the nervous and endocrine systems
DESCRIPTION
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems. What is the Nervous System?. Body’s electrochemical communication system How your brain communicates with limbs, organs, etc. Built from cells called neurons. Neurons. A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts. Neurons. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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What is the Nervous System?Body’s electrochemical
communication system◦How your brain communicates with
limbs, organs, etc.Built from cells called neurons
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NeuronsA nerve cell, or a neuron,
consists of many different parts.
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NeuronsPerform only THREE tasks◦Receive information from other
neurons◦Carry information down its length◦Pass information to next neuron in
lineEach neuron has a threshold◦When electrical charge is strong
enough…the neuron fires
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Action Potential Neurons either fire or
they don’t Neurons are like a toilet:
◦ When you flush, an “impulse” is sent down the pipe
◦ “Refractory Period”: time when tank is refilling-toilet can’t be flushed
◦ Resting Potential: toilet is ready to fire (flush) when tank is refilled
◦ All-or-nothing: doesn’t matter how hard you push the handle, as long as you push enough to flush
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Synapse Synapse: a junction between the axon tip of
the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released
from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on
the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to
generate an action potential.
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Neurotransmitters
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Nervous System
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)
PeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)
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The Nervous SystemNervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
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The Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.
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The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral
nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central
nervous system.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
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Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks
Complex Neural Network
Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience.
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Central Nervous SystemThe Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Simple Reflex
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The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”
chemical communication
system. Communication is
carried out by hormones
synthesized by a set of glands.
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HormonesHormones are chemicals synthesized by the
endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and
many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood
sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.
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Pituitary GlandIs called the “master gland.” The anterior
pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe
regulates water and salt balance.
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Thyroid & Parathyroid GlandsRegulate metabolic and calcium
rate.
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Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and
emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate
metabolism.
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GonadsSex glands are
located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.