�Y!5>D�:(;*:(<?Pc9�Y f @�9�[6419�YW�5�7:(9�{�41Y!^U9�^�:(Y@-9�@�vBK�2IhD�3!46[6:8@�3!:IGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N5>P5>@>:(Q]7;*C�`41<!:�5c5�7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3\@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY\9�Y<b9VQ8a![6@>4 WQ8C!<9�[#�y3!46@>:(?C9�;><�h'D�3!46=�3Va!5>:(;*5I=(9�YVa!5>:8@>CS7C�41Y@I@>CS5�39�;*:(<D�:(?W�5>46@>:�58C;�<;>9(DXCYZ5�39�;*:(<ZQE9�7!5(h'@�3!:(;*:�F$C;*:E:(Y39�Y!=�41Y!^c@�3!:C;>9�[�=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CYVD-46@�3S:��@�;>9c=(9�79�?!46[646@>46:�5(R

2-3!465#79�7:(;�4650C;*^9�Y!46��:(<E9�5'F$C�[6[6C�D-5(�#D�:�D-46[6[A�;*5>@07;*:�5>:(Y@#9�^�:(YW:(;>9�[�5>P5>@>:(Q�<!:�5>=(;*417!@>46CYtD�3!46=�3_=�C�`�:(;*5E@�3!:E=(a;>;*:(Y@E39�;><!D-9�;*:5>:�@�a7c9�5�D�:�[6[09�5�@�3!:�<!:�5>46^YU7;*41Y!=�417![6:�5�C�F0@�3!:�GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N�5>P5*W@>:(Qz41YS^�:(Y!:(;>9�[$R��V:ID-46[6[0@�3!:(YS7;*:�5>:(Y@-@�3!:Ia!5>:(;�41Y@>:(;�F�9�=�:�h'9�Y<

O�GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N0wtGIH#^�C�@>419�@>46CYb@�3;*Ca!^3bJ!K�LI{�:(YbM09�Y!^a9�^�:S41YH0W�=�CQEQ8:(;*=�:R� vI[65>CS9�@�p-9�;>Y!:�^�46:EuU:�[6[6CY_jIY!46`�:(;*5>46@*P�h'K#46@>@>5�?a;*^3�h'KvER

�-�1�0���(���'��� �����!�]�#�����$�'�����U�B���8�c���8���0������'�  �0�'¡��!�(��   �$�'�\���!�(�(�1�0�#¢

@�3!:U;*:�5�a![6@>5EF�;*CQ£@*D�CV5>P5>@>:(Q�:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY!5(h-CY!:SD-46@�3b;*:�5�7:�=�@@>CV5>P5>@>:(Q]7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:VaY<!:(;8<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@SY!:�@*D�C;>{_=�CY<!46@>46CY!59�Y<U9�YU:(Y<W�@>C�W�:(Y<U:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY�RI2-3!:8;*:�F$:(;*:(Y!=�:�589�@�@�3!:B:(Y<SC�F@�3!465�79�7:(;05>:(;*`�:�9�5�7C�41Y@>:(;*5�@>C�F�a;*@�3!:(;041YF$C;>QE9�@>46CYc9�?Ca!@#@�3!:GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N!5>P5>@>:(QSR

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION2-3!:EGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N'5>P5>@>:(Q¥a!5>:�589c=�[646:(Y@*W�5>:(;*`�:(;E9�;*=�3!46@>:�=�@�a;*:c@>C9�[6[6C�D£9_=�CQEQ8CYXa!5>:(;�h-D�3!Ct465Z?;*C�D-5>41Y!^tD�:(?W*79�^�:�5SCY\@�3!:f Y@>:(;>Y!:�@(h@>CE=�CYY!:�=�@�5>:(9�Q8[6:�5>5>[6PZ@>Cc985�7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3Z@�;>9�Y!5*W[19�@>46CYb5>:(;*`46=�:Va!5>41Y!^ZF$C;8:��!9�QE7![6:VuU46=(;*C�5>C�F$@(x 5SG�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^�}~5>C�F$@*D-9�;*:�R f YU@�3!:B=(a;>;*:(Y@�5�3!C�D�=(9�5>:�h09ca!5>:(;I?;*C�D-5>:�5I@�3!:BD�:(?W79�^�:�5�C�F0@�3!:�20;*:(Y@>41Y!Cc;*:�^�46CYc41Y f @�9�[6P8F$C;�D-41Y@>:(;�W�5�7C;*@>5�7C�5>5>4 W?!46[646@>46:�589�Y<�h!9�5-3!:B<!C:�5�Y�x @�A�Y<c9�[6[0@�3!:�41YF$C;>QE9�@>46CYZ3!:�D-9�Y@>5(h=�[646=�{�5ZCY\9t?a!@>@>CYb7;*C�`41<!:(<bCYb@�3!:ZD�:(?W*79�^�:Z@>C_:�5>@�9�?![6465�39\`41<!:�C�W�=�CYF$:(;*:(Y!=�41Y!^¦\=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY�@>CX9\3!aQE9�Y¨§�9�^�:(Y@>©\C�F@�3!:b20;*:(Y@>41Y!CX@>Ca;*465>@t?C9�;>< e 5>:�:tA'^a;*:yª(n�R«m�:b=(9�YT@�3!:(Y9�5�{cY9�@�a;>9�[ W�[19�Y!^a9�^�:B|!a!:�5>@>46CY!5�@>C8@�3!:B9�^�:(Y@(hD�3!46=�3U@�3!:IGIH0WJ!K�LIM0H-N!5>:(;*`�:(;�D-46[6[0@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>:E9�Y<c`46=�:�W�`�:(;*5�9!RIp-a;>;*:(Y@>[6P�h@�3!:¦(2-3!:Sa!5>:cC�F-@�3!:c`41<!:�C�W�=�CYF$:(;*:(Y!=�41Y!^_F$:(9�@�a;*:c4658C7!@>46CY9�[�9�Y<=(9�Yt?:S<;*C77:(<V@>CV;*:(<a!=�:U?9�Y<!D-41<!@�3�h09�58@�3!:c5>P5>@>:(Q¥F�aY!=�W@>46CY9�[646@*PU465�F�a![ A'[6[6:(<Z:(Y@>41;*:�[6PZ?Pc@�3!:8<9�@�9E9�Y<S9�a<!46Cc5>@�;*:(9�Q85(R

�-�1�0���(�V¬��I­E®'�Z�0����¯�����°#�'¯(�!�\�U�B���8�c���8����±0��¯(�²��'�   ®��1�¯(�   ¯����(�'¢

9�^�:(Y@B5�7:(9�{�5 f @�9�[6419�Y�h0D�3!46[6:U@�3!:E=�[646:(Y@E=(9�YV5�7:(9�{Z:�46@�3!:(;8H�YW^�[6465�3�h�s;*:(Y!=�3SC; o :(;>QE9�Y�R

2-3!: f Y@>:(;*[641Y!^a9(W*?9�5>:(<Z@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYV5>P5>@>:(Q³=�C�`�:(;*5I@�3!:E9�=�@>46`4 W@>46:�5BC�F�7![19�YY!41Y!^U9�Y<S5>=�3!:(<a![641Y!^SD-41Y@>:(;B3!C�[641<9(P5B9�Y<S5>41Q846[19�;9�=�@>46`46@>46:(5I41Yc@�3!:I20;*:(Y@>41Y!Cc;*:�^�46CY�R�´�Pca!5>41Y!^EGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N1h=(a!5*W@>CQ8:(;*5�=(9�YU?:B5>:(;*`�:(<U41YS5>:�`�:(;>9�[0[19�Y!^a9�^�:�5�D-46@�3!Ca!@-@�3!:BY!:�:(<@>CB:(QE7![6C�PS9�^�:(Y@>5�=(9�79�?![6:�C�F05�7:(9�{�41Y!^c9�[6['C�F�@�3!:(QSR#vB<<!46@>46CYW9�[6[6P�h�@�3!:SGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N05>P5>@>:(Q�41Y!=�C;>7C;>9�@>:�5S9U5�7:�=�419�[��y3!46@>:�W?C9�;><ED-46@�3SQ8a![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[�=(9�79�?!46[646@>46:�5(h�9�[6[6C�D-41Y!^E@�3!:�9�^�:(Y@�9�Y<@�3!:I=�[646:(Y@B@>CE5�39�;*:8QE9�7!5-C;-D�:(?W*79�^�:�5(R

2.1 Hardware requirements2-3!:-5>P5>@>:(Q�;*:�|!a!41;*:�5-Y!CI5�7:�=�419�[�39�;><!D-9�;*:�CY8@�3!:�=�[646:(Y@(x 5�5>41<!:�h:��=�:(7!@c9S5>@�9�Y<9�;><VK�p�C;B7C;*@�9�?![6:S<!:�`46=�:UD-46@�3_Q846=(;*C73!CY!:9�Y<c[6Ca<!5�7:(9�{�:(;*5�C;-3!:(9�<!5>:�@>5I9�5-D�:�[6[#9�5�9�Y f Y@>:(;>Y!:�@�=�CYY!:�=�W@>46CY8D-46@�3E9�?9�Y<!D-41<!@�3BC�F�9�?Ca!@0µ�¶{?!46@�·�5(R#�V:�39(`�:#F$C;0:��!9�QBW7![6:8<!:(Q8CY!5>@�;>9�@>:(<S@�3!:I5>P5>@>:(Q¨CYU98[19�7!@>C7U;>aYY!41Y!^8�\41Y<!C�D-5¸�¹�¹�¹ h!=�CYY!:�=�@>:(<U@>Cc@�3!: f Y@>:(;>Y!:�@-`419c9ED-41;*:�[6:�5>58M�vBGX[641Y{R

2-3!:c39�;><!D-9�;*:85>:�@�a7_a!5>:(<ZD-46@�3!41Y_@�3!:EGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N'5>P5>@>:(Q£4655�3!C�D�YV41YZA'^a;*: ¸ RS2-3!:c=�[646:(Y@E=�CYY!:�=�@>58@>CZ9S5�7:�=�419�[-5>:(;*`�:(;�h@�3!:U5>C�W�=(9�[6[6:(<º§�uU:(<!419�@>C;*©bQE9�=�3!41Y!:�h-D�3!46=�3b@�3!:(Yb41Yb@�a;>Y_:�5*W@�9�?![6465�3!:�5I=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY!5�@>CE@�3!:I5>C�W�=(9�[6[6:�<\§�mIM!2�W�5>:(;*`�:(;*5>©h'D�3!46=�37;*C�`41<!:c@�3!:cv8J g 9�Y<_uZ2�=(9�79�?!46[646@>46:�5(Rt2-3!:SuU:(<!419�@>C;89�[65>C;>aY!5�aY<!:(;0�\41Y<!C�D-5(h�D�3!46[6:I@�3!:-mIM!2_5>:(;*`�:(;*5-;>aY8CYE<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@»�9(`�Ca;*5#C�F�M�41Y!a!�BCY f Y@>:�[K�p�5�C;�jIY!46�BD�C;>{�5>@�9�@>46CY!5(R�2-3!: f K=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY!58?:�@*D�:�:(YZ@�3!:EuU:(<!419�@>C;�=�CQE7a!@>:(;I9�Y<U@�3!:E9�^�:(Y@9�Y<c=�[646:(Y@Ia!5>:I@�3!:BmI¼ ¸ ¼B`41<!:�C�W�=�CYF$:(;*:(Y!=�4�Y!^S5>@�9�Y<9�;><�hD�3!46=�3465I?9�5>:(<SCYUjI½IKtF$C;�@�3!:B9�a<!46Cc5>@�;*:(9�QSR�½I9�@�98465I@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<`419B2-p-K0R2-3!465�Q8:(9�Y!5�@�39�@0@�3!:(;*:-D-46[6[�?:�[646@>@>[6:I@>41Q8:I<!:�[19(PE<a;�W41Y!^V@�;>9�Y!5�Q8465>5>46CY�h�D�3!46=�3t465c41QE7C;*@�9�Y@8F$C;E3!aQE9�YW�@>C�W*3!aQE9�Y=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CY�hI?a!@E5�3!C;*@E5>:�^Q8:(Y@>5SC�FB5�7:�:�=�3\=(9�Yb?:Z[6C�5>@<a;*41Y!^U@�;>9�Y!5�Q8465>5>46CY�R_2-3!:c[641Y{�5c?:�@*D�:�:(Yt@�3!:cuU:(<!419�@>C;E9�Y<@�3!:cmIM!2T5>:(;*`�:(;*5Ea!5>:c2-p-K0R#2-3!:E:�¤�:�=�@8C�F�79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5ECYZ@�3!:<!:(Q8CID-46[6[?:-<!465>=(a!5>5>:(<841YB@�3!:�5>P5>@>:(QT:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYE5>:�=�@>46CY�R�2-3!:[6C�^�46=(9�[#5>P5>@>:(Q³<!:�5>46^YU465I5�3!C�D�Yc41YSA'^a;*:B¼!R

2-3!:85>P5>@>:(Q³=�CQE7![6:��46@*P_46583!41<<!:(YSF�;*CQ¨@�3!:Ea!5>:(;�h�9�5B3!:8CY![6P

�-�1�0���(�E¾0��­E®'�8¿1�'���   �'¿�0�1�Àz�'¡'¯�®'�E�U�B���8�c���8�'��±0��¯(�²t¢

=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>:�5ED-46@�3V@�3!:cuU:(<!419�@>C;B=�CQE7a!@>:(;�Rcp-a;>;*:(Y@>[6P�h0D�:a!5�a9�[6[6Pc;>aYB@�3!:�uU:(<!419�@>C;�9�@ f*g J!2V41Yc20;*:(Y@>Ch�D�3!46[6:�@�3!:�9�^�:(Y@465c?:�41Y!^V=(9�[6[6:(<y9�@8vBK�2Ih#9�[65>CV41Yb20;*:(Y@>CRV2-3!:SmIM!2�5>:(;*`�:(;*5(hD�3!46=�3S7;*C�`41<!:-5�7:�:�=�3S;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CY�h!@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYS9�Y<E5>P!Y@�3!:�5>465(h;>aYc9�@�@�3!:-[6C=(9�@>46CY!5�C�F�@�3!:�79�;*@>46=�4179�@>41Y!^c79�;*@�Y!:(;*5(h4$R :�R�9�@�@�3!:jIY!46`�:(;*5>46@>46:�5�41YS20;*:(Y@>Ch!K#46@>@>5�?a;*^3�h o ;*:(Y!C?![6:B9�Y<ElB9�;*[65�;>a3!:�R

2-3!:_=�3!C�5>:(YX<!:�5>46^YT9�[6[6C�D-5ZF$C;ZQE9��41Q8aQ]»':��41?!46[641@*P�<a;*41Y!^a!5�9�^�:��buU:(<!419�@>C;*5V9�Y<\mIM!2�W�5>:(;*`�:(;*5Z=(9�YX?:_;>aY\41Yy5>:�`�:(;>9�[[6C=(9�@>46CY!5(h�5>CZ@�39�@B@�3!:cC7!@>41QE9�[�=�CYA'^a;>9�@>46CYV^�46`�:(Yt@�3!:E=(a;�W;*:(Y@-a!5>:(;�[6C=(9�@>46CYV9�Y<SY!:�@*D�C;>{E@�;>9(Ác=I=(9�YU?:I=�3!C�5>:(YS9�@�;>aYW@>41Q8:�R�2-3!:�=�CQE7a!@�9�@>46CY9�[6[6PS41Y@>:(Y!5>46`�:B79�;*@�C�F�5�7:�:�=�3U;*:�=�C�^Y!4 W@>46CY_9�Y<Z@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY_465E<!CY!:ECYV<!:(<!46=(9�@>:(<_5>:(;*`�:(;8QE9�=�3!41Y!:�5(R2-3!:Z=�[646:(Y@ZQE9�=�3!41Y!:V=(9�Y\@�3!:(;*:�F$C;*:V?:Z`�:(;*Pz§>@�3!41Y!©h�5>Ct@�39�@@�3!:E5>:(;*`46=�:S465E9(`�9�46[19�?![6:UY!:(9�;*[6PV:�`�:(;*PD�3!:(;*:U9�Y<Z@>CU:�`�:(;*P�CY!:�h41Y!=�[1a<!41Y!^UQ8C?!46[6:E<!:�`46=�:�589�Y<U7a?![646=B41YF$C;>QE9�@>46CYZ{�46C�5�{�5(R

2.2 Softwarev³=�CQE7![6:�@>:V=(9�[6[�@�3;*Ca!^3t@�3!:S5>P5>@>:(QÂ5>@�9�;*@>5S?Pt9Z=�[646:(Y@Z;*:�W|!a!:�5>@>41Y!^Z9SG�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^U=�CYY!:�=�@>46CYVD-46@�3Z@�3!:EuU:(<!419�@>C;�RB2-3!:uU:(<!419�@>C;S41<!:(Y@>4 A':�5S@�3!:Z=�[646:(Y@(x 5ZY9�@>46`�:V[19�Y!^a9�^�:V?Pb9�Yb:(YW@�;*PV41Yt@�3!:_§�GI9�Q8:�©UA':�[1<�h#D�3!46=�3t465E@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<b<a;*41Y!^U=(9�[6[659�Y<_D-46[6[I@�3!:(Yt=�CY@�9�=�@c@�3!:UmIM!2z5>:(;*`�:(;8F$C;E@�3!:S=�[646:(Y@(x 5S[19�YW^a9�^�:�h�@�3!:SmIM!2�5>:(;*`�:(;8F$C;8@�3!:S9�^�:(Y@(x 5E[19�Y!^a9�^�: e =(a;>;*:(Y@>[6Pf @�9�[6419�Yn�h!@>CE=�3!:�=�{E@�3!:B9(`�9�46[19�?!46[641@*PZC�F0@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYU5>:(;*`46=�:�5B9�Y<@�;*Pt@>CV:�5>@�9�?![6465�3y9_G�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^t=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY\@>C_9�Yb9�^�:(Y@(R f @D-46[6[ICY![6Pb9�=�=�:(7!@c@�3!:S=(9�[6[�F�;*CQ£@�3!:S=�[646:(Y@(h-CY!=�:U@�3!:�5>:U@�3;*:�:;*:�|!a!41;*:(<y=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY!5Z39(`�:Z?:�:(Y\:�5>@�9�?![6465�3!:(<�RºJ!7:�:�=�3bF�;*CQ@�3!:-=�[646:(Y@-D-46[6[�?:�;*:�=�:�46`�:(<U?P8@�3!:�uU:(<!419�@>C;�h�F$C;*D-9�;><!:(<E@>CB@�3!:;*:�5�7:�=�@>46`�:tmIM!2º5>:(;*`�:(;�h-D�3!46=�3\D-46[6[I41Y\@�a;>Yb7:(;�F$C;>QÂ5�7:�:�=�3;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYy9�Y<t9�Y9�[6P5>465U41Y@>C_9Z[19�Y!^a9�^�:�W�41Y<!:(7:(Y<!:(Y@_§ f YW@>:(;*=�39�Y!^�:Vs!C;>QE9�@>© e$f s#nZà µ(Ä*h�D�3!46=�3\465U@�3!:(Yb@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<y@>C@�3!:SmIM!2�5>:(;*`�:(;E9�5>5>C=�419�@>:(<bD-46@�3_@�3!:S9�^�:(Y@(h#D�3!:(;*:c@>:��@ED-46[6[?:I^�:(Y!:(;>9�@>:(<cF�;*CQz@�3!: f s�R!2-3!465-@>:��@-5>@�;*41Y!^ED-46[6[0@�3!:(YS?:I5>P!YW@�3!:�5>46��:(<Z9�Y<c@�3!:I;*:�5�a![6@>41Y!^S9�a<!46CE465-@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<U@>C8@�3!:B9�^�:(Y@`419_@�3!:UuU:(<!419�@>C;�RyuZa![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[I^�:�5>@�a;*:�5(h-5�a!=�3b9�5c<;>9(D-41Y!^CYU9cQE9�7SC;�`41<!:�CU<9�@�98465�@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<V<!41;*:�=�@>[6PV?:�@*D�:�:(YU@�3!:=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CYV79�;*@�Y!:(;*5(R

2-3!:_5�7:�:�=�3T;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYz9�Y<\@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYT=�CQE7CY!:(Y@>5V39(`�:?:�:(Y�<!:�`�:�[6C7:(<z?Py@�3!:t79�;*@>46=�4179�@>41Y!^T79�;*@�Y!:(;*5V<a;*41Y!^\@�3!:7;*C�d*:�=�@(R#sa;*@�3!:(;041YF$C;>QE9�@>46CY8CY8@�3!:�41QE7![6:(Q8:(Y@�9�@>46CYcC�F'@�3!:�5>:Q8C!<a![6:�5c=(9�Yt?:cF$CaY<V41Yt@�3!:S;*:�F$:(;*:(Y!=�:�5U9�@8@�3!:S:(Y<_C�F�@�3!46579�7:(;�h05�aQEQE9�;*46��:(<t41Y_5>:�=�@>46CYtÅ!R f Y_GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N�D�:ca!5>:S9�Yf Y@>:(;*[641Y!^a9(W*?9�5>:(<Z@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYV9�77;*C9�=�3�h?:�=(9�a!5>:E@�3!465B9�[6[6C�D-5a!5�@>C8:(9�5>46[6PS:��!79�Y<c@�3!:-5>P5>@>:(Qz@>C8C�@�3!:(;�[19�Y!^a9�^�:�5�@�39�Y{�5�@>C@�3!:85>@�9�;�W�5�39�7:(<V9�;*=�3!46@>:�=�@�a;*:c:�`41<!:(Y@B41YZA'^a;*:E¼!h�9�Y<U41Y!=�C;�W7C;>9�@>:I9�Yca!5>:(;0F$:�:(<W*?9�=�{E[6CC7S?P8^�:(Y!:(;>9�@>41Y!^c9B79�;>9�73;>9�5>:-41Y@�3!:Ba!5>:(;�x 5�C�D�YS[19�Y!^a9�^�: e a!5>:�F�a!['F$C;-:(;>;*C;�=�C;>;*:�=�@>46CYn�R

JP5>@>:(Q�;*:�5�7CY!5>:U@>41Q8:U465c3!46^3![6Pt`�9�;*419�?![6:V<a!:c@>CZ@�3!:UaY!=�:(;�W@�9�41Yt9�Y<_`�9�;*P41Y!^_Y!:�@*D�C;>{V=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(RV2-3!:S5�7:�:�=�3b;*:�=�C�^Y!4 W@>46CYX=�CQE7CY!:(Y@>5Za!5>:t;>aYW�CYy;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CY�h84$R :�R£;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CY5>@�9�;*@>5c9�5E5>CCYb9�5E@�3!:cA�;*5>@E79�=�{�:�@>5cC�FB<9�@�9Z9�;>;*46`�:�h-9�Y<t;>aY9�77;*C��41QE9�@>:�[6PS;*:(9�[ W�@>41Q8: e o :(;>QE9�Yn�C;�[6:�5>5-@�39�YE¼B@>41Q8:�5�;*:(9�[ W@>41Q8: e H�Y!^�[6465�3n-CYc5>@�9�Y<9�;><Zª o m��BK0:(Y@>41aQBW f>f>f K�p�5�;>aYY!41Y!^M�41Y!a!�'RS½�:(7:(Y<!41Y!^ZCY_Y!:�@*D�C;>{Z=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(h#@>:��@E;*:(7;*:�5>:(Y@�9(W@>46CY!5#C�F'5�7:�:�=�3c;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYEC;0@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY�h9�5�<!465>=(a!5>5>:(<E41Y8@�3!:F$C�[6[6C�D-41Y!^_5>:�=�@>46CYtCY_@�3!:ca!5>:(;B41Y@>:(;�F�9�=�:�h�=(9�Yt?:S9(`�9�46[19�?![6:Z41Y[6:�5>5B@�39�YSCY!:B5>:�=�CY<Z9(F$@>:(;�9E5�a?!d*:�=�@�5>@>C77:(<U5�7:(9�{�41Y!^R�jIYW<!:(;I?9�<VY!:�@*D�C;>{U=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(h�@�3!:E5�9�Q8:c7;*C=�:�5>58=(9�YV3!C�D�:�`�:(;@�9�{�:B5>:�`�:(;>9�[05>:�=�CY<!5(h@>CCR

3. USERINTERFACEJ46^Y!4 A'=(9�Y@B9�@>@>:(Y@>46CYZD-9�5I@�3!:(;*:�F$C;*:E<!:�`�C�@>:(<Z@>CU<!:�5>46^Y!41Y!^Z9�Y9�77;*C7;*419�@>:VF�;*CY@*W�:(Y<Ta!5>:(;U41Y@>:(;�F�9�=�:_F$C;Z@�3!:_5>P5>@>:(QSh8@�39�@9�[6[6C�D-5V?C�@�3b=�[646:(Y@>5V9�Y<\9�^�:(Y@>5U9�Y\41Y@�a!46@>46`�:t9�Y<\;*:�[19�@>46`�:�[6P5>41QE7![6:c=�CY@�;*C�[0C�`�:(;�@�3!:�41;�=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CYt7;*C=�:�5>5(RB2-3!:Ea!5>:(;41Y@>:(;�F�9�=�:_<!465�7![19(Pb465c�\41Y<!C�D-50}~ W*?9�5>:(<\9�Y<t=�CY!5>465>@>5UC�FIF$Ca;D-41Y<!C�D-5(�

Æ @�3!:BuU46=(;*C�5>C�F$@#}~ f Y@>:(;>Y!:�@�H#�!7![6C;*:(;Æ @�3!:BuU46=(;*C�5>C�F$@#}~ �\41Y<!C�D-5IG�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^Æ @�3!:IvI:��y3!46@>:(?C9�;><Æ @�3!:BG�:�5�7C�[6:EuUCY!46@>C;

2-3!:�5>:ED-41Y<!C�D-5�=(9�YV?:85>:�:(YZ41YUA'^a;*:B¶RIj�5>41Y!^ f Y@>:(;>Y!:�@�H#��W7![6C;*:(;�h0@�3!:ca!5>:(;89�=�@>46`�9�@>:�5E@�3!:c9�a<!46CV9�Y<Z`41<!:�CZ=(9�[6[�D-46@�3t9�Y9�^�:(Y@ID�3!CS=(9�YV3!:�[17V3!41Q¥9�Y<U^�46`�:c3!41Q³@�3!:E9�Y!5>D�:(;*5B9�Y<U@�3!:<!:�@�9�46[65E3!:8Y!:�:(<!5(�I9�[6[#@�3!:Ea!5>:(;I39�5�@>CU<!Cc465B@>CS=�[646=�{V9S?a!@>@>CYCYU@�3!:8?;*C�D-5>:(;�79�^�:89�Y<U9�a!@>CQE9�@>46=(9�[6[6P_uU46=(;*C�5>C�F$@B�\41Y<!C�D-5G�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^Z4658C7:(Y!:(<_9�Y<Z@�3!:c9�a<!46CZ9�Y<Z`41<!:�CZ=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY^�C:�5Ia7�R

�V:ZF$CaY<b46@U41QE7C;*@�9�Y@S@>Ct`465�a9�[6[6PT7;*:�5>:(Y@U9�5�7:�=�@>5UC�F8@�3!:5�7:�:�=�3W�@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYb7;*C=�:�5>58@>CU@�3!:E:(Y<Va!5>:(;�Rc2-3!4658465E9�=�=�CQBW7![6465�3!:(<U`4198@�3!:BG�:�5�7C�[6:8uUCY!46@>C;-<!465�7![19(P�R�2-3;*:�:I@>:��@�a9�[0;*:(7W;*:�5>:(Y@�9�@>46CY!5B9�;*:E<!465�7![19(P�:(<U41YZ=�[6:(9�;*[6PV41<!:(Y@>4 A':(<SA':�[1<!5(h'5�3!C�D�Y41YSA'^a;*:BÅ!�

ª�R-9E@�;>9�Y!5>=(;*417!@�C�F#@�3!:B5�7C{�:(YUa!@>@>:(;>9�Y!=�: e @�3!:BCa!@�7a!@�F�;*CQ@�3!:I5�7:�:�=�3V;*:�=�C�^Y!46��:(;>n�i

¸ R-9t79�;>9�73;>9�5>:UC�FB@�3!:Va!@>@>:(;>9�Y!=�:Uwb@�3!:Z;*:�5�a![6@UC�FB@�;>9�Y!5*W[19�@>41Y!^U@�3!:8;*:�=�C�^Y!46��:(<_41Y7a!@I?9�=�{c41Y@>CS@�3!:8=�[646:(Y@(x 5BC�D�Y[19�Y!^a9�^�:�i

¼!R�@�3!:I@>:��@�a9�[�@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYUC�F#@�3!:Ba!@>@>:(;>9�Y!=�:I5�7C{�:(YU?PE@�3!:C�@�3!:(;�79�;*@*P�R

�-�1�0���(�tÇ��B­E®'�V�U�B���8�c���8��²Z�0���1¯(���EÀc�$�����ÀU¢

2-3!:�5>:�@>:��@�a9�[�;*:(7;*:�5>:(Y@�9�@>46CY!5-7;*C�`41<!:�@�3!:�a!5>:(;*5�D-46@�3E@�3!:�=(9(W79�?!46[646@*PE@>CB41<!:(Y@>4 F$P8D�;*CY!^B@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY!5�9�Y<841Y<!46=(9�@>:�:(;>;*C;*5�@>C@�3!:EC�@�3!:(;B79�;*@*P�Rcv¨?9�<V79�;>9�73;>9�5>:E4658C�F$@>:(Y_9S^�CC!<_41Y<!46=(9(W@>C;BC�F�9U5>46^Y!4 A'=(9�Y@8:(;>;*C;B41Y_@�3!:E@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYb7;*C=�:�5>5(RU�y3!:(Y9�YX41Y9�=�=(a;>9�@>:t@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYT465V<!:�@>:�=�@>:(<�h8@�3!:ta!5>:(;U=(9�YT7;*:�5>59Z<!:(<!46=(9�@>:(<b?a!@>@>CYZ@�39�@841YF$C;>Q85E@�3!:EC�@�3!:(;879�;*@*PV@>CZ46^Y!C;*:@�3!:B@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYV?:�41Y!^U<!465�7![19(P�:(<�h�?PS3!46^3![646^3@>41Y!^S@�3!:B@>:��@�a9�[@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYS41YS;*:(<cCYc@�3!:IQ8CY!46@>C;-<!465�7![19(PcC�F0@�3!:�C�@�3!:(;�79�;*@*P�R2-3!:_a!5>:(;S=(9�Yy@�3!:(Yy;*:(7:(9�@U@�3!:V@�a;>Y�Rz2-3!:V=(a;>;*:(Y@S5>P5>@>:(Q9�[65>Cy9�[6[6C�D-5V@�3!:V79�;*@>46=�4179�Y@>5Z@>Cb=�C;>;*:�=�@Z5�7:�:�=�3T;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CY9�Y<Z@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY_:(;>;*C;*58`419Z{�:�P!?C9�;><V41Y7a!@(h09cF$:(9�@�a;*:ED�3!46=�3465Z`�:(;*Py:�¤�:�=�@>46`�:tD�3!:(YX?9�Y<!D-41<!@�3\[641Q846@�9�@>41CY!5_<!:�^;>9�<!:_@�3!:5>P5>@>:(Q¥7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:�RB2-3!:U§�uUCY!46@>C;*©SD-41Y<!C�DBh'D�3!46=�3V9�[6[6C�D-55�a!=�3S41Y@>:(;>9�=�@>46CY�h'465�5�3!C�D�YS41YU<!:�@�9�46[041YSA'^a;*:BÅ!R

2-3!:8vI:��y3!46@>:(?C9�;><V46587;*C�`41<!:(<V@>CS41QE7;*C�`�:E@�3!:8|!a9�[646@*PV9�Y<@�3!:S=�[19�;*46@*PbC�FI@�3!:S=�CY`�:(;*5�9�@>46CYt@�3;*Ca!^3tQ8a![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[I@>CC�[65(�46@I^�46`�:�5B@>CS@�3!:8a!5>:(;�@�3!:87C�5>5>41?!46[646@*P_@>Cc5�39�;*:8D-46@�3V3!465B;*:(Q8C�@>:41Y@>:(;*[6C=(a!@>C;B9�YU41QE9�^�:cC;�9Sa!5>:(;�x 5�F�;*:�:�W*39�Y<V<;>9(D-41Y!^i'@�3!465I465;*:(9�[646��:(<c41Yc9-`�:(;*P85>41QE7![6:I9�Y<B41Y@�a!46@>46`�:-D-9(PB@�3;*Ca!^3B9Ia!5>:(;041YW@>:(;�F�9�=�:8@�39�@�F$C�[6[6C�D-5I@�3!:B5>@�9�Y<9�;><!5�C�F#�\41Y<!C�D-5I9�77![646=(9�@>46CY!5(�@�3!:(;*:I465�9EQ8:(Y!a�h!9B@>CC�[ W*?9�;�h'9�Y<c985>@�9�@�a!5-?9�;�D�3!:(;*:I@�3!:Ia!5>:(;=(9�Yb;*:(9�<b5>P5>@>:(QSh�5>@�9�@>:�h-9�Y<b?a!@>@>CYZF�aY!=�@>46CY9�[646@*Pb:��!7![19�Y9(W@>46CY!5(R

2-3!:IF�aY!=�@>46CY9�[646@>46:�5E7;*C�`41<!:(<Z?Pc@�3!:BvI:��y3!46@>:(?C9�;><U41Y!=�[1a<!:��41QE9�^�:z[6C9�<!41Y!^hVF�;*:�:�W*39�Y<£<;>9(D-41Y!^h_9�;*:(9º5>:�[6:�=�@>41Y!^hb=�C�[6C;=�3!CC�5>41Y!^hB5>=(;*C�[6[641Y!^T@�3!:V41QE9�^�:b[6C9�<!:(<�hB��CCQ841Y!^y@�3!:_41QE9�^�:[6C9�<!:(<�h8j g M�C7:(Y!41Y!^h89�Y<XG�:�5�7C�[6:�N£uUCY!46@>C;Z9�=�@>46`�9�@>46CY�R2-3!:8Q8C�5>@-41QE7C;*@�9�Y@-F$:(9�@�a;*:I465�@�39�@-:(9�=�3SC7:(;>9�@>46CYU@�3!:Ba!5>:(;<!C:�5#465�5�39�;*:(<BD-46@�3E3!465�;*:(Q8C�@>:-41Y@>:(;*[6C=(a!@>C;�h5>CI@�3!:�PB=(9�YB=�CQBW

�-�1�0���(�VÈ#�B­E®'�_�����!�É1�E�0�1�À£�'¡�¯�®'�V�U�B���8�c���8����±0��¯(�²t¢

�-�1�0���(�_Ê0�B­E®'�V�c�Ë£®��1¯(�!°0�'�'���X�$�\�����'¢

Q8aY!46=(9�@>:VD�3!46[6:V`46:�D-41Y!^\@�3!:U5�9�Q8:V41QE9�^�:�5V9�Y<b<;>9(D-41Y!^tCY41<!:(Y@>46=(9�[ W�41Qc9�^�:UD�3!46@>:(?C9�;><!5(R8vBYZ:��!9�QE7![6:cC�F-@�3!:8vI:��y3!46@>:�W?C9�;><b?:�41Y!^ta!5>:(<t@>C_3!46^3![646^3@c@*D�CV@>C�D�Y!5c9�Y<b3!41{�41Y!^t79�@�3?:�@*D�:�:(Yc@�3!:(QT465�5�3!C�D�YE41Y8A'^a;*:�µ!R�2-3!465�A'^a;*:-465�@�9�{�:(Y8F�;*CQ9�YB:��@>:(Y!5>46CYcC�F'@�3!:�5>P5>@>:(QShD�3!46=�3ED�:�=(a;>;*:(Y@>[6PE<!:�`�:�[6C7�h�@�39�@=(9�YU9�[65>CU39�Y<![6:I5�aQEQ8:(;I9�=�@>46`46@>46:�5�R

2�P!7!46=(9�[6[6P�h#@�3!:8=�[646:(Y@8D�Ca![1<Z9�5�{SF$C;I<!465>@�9�Y!=�:�589�Y<Z<!41;*:�=�@>46CY!5F�;*CQ¥9U7;*C7C�5>:(<V[6C=(9�@>46CY�h#5�9(PV9U3!C�@>:�[$h0@>CZ9�Y!C�@�3!:(;�h�:�R ^R1h�5�{�45>[6C7:�5(RV´�PVa!5>41Y!^Z@�3!:c�y3!46@>:�W*´�C9�;><�h#@�3!:S9�^�:(Y@B=(9�Y_41Y<!46=(9�@>:@�3!:S[6C=(9�@>46CY!5U9�Y<t<;>9(D¨;*Ca!@>:�5ECYt@�3!:SQE9�7�h�9�=�=�CQE79�YP41Y!^^�:�5>@�a;*:�5�D-46@�3E`�:(;>?9�[:��!7![19�Y9�@>46CY!5(R�2-3!:�F�;*CY@*W�:(Y<8C�F�@�3!:�GIH0WJ!K�LIM0H-N5>P5>@>:(Q¨9�[6[6C�D-5�@�3!:I79�;*@>46=�4179�Y@>5-@>C8=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>:B:(YW@>41;*:�[6PZD-46@�3U5�7:�:�=�3Z9�Y<Sa!5>:B^�:�5>@�a;*:�5�D�3!:(Y!:�`�:(;�@�3!:�PcD-9�Y@(R

4. SYSTEM EVALUATION½�4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@�:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYS5>:�5>5>46CY!5-39(`�:-?:�:(YE=�CY<a!=�@>:(<�h�@�9�;*^�:�@>41Y!^<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@I9�5�7:�=�@>5(�

ª�R�@�3!:I41QE79�=�@B9�Y<Ua!5�9�?!46[646@*PUC�F�Q8a![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[641@*P'i¸ R�:��!7:(;*41Q8:(Y@>5�F$C;�9�5>5>:�5>5>41Y!^8@�3!:-41QE79�=�@�C�F#Y!:�@*D�C;>{B@�;>9(Ác=9�Y<V@�3!:c=�CY!5>:�|!a!:(Y!=�:�5cC�FI;*:(9�[-79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5(h�CY_@�3!:E5>P5*W@>:(QSx 5I7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:�i�9�Y<

¼!R�:(Y<W�@>C�W�:(Y<U7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:8:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY!5(R

2-3!:8<9�@�9�?9�5>:B=�C�[6[6:�=�@>:�<_<a;*41Y!^c@�3!:87;*C�d*:�=�@I9�Y<SD�3!46=�3Z465B?:�W41Y!^Ua!5>:(<Z41YZ@�3!:8`�9�;*46Ca!5B:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY!584658<!:�5>=(;*41?:(<_41Ytà ¸ Ä*RI2-3!::�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYc=�CY!=�:(;>Y!41Y!^8uZa![6@>4 W*uUC!<9�[646@*Pc465�7;*:�5>:(Y@>:(<841Y8@�3!:-9�=�W=�CQE79�YP41Y!^UmIM!2 ¸�¹�¹�¸ 7C�5>@>:(;I7;*:�5>:(Y@�9�@>46CYtà ¶�Ä*R f YS@�3!465ID�C;>{D�:ID-46[6[07;*:�5>:(Y@�@�3!:B;*:�5�a![6@>5�F�;*CQzG�:�@*D�C;>{c20;>9(Ác=I41QE79�=�@�9�Y<@�3!:BH�Y<W�@>C�W*H�Y<S:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY�R

4.1 Network traffic impactf Y\Ca;S`�9�;*46Ca!5Va!5>:(;S5>@�a<!46:�5V9�Y<y<!:(Q8CY!5>@�;>9�@>46CY!5(hID�:t39(`�:?:�:(YUF$C;*=�:(<V@>CS<!:(9�[#D-46@�3Z@�3!:E<!:�@�;*41Q8:(Y@�9�[#:�¤�:�=�@>58C�F�Y!:�@*D�C;>{=�CY!^�:�5>@>46CYZCYS@�3!:B@�;>9�Y!5�Q8465>5>46CYZC�F�Ì�C f Kb41YUCa;�5>P5>@>:(QSR�2-3!:=(;*46@>46=(9�[cY!:�@*D�C;>{y79�@�3!5U9�;*:_@�3!:_mI¼ ¸ ¼t=�CYY!:�=�@>46CY!5V?:�@*D�:�:(Y@�3!:cuU:(<!419�@>C;B9�Y<Z@�3!:cp�[646:(Y@E9�Y<ZvI^�:(Y@(h'D�3!46=�3_;*:�[6PVCYZ@�3!:jI½IKz7;*C�@>C=�C�[$h-41Y\C;><!:(;E@>C_^a9�;>9�Y@>:�:Z;*:(9�[ W�@>41Q8:t3!aQE9�YW�@>C�W3!aQE9�Y�=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CY�R�s!C;0<!:(Q8CY!5>@�;>9�@>46CY87a;>7C�5>:�5(h(D�:�=(9�YC�F�=�Ca;*5>:c=�41;*=(aQB`�:(Y@8@�3!:S7;*C?![6:(Q£?PV7C�5>46@>46CY!41Y!^_@�3!:E@�3;*:�:=�CQE7CY!:(Y@>5841Y`�C�[6`�:(< e =�[646:(Y@(h�9�^�:(Y@(h#Q8:(<!419�@>C;>nBD-46@�3!41Yt=�[6C�5>:7;*C��41Q846@*P�h'@�3!465�465I3!C�D�:�`�:(;�Y!C�@�9E;*:(9�[6465>@>46=c5>=�:(Y9�;*46CR

2�CS|!a9�Y@>4 F$PU@�3!:B41Y»�a!:(Y!=�:8C�F-jI½IK\79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5BCYZ;*:(9�[ W�D�C;*[1<5>P5>@>:(Q�7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:�hSD�:y;>9�Y�9XY!aQ8?:(;ZC�FU@>:�5>@>5b?:�@*D�:�:(Yo :(;>QE9�Y�=�[646:(Y@t41Y!5>@�9�[6[19�@>46CY!5b41YT@�3!:\jBJv e p-uZj]9�@_K#46@>@>5*W?a;*^3nS9�Y< o :(;>QE9�YP e jIlIv�9�@VlB9�;*[65�;>a3!:(nU=(9�[6[641Y!^�9buU:�W<!419�@>C;841Y f @�9�[6P e$f*g J!2-n�h0D�3!46=�3t41Yt@�a;>Y!58=�CY@�9�=�@>:(<t@�3!: o :(;�WQE9�YºmIM!2�5>:(;*`�:(;t[6C=(9�@>:(<º41YºlB9�;*[65�;>a3!:�RÍ2-3!:\@>:�5>@>5tD�:(;*:=�CY<a!=�@>:(<t?PVF$:�:(<!41Y!^_9V3!46^3W�|!a9�[646@*Pb;*:�=�C;><!41Y!^_C�FI@�3!: o :(;�WQE9�YV<!:�`�:�[6C7Q8:(Y@*W�@>:�5>@85>:�@I=�C�[6[6:�=�@>:(<b9�@�@�3!:E?:�^�41YY!41Y!^UC�F�@�3!:7;*C�d*:�=�@041Y@>CI9-=�CQE7a!@>:(;�5>:�@*W*a7IF$C;09-`41<!:�C�W�=�CYF$:(;*:(Y!=�:h4$R :�R#D�:;*:(7![19�=�:(<c@�3!:-Q846=(;*C73!CY!:�?P89I½-v�2t;*:�=�C;><!:(; e C;#9�=�CQE7a!@>:(;>n7![19(P41Y!^y9_@�9�7:�hID�3!46[6:_[6:(9(`41Y!^y:�`�:(;*P@�3!41Y!^\:�[65>:t9�5U46@UD�Ca![1<?:SF$C;E5>:�5>5>46CY!5UD-46@�3\;*:(9�[I5�a?!d*:�=�@>5(R f Y\79�;*@>46=(a![19�;�h-5>:�^Q8:(YW@�9�@>46CY\D-9�5S9�a!@>CQE9�@>46=(9�[6[6PT7:(;�F$C;>Q8:(<y?PbG�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^R�2-3!:@�3!a!5B7;*C!<a!=�:(<Z5>:�^Q8:(Y@>58D�:(;*:S;*:�=�C�^Y!46��:(<t5>:(79�;>9�@>:�[6Pt?PU@�3!:mIM!2T5>:(;*`�:(;*5c9�Y<Z@�3!:c3P!7C�@�3!:�5>:�58=�CY!=(9�@>:(Y9�@>:(<_@>CU=(9�[6=(a![19�@>:@�3!:E�yH g C�`�:(;B@�3!:ED�3!C�[6:U<!419�[6C�^a!:�RU2-3!:�5>:c@>:�5>@>5 e 9S@>C�@�9�[�C�F

Q8C;*:U@�39�Y\ª(µ_3!Ca;*5�nBD�:(;*:U=�CY<a!=�@>:(<b9�@c<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@c@>41Q8:�5cC�F@�3!:B<9(PcCYU<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@I<9(P5�C�F#@�3!:ID�:�:({R

vI[6[41Yc9�[6[$h!D�:�D�:(;*:I9�?![6:�@>C8;>aYSª(µI=�CQE7![6:�@>:I@>:�5>@>5(h!;*:�5�a![6@>41Y!^841Y9�YB9(`�:(;>9�^�:�D�C;><B9�=�=(a;>9�=�PBC�F'µ ¹ R ¶ÎSh Ï�D-46@�3B5>41Y!^�[6:�`�9�[1a!:�5�41YB@�3!:µ�¼�γ@>CUÅ�Ð�Î¥;>9�Y!^�:BF$C;B79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>58=�CY<!46@>46CY!58?:�@*D�:�:(Y ¹ R1ª(Î9�Y<BÅ!R ¸ ÎSR#m�46^3!:(;#79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5�;>9�@>46C�5(h�;*:�5�a![6@>41Y!^�F�;*CQX^�:(Y!:(;>9�[6[6P?9�<VY!:�@*D�C;>{U=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(h#a!5�a9�[6[6PV[6:(<V@>CZ9S?;*:(9�{<!C�D�YVC�F-@�3!:p�[646:(Y@*W*uU:(<!419�@>C;cC;8uU:(<!419�@>C;�W*mIM!2z5>:(;*`�:(;8[641Y{_<a!:c@>CZ@>41Q8:�WCa!@E=�CY<!46@>46CY!5S?:�41Y!^t;*:(9�=�3!:(<�h�C;8@�3!:S41Y9�?!46[646@*P\@>CV:�5>@�9�?![6465�39U=�CYY!:�=�@>46CYb9�@E9�[6[$R_2-3!:�5>:U;*:�5�a![6@>5S9�;*:S7;*:�5>:(Y@>:(<_41Yt^;>9�73W46=(9�[�F�;*CQ¥41YVA'^a;*:cÑ!Rc�V:cD�:(;*:S3!C�D�:�`�:(;89�?![6:c@>CV;*:�=�C;><VCY!:<!419�[6C�^a!:SD-46@�3 ¸ ª�R ¹ Î�79�=�{�:�@8[6C�5>5(h#D�3!46=�3t;*:�5�a![6@>:(<t41Yt9UD�C;><9�=�=(a;>9�=�PZC�F�Å ¹ R ¼�ÎSR�2-3!465B<!419�[6C�^a!:8465I`�:(;*PZ<!4 Ác=(a![6@B@>CSaY<!:(;�W5>@�9�Y<c:�`�:(YSF$C;-3!aQE9�Y!5(R#s;*CQz@�3!:B;*:�=�C;><!:(<U5>@�9�@>465>@>46=�5(h'D�3!46=�3D�:87;*:�5>:(Y@�41YZ9c79�7:(;�<!:�5>=(;*41?!41Y!^S@�3!:8G�:�5�7C�[6:�N�<!:(Q8CS9�[65>CS41Y@�3!:�5>:E7;*C=�:�:(<!41Y!^�5(h�D�:B=�CY!=�[1a<!:8@�39�@I9�@�[6:(9�5>@�F$C;I79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5;>9�@>46C�58?:�[6C�D�Å�ÎSh'@�3!465BY!aQ8?:(;�9�[6CY!:E465BY!C�@�5�aÁc=�46:(Y@B@>CS7;*:�W<!46=�@�D�C;><W�:(;>;*C;I;>9�@>:�R�s!C; ¸�¹ Ψ79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5(h�@�3!:I[6C�5>5I41YU�yH g465B5>46^Y!4 A'=(9�Y@(h�?a!@�D�:85>@>46[6[�C?!5>:(;*`�:8[6:�5>58<!:�^;>9�<9�@>46CYZ@�39�YZ;*:�W7C;*@>:(<\41YTà Ò(ÄICY\5>P!Y@�3!:�@>46=V<9�@�9!R f Y\7;>9�=�@>46=(9�[Ba!5>:�h�CY!:Z465(h9�=�=�C;><!41Y!^U@>CSCa;�:��!7:(;*46:(Y!=�:�h�[641{�:�[6P_@>CU<!:(9�[#D-46@�3_79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5;>9�@>46C�5-?:�[6C�DXÅ�ÎShD�3!:(;*:�@�3!:(;*:�465-Y!CB=�[6:(9�;�=�C;>;*:�[19�@>46CYZ?:�@*D�:�:(Y79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5B9�Y<SD�C;><W�:(;>;*C;�;>9�@>:�R

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wor

d E

rror

Rat

e (%

)

Packet Loss (%)

ITA-USITA-GER

�-�1�0���(�tÓ��IÔ��Õ��'��   �V�'¡IÖ��  �× �¯(��¿1���(�B�0�tÀ8�����t�    ���(�   ±�'¡-¯�®'�tØS�!��²Z���b�S�!�(Ö0��¿1�'�S�(�   �'�0���1Ù�!�¢

o :(Y!:(;>9�[6[6P�h!D�:-=�CY!=�[1a<!:�F�;*CQT@�3!:�5>:-:��!7:(;*41Q8:(Y@>5(h@�39�@�79�=�{�:�@*W[6C�5>5841Y»�a!:(Y!=�:�58@�3!:c7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:cC�F-@�3!:E5>P5>@>:(QSh�?a!@I@�3!:(;*:c465Y!C8=�[6:(9�;I9�Y<S<;>9�5>@>46=B41Y»�a!:(Y!=�:IC�F�79�=�{�:�@*W�[6C�5>5ICYcv8J g 7:(;�F$C;�WQE9�Y!=�:EF$C;B@�3!:E=�CY<!46@>46CY!58D�:cC?!5>:(;*`�:(<_CYVCa;�:��!7:(;*41Q8:(Y@>5(Rm�C�D�:�`�:(;�hB?:�=(9�a!5>:t[6C�5>@V79�=�{�:�@>5Z=(9�YX9�[65>C\C=�=(a;V<a;*41Y!^b@�3!:@�;>9�Y!5�Q8465>5>46CYtC�F-5>P!Y@�3!:�5>46��:(<t`�C�46=�:�h�9�Y<Z@�3!:EC;*46^�41Y9�[-`�C�46=�:S4659�[65>Cc@�;>9�Y!5�Q846@>@>:(<Z?:�@*D�:�:(YUvI^�:(Y@�9�Y<Sp�[646:(Y@(h'@�3!:Ba!5>:(;�465I:(9�5*W46[6Pc<!465>@�a;>?:(<c?PB@�3!:�=�3!41;>7!41Y!^89�5>5>C=�419�@>:(<SD-46@�3E[6C�5>@�79�=�{�:�@>5(R#vF�a![6[�H�Y<W�@>C�W*H�Y<Z:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYtaY<!:(;�9�[6[�@*P!7:�5IC�F-Y!:�@*D�C;>{S=�CYW<!46@>46CY!5I3!C�D�:�`�:(;-465I?:�P�CY<S@�3!:B5>=�C7:BC�F�@�3!:B7;*:�5>:(Y@>:(<UD�C;>{R

4.2 End-to-End evaluationf Y£½�:�=�:(Q8?:(; ¸�¹�¹ ª�htD�:z=�CY<a!=�@>:(<£9¨[19�;*^�:º5>=(9�[6:¨Q8a![6@>4 W[641Y!^a9�[U:(Y<W�@>C�W�:(Y<z@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYº:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CY³C�FZ@�3!:yG�:�5�7C�[6:A�;*5>@*W�5�3!C�D�=(9�5>:85>P5>@>:(QSRBs!C;-:(9�=�3ZC�F�@�3!:B@�3;*:�:8[19�Y!^a9�^�:E79�41;*5Ï�2-3!:ID�C;><c9�=�=(a;>9�=�PSCYc@�3!:�=�[6:(9�Y_ª(µ�{m��I;*:�=�C;><!41Y!^E465�Ñ!ª�R ¸ ÎSR

e H�Y!^�[6465�3W f @�9�[6419�Y�h o :(;>QE9�YW f @�9�[6419�YT9�Y<\s;*:(Y!=�3W f @�9�[6419�Yn�h�F$Ca;aY!5>:�:(YZ@>:�5>@8<!419�[6C�^a!:�58@�39�@ID�:(;*:cY!C�@B7;*:�`46Ca!5>[6PV5>:�:(Yt?PS@�3!:5>P5>@>:(Q¨<!:�`�:�[6C7:(;*5�D�:(;*:Ba!5>:(<c@>C8:�`�9�[1a9�@>:B@�3!:I7:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:IC�F@�3!:B@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYZ5>P5>@>:(QSR�2-3!:8<!419�[6C�^a!:�5B41Y!=�[1a<!:(<Z@*D�CE5>=�:(Y9�;�W46C�5(��CY!:-=�C�`�:(;*41Y!^ED-41Y@>:(;�5�{�4'`�9�=(9�@>46CY!5(h@�3!:�C�@�3!:(;�9�?Ca!@�5�aQBWQ8:(;I;*:�5>C;*@>5(R8LIY!:BC;-@*D�CSC�F�@�3!:E<!419�[6C�^a!:�5IF$C;-:(9�=�3Z[19�Y!^a9�^�:=�CY@�9�41Y!:(<ZQ8a![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[�:��!7;*:�5>5>46CY!5(RI2-3!:8<!419�[6C�^a!:�5B41Y!=�[1a<!:(<9_Q846�@�a;*:ZC�F8<!419�[6C�^a!:�5S@�39�@cD�:(;*:U=�C�[6[6:�=(@>:(<XQ8CY!C�W�[641Y!^a9�[6[6P7;*46C;8@>CZ5>P5>@>:(Q�<!:�`�:�[6C7Q8:(Y@ e ?C�@�3_=�[646:(Y@S9�Y<_9�^�:(Y@85�7C{�:@�3!:E5�9�Q8:c[19�Y!^a9�^�:(n�h#9�Y<V<9�@�9S=�C�[6[6:�=�@>:(<\?!46[641Y!^a9�[6[6P e <a;*41Y!^@�3!:Zra![6P ¸�¹�¹ ªZuZuÚ:��!7:(;*41Q8:(Y@�n�hIa!5>41Y!^_@�3!:Z9�=�@�a9�[�@�;>9�Y!5>[19(W@>46CYZ5>P5>@>:(QSR82-3!465BQ846�@�a;*:EC�F-<9�@�9E=�CY<!46@>46CY!5BD-9�5I41Y@>:(Y<!:(<7;*41QE9�;*46[6PVF$C;�=�CQE7;*:(3!:(Y!5>46`�:(Y!:�5>5E9�Y<VY!C�@-F$C;�=�CQE79�;*465>CYVC�F@�3!:c<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@B=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(RS2-3!:E:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYtD-9�5B=�CY<a!=�@>:(<_?P3!aQE9�YE^;>9�<!:(;*5(hD�3!CEQE9�Y!a9�[6[6Pc5>:�^Q8:(Y@>:(<S@�3!:I<!419�[6C�^a!:�5-41Y@>C§�J:(QE9�Y@>46=�½�419�[6C�^a!:IjIY!46@>5>© e J!½Ij�5�n09�Y<B@�3!:(Y89�5>5>46^Y!:(<E5>=�C;*:�5@>C8:�`�:(;*PUJ!½Ijy7;*:�5>:(Y@�41Yc@�3!:�a!@>@>:(;>9�Y!=�:�R�2-3!465�5>=�C;*41Y!^E5>=�3!:(Q8:465I<!465>=(a!5>5>:(<Z41Y_à µ(Ä*R

M09�Y!^a9�^�: 20;>9�Y!5>=(;*41?:(< v8J g 3P!7C�@�3!:�5>:�5H�Y!^�[6465�3W�@>C�W f @�9�[6419�Y Å�Å�Î ¶¼�Îo :(;>QE9�YW�@>C�W f @�9�[6419�Y ¼ ¸ Î ¸ Ñ�Îs;*:(Y!=�3W�@>C�W f @�9�[6419�Y ¶�¶Î ¼�¶Îf @�9�[6419�YW�@>C�W*H�Y!^�[6465�3 ¶Ñ�Î ¼�Ñ�Îf @�9�[6419�YW�@>C�W o :(;>QE9�Y ¶Ñ�Î ¼!ª(Îf @�9�[6419�YW�@>C�W*s;*:(Y!=�3 ¶ ¹ Î ¸ Ñ�Î

­��'°0¿1�y�'�VÛ8�(���(����¿��$�'�0�'�'¿B�B�����>¯(�'���B���T­-�(�����(¿1�¯��1�0�XÜc������¿1¯��ºÝ�Þ�0�(�   ¯��1�0�¨�'¡b�    �!Ö�¯(�'°0¿1�³��ßUàU�zÝ*Ô��¯(�!��¿��$�'�0�'�àZ���1¯���á�â0á��0�U­-�(�����   ����°0�!�ZÔ���Ö#�'¯I�����VãS±0Ö0�'¯�®'�!���!�I¡*�(�0²��Ö0��   ®\Üc�   �'�0���1¯��1�0�#¢

2-3!:�;*:�5�a![6@>5�C�F@�3!:�=(;*C�5>5*W�[641Y!^a9�[:�`�9�[1a9�@>46CYc9�;*:�5�aQEQE9�;*46��:(<E41Y@�9�?![6:Sª�R-LIa;-;*:�5�a![6@>5I41Y<!46=(9�@>:E@�39�@�?:�@*D�:�:(Y ¸ Ñ�Ψ9�Y<S¶¼�κC�Ff Y@>:(;*[641Y!^a9�jIY!46@>5 e 4$R :�R0@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYE=�CY!=�:(7!@>505�a!=�389�5I§ g :�|!a!:�5>@@>C_;*:�5>:(;*`�:tªU;*CCQ£F$C; ¸ 7:(;*5>CY!5c9�Y<yªSD�:�:({�©_C;Z§�H�Y!|!a!41;*:<!465>@�9�Y!=�:B?:�@*D�:�:(YU3!C�@>:�['9�Y<c?a!5*W�5>@>C7!©n�39(`�:I?:�:(Yc@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>:(<=�C;>;*:�=�@>[6P�R��y3!46[6:B@�3!465�[6:�`�:�[�C�F0@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYS9�=�=(a;>9�=�Pc=(9�YY!C�@�?:=�CY!5>41<!:(;*:(<V41QE7;*:�5>5>46`�:�h#Ca;�a!5>:(;�5>@�a<!46:�5B9�Y<U5>P5>@>:(Q¥<!:(Q8CYW5>@�;>9�@>46CY!5841Y<!46=(9�@>:U@�39�@B46@8465E9�[1;*:(9�<!P_5�aÁc=�46:(Y@8F$C;89�=�3!46:�`41Y!^:�¤�:�=�@>46`�:E=�CQEQ8aY!46=(9�@>46CY_?:�@*D�:�:(YZ;*:(9�[�a!5>:(;*5(h:�5�7:�=�419�[6[1PVD-46@�3@�3!:BQ8a![6@>4 W*Q8C!<9�[#=(9�79�?!46[646@>46:(5BC�F�@�3!:B7;*:�5>:(Y@�5>P5>@>:(QSR

5. FURTHER INFORMA TION2-3!:BGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N!7;*C�d*:�=�@Ià Å(Ä039�5�9�[1;*:(9�<!Pc[6:(9�<U@>CE9EY!aQ8?:(;#C�F7a?![646=(9�@>46CY!5�CY85�7:�:�=�3c;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYUà Ñ!hª ¹ h!ª�Ä'9�Y< f Y@>:(;*[641Y!^a9(W?9�5>:(<B5�7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W�5�7:�:�=�3E@�;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYSà µ!h�¼!h�Ð(Ä*R02-3!:-GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N<9�@�9�?9�5>:�465�<!:�5>=(;*41?:(<U41YZà ¸ Ä*i!9�5�@�3!:�5>P5>@>:(Qº465-=(a;>;*:(Y@>[6PS;*:�^aW[19�;*[6PS<!:(Q8CY!5>@�;>9�@>:(<cD�:I9�;*:�5>@>46[6[�=�C�[6[6:�=�@>4�Y!^S<9�@�9BaY<!:(;#98Y!aQBW?:(;#C�F0<!4 ¤�:(;*:(Y@�=�CY<!46@>46CY!5(R�vBYE9�=�=�CQE79�YP41Y!^87C�5>@>:(;�7;*:�5>:(YW@�9�@>46CY8465�9�[65>CB9�77:(9�;*41Y!^I41Y8@�3!:�5>:-7;*C=�:�:(<!41Y!^�5�à ¶�Ä*R#2-3!:�7;*C�d*:�=�@D�:(?W�5>46@>:8=(9�YZ?:�F$CaY<U9�@�ä ���/-å>ææ(+���/���!�0"��(�!�#">�(� R

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS2-3!:8;*:�5>:(9�;*=�3ZD�C;>{S;*:(7C;*@>:(<Z3!:(;*:BD-9�5�5�a77C;*@>:(<U?Pc@�3!:8GI9(W@>46CY9�['J=�46:(Y!=�:Is!CaY<9�@>46CY8aY<!:(; o ;>9�Y@�Y!aQ8?:(;0Ð�Ð�Ò ¸�¸�¸ ÑI9�Y<@�3!:SH�a;*C7:(9�Y_jIY!46CYtaY<!:(; o ;>9�Y@EY!aQ8?:(; f J!2ºª(Ð�Ð�Ð(W�ª�ª(Å�µ ¸9�5c79�;*@8C�FI@�3!:8d*C�41Y@cH�jI·VGBJ!sXuZM f vBu«;*:�5>:(9�;*=�3b41Y!46@>419�@>46`�:�RvBYP8C7!41Y!46CY!5(hA�Y<!41Y!^�5�9�Y<c=�CY!=�[1a!5>46CY!5-C;�;*:�=�CQEQ8:(Y<9�@>46CY!5:��!7;*:�5>5>:(<U41YS@�3!465�QE9�@>:(;*419�[#9�;*:B@�3!C�5>:IC�F0@�3!:B9�a!@�3!C; e 5�n�9�Y<S<!CY!C�@�Y!:�=�:�5>5�9�;*46[6P_;*:�»':�=�@�@�3!:I`46:�D-5BC�F#@�3!:8H�jXC;�@�3!:8GBJ!s�R

7. ADDITION AL AUTHORSM�R ´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�h m8R ´�[19�Y!=�3!CY�h 9�Y< ½8R Ì�9�aF�;*:�P�W<9�� e p-M f K�J'i o ;*:(Y!C?![6:�h s;>9�Y!=�:�i :�W*QE9�46[$���ç!�(� !�(+!��"$è��������� ���é�� �&!�#"$è!�!��+'� ä �(+���ê!���0��+��(ë��'�0"�ì!�(�í! ��,�!�(��� ������)�"�í! n�h�9�Y<8M�R�209�<<!:�4 e vBH�2-m g vEi�vBY!=�CY9!h f @�9�[6P'i�:�W*QE9�46[$���"������!�!� � ����� ä !�0"���� n�R

8. REFERENCESÃ1ª�Ä8M�R´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�h�m8R´�[19�Y!=�3!CY�h!îER!s!Ca!|!a!:�@(h'rR o a!46[1?9�a<�hJ'Rm�:�[1Q8:�h0J'RuZ9���:(Y!C�@(h'½8RuUC;>9�;>a�h9�Y<U½8R!Ì�9�aF�;*:�P!<9���RJ!7:�:�=�3Z20;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYUF$C;-s;*:(Y!=�3U41YS@�3!:8GIH�J!K�LIM0H-NH�a;*C7:(9�YUK�;*C�d*:�=�@(R f YUï�ð�ñ(ò�ó�ô�õ!ð�ñ�ö�÷ø�ø�ò�ùcú!ûûü�h�vB9�[1?C;*^h½�:(YQE9�;>{h ¸�¹�¹ ª�R f J!p�vER

à ¸ ÄEJ'R´-a;*^�:(;�hM�R´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�h�K0R'p�C�[6:�@>@>4$h�s�RuU:�@>��:�h�9�Y<pIR'uUC;*:�[$R'2-3!:8GIH�J!K�LIM0H-N!Ì�C f Kb½�419�[6C�^a!:c½I9�@�9�?9�5>:�Rf YZï�ð�ñ(ò�ó�ô�õ!ð�ñ�ö�÷ø�ø�ò�ùcú!ûûü�hvB9�[1?C;*^h½�:(YQE9�;>{h ¸�¹�¹ ª�Rf J!p�vER

à ¼(Ä g Rp-9�@>@>CY!4$h'u_Rs!:(<!:(;*46=�Ch09�Y<cvERM09(`46:�R g C?a!5>@vBY9�[6P5>465IC�F�J!7C{�:(Y f Y7a!@�=�CQ8?!41Y!41Y!^ZJ@�9�@>465>@>46=(9�[#9�Y<lBY!C�D-[6:(<!^�:�W*?9�5>:(< f YF$C;>QE9�@>46CYZJCa;*=�:�5(R f YUï�ð�ñ(ò�ø�ø�ý�þ�ÿ����ñ�����ù!øEú!ûûü��>ô�ô�ôZñ�ð�� ��ùñ�÷_ñ�ÿ���õ���ñ�������þ$òBö�÷ø�ø�ò�ù�-ø�ò�ñ���ÿþ���þ�ñ�ÿ���ÿ�ý���ÿ�ý�ø�ð�������ÿ�ý�þ�ÿ������Iö����tú!ûûü���huZ9�<!CYY9E<!4�p-9�QE7!46^�[646Ch f @�9�[6P�h0ª ¸c¸�¹�¹ ª�R

à ¶�ÄBvERM09(`46:�h'M�R´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�h�s�R'uU:�@>��:�h's�R'K#419�Y!:�5>4$h�9�Y<U9�[$RH�Y39�Y!=�41Y!^c@�3!:Bj�5�9�?!46[646@*PZ9�Y<UK0:(;�F$C;>QE9�Y!=�:8C�FGIH�J!K�LIM0H-NW-9 g :(9�[ W��VC;*[1<tJ!7:�:�=�3W�@>C�W>J!7:�:�=�320;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CY_JP5>@>:(QSR f YZï�ð�ñ(ò�ó! #"%$\ú!ûû�úh!J!9�YU½�46:�^�Chp�vEh¼ ¸�¹�¹�¸ R

à Å(ÄBvERM09(`46:�h's�RK#419�Y!:�5>4$h09�Y<S9�[$RvB;*=�3!46@>:�=�@�a;*:E9�Y<S½�:�5>46^Yp�CY!5>41<!:(;>9�@>46CY!5I41YZGIH�J!K�LIM0H-N1��9cJ!7:�:�=�3Z20;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYJP5>@>:(QzF$C;�H0W*p�CQEQ8:(;*=�:cvB77![646=(9�@>46CY!5(R f YZï�ð�ñ(ò�ó#ñ�����ù!ø #"%$#ú!ûûü�hJ!9�YS½�46:�^�Ch�p�vEh ¸�¹�¹ ª�R!vIp-u_R

à µ(Ä8M�RM�:�`41Y�h'½8R o 9�@>:�5(h's�RK#419�Y!:�5>4$h�½8R�_9�[6[19�=�:�h2IR�_9�@�9�Y9�?:�h9�Y<Uu_R!�VC�5>��=���P!Y9!R0H#`�9�[1a9�@>46CYZC�F�9K�;>9�=�@>46=(9�[ f Y@>:(;*[641Y!^a98F$C;�209�5�{�W>LI;*46:(Y@>:(<V½�419�[6C�^a!:�5(R f Yï�ð�ñ(ò�ó&�(')$*�(+�ö�� ,-+��."/Zñ�ð�� ��ùñ�÷)0�ÿ��>ÿ&�$ø�ð�1 þ�ÿ���õ&���2��ÿ�ý�>ÿ&�$ø�ð�1 þ�ÿ���õ&��1���÷÷'ð�ñ���ò�ù!ø���h!J:(9�@>@>[6:�h�ZvEh ¸�¹�¹�¹ RvBuZ2�vER

à Ñ(Ä8s�RuU:�@>��:�h�rRuU=(½�CY!Ca!^3�h9�Y<Um8RJC�[6@�9�a�R'J!7:�:�=�3g :�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYZC�`�:(;�G�:�@�uU:�:�@>41Y!^Up�CYY!:�=�@>46CY!5(R f YZï�ð�ñ(ò�óô�õ!ð�ñ�ö�÷ø�ø�ò�ùcú!ûûü�hvB9�[1?C;*^h½�:(YQE9�;>{h ¸�¹�¹ ª�R f J!p�vER

à Ò(Ä8´IRuU46[1Y!:(;I9�Y<UJ'R'J:(QEY9�Y!4$R g C?a!5>@�J!7:�:�=�3 g :�=�C�^Y!46@>46CYC�`�:(; f KbG�:�@*D�C;>{�5(R f YUï�ð�ñ(ò�ó!� 3%�IööïXú!ûûü�h!J!9�[6@IM09�{�:p�46@*P�h�jBJvEhÅ ¸�¹�¹ ª�R

à Ð(ÄEJ'R g C�5>5�9�@>Chm8R´�[19�Y!=�3!CY�h9�Y<SM�R´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�R0H#`�9�[1a9�@>46CYC�F�9cJ!7:�:�=�3U@>CSJ!7:�:�=�3Z20;>9�Y!5>[19�@>46CYVJP5>@>:(QS�-s;*:(Y!=�3H#�!7:(;*46:(Y!=�:E41YU@�3!:8GIH�J!K�LIM0H-NK�;*C�d*:�=�@(R f YUöõ&4��Eþ����$ø�ý��ñ*5-ï�ð�ñ(ò�ó#ü*6���ù��>ÿ&�$ø�ð�ÿ!����þ�ñ�ÿ!��1%3�ñ�ÿ ��ø�ð>ø�ÿ'ò�øEñ�ÿ3�ñ��I÷'õ�������þ�ñ�ÿ!��1�"0þ�ÿ���õ!þ�����þ$ò����.3-07"%�.82,Tú!ûû�ú���h209�417:�4$h209�46D-9�Y�h'Ò ¸�¹�¹�¸ R

Ã1ª ¹ Ä8½8RÌ�9�aF�;*:�P!<9���hM�R´�:�5�9�=�46:(;�h�pIR'´�:(;*^9�Q841Y!4$h�9�Y<g RM09�QBP�R's;*CQº^�:(Y!:(;*46=8@>CE@�9�5�{�W�C;*46:(Y@>:(<Z5�7:�:�=�3;*:�=�C�^Y!46@>46CY��-s;*:(Y!=�3U:��!7:(;*46:(Y!=�:E41YU@�3!:BGIH�J!K�LIM0H-NH�a;*C7:(9�YZ7;*C�d*:�=�@(R f YUï�ð�ñ(ò�ó%��$%�(9Zñ�ð�� ��ùñ�÷_ñ�ÿ�Iý*��÷!������þ�ñ�ÿ�'Zø ��ùñ�ý��%�(ñ�ðIö�÷ø�ø�ò�ù��-ø�ò�ñ���ÿþ���þ�ñ�ÿ'h!JC73!419vBY@>417C�[6465(h�s;>9�Y!=�:�h ¸�¹�¹ ª�R f 2 g �TR