The Endocrine, The Endocrine, Nervous, and Nervous, and Reproductive Reproductive

SystemsSystems

AP Biology ReviewAP Biology Review

Holly DavisHolly Davis

Endocrine Nervous Endocrine Nervous ReproductiveReproductive

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EndocrineEndocrine

• How many known hormones are How many known hormones are there?there?

•100

•15

•50

Sorry that’s wrong!Sorry that’s wrong!

Your Right!Your Right!

• There are 50 known There are 50 known hormones affecting hormones affecting the human body.the human body.

• Hormones affect Hormones affect certain cells, called certain cells, called target cells. Each target cells. Each hormone has a hormone has a specific shape specific shape recognized by the recognized by the target cells.target cells.

EndocrineEndocrine

Two types of Peptide hormones areTwo types of Peptide hormones are

•cAMP (cyclic AMP) and Inositol Triposphate

•FSH and LH

•Prolactin and TSH

Genius!Genius!

• The Pituitary is the The Pituitary is the master gland, master gland, influencing all influencing all other glands. FYI- other glands. FYI- The posterior lobe The posterior lobe of the pituitary of the pituitary gland is actually gland is actually part of the brain.part of the brain.

EndocrineEndocrine

• What is the master gland in the What is the master gland in the body?body?

•Hypothalamus

•Pituitary

•Thyroid

Amazing!Amazing!

• Peptide hormones Peptide hormones are unable to pass are unable to pass through cell through cell membranes and membranes and must bind to receptor must bind to receptor sites. Two types are sites. Two types are cyclic AMP (cAMP) cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Inositol and Inositol Triphosphate.Triphosphate.

EndocrineEndocrine

• Female hormone glands are Female hormone glands are ______________ and male hormone glands are and male hormone glands are _______._______.

•Thyroid and testes

•Ovaries and testes

•Hypothalamus and thyroid

Great Job!Great Job!

• The Ovaries are the The Ovaries are the female hormone female hormone gland, which gland, which produce estrogen produce estrogen and progesterone.and progesterone.

• The testes are the The testes are the male hormone gland male hormone gland in which in which testosterone is testosterone is produced.produced.

EndocrineEndocrine

• Which of these are not a hormone Which of these are not a hormone found in the pituitary gland?found in the pituitary gland?

•Endorphins

•cAMP

•FSH

Correct!Correct!cAMP is not one of cAMP is not one of

the many the many hormones made in hormones made in the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland. It is actually a type It is actually a type of peptide of peptide hormones.hormones.

• Endorphins and Endorphins and FSH are both FSH are both hormones from the hormones from the pituitary gland.pituitary gland.

NervousNervous

• What are the 3 types of neurons?What are the 3 types of neurons?

•Sensory, motor, dendrite

•Motor, interneurons, resting

• Interneurons,motor, sensory

Super!Super!• Sensory, Sensory,

interneurons, and interneurons, and motor are the 3 motor are the 3 types of neurons. types of neurons. Sensory takes Sensory takes stimulus to CNS. stimulus to CNS. Interneurons Interneurons integrate sensory integrate sensory input and motor input and motor output. Motor output. Motor muscles and other muscles and other glands respond to glands respond to stimulus.stimulus.

NervousNervous

• Situation in which nerve is positively Situation in which nerve is positively charged on outside and negatively charged on outside and negatively charged on inside.charged on inside.

•Threshold

•Polarization

•Depolarization

Great Job!Great Job!

• Polarization is a Polarization is a situation in which situation in which nerve is positively nerve is positively charged on outside charged on outside and negatively and negatively charged on inside.charged on inside.

• Threshold is lowest Threshold is lowest point of electrical point of electrical activity that will activity that will initiate depolarization.initiate depolarization.

• Depolarization is the Depolarization is the opposite of opposite of polarization.polarization.

NervousNervous

• What phylum has the simplest What phylum has the simplest nervous system?nervous system?

•Cnidarians

•Arthropods

•Platyhelminthes

Way to Go!Way to Go!

Cnidarians have the Cnidarians have the simplest nervous simplest nervous system of all the system of all the phylum. They have phylum. They have a loosely organized a loosely organized net of nerves.net of nerves.

NervousNervous

• What does acetylcholine do?What does acetylcholine do?

•Stimulates muscle to contract

•Relaxes muscles

•Restricts passage of most substances into brain

Great job!Great job!

• Acetylcholine Acetylcholine stimulates muscles stimulates muscles to contract.to contract.

• Cholinesterase Cholinesterase relaxes muscles.relaxes muscles.

• Astrocytes, circle Astrocytes, circle capillaries in brain, capillaries in brain, restricts passage of restricts passage of most substances most substances into brain.into brain.

NervousNervous

• What makes up the central nervous What makes up the central nervous system?system?

•Afferent cells and efferent cells

•Efferent cells and spinal cord

•Spinal cord and brain

Genius!Genius!

• The central nervous The central nervous system forms bridge system forms bridge between sensory between sensory and motor functions.and motor functions.

• It is made of the It is made of the spinal cord and spinal cord and brain.brain.

ReproductiveReproductive

• What is budding?What is budding?

• Individual grows out from body of original

•Breaking of body into several pieces

•Regrowth of body or body tissue

Correct!Correct!

• Budding is when an Budding is when an individual grows out individual grows out from body of the from body of the original individual.original individual.

• Breaking of the body Breaking of the body into several pieces is into several pieces is fragmentation.fragmentation.

• Regrowth of body or Regrowth of body or body tissue is body tissue is regeneration.regeneration.

ReproductiveReproductive

• Egg development without being Egg development without being fertilized is?fertilized is?

•Hermaphrodite

•Parthenogenesis

•Viviparity

Your Right!Your Right!• Parthenogenesis egg Parthenogenesis egg

development without development without being fertilized ex. being fertilized ex. daphnia, ants, bees, daphnia, ants, bees, waspwasp

• Hermaphrodites have Hermaphrodites have both male and female both male and female reproductive partsreproductive parts

• Viviparity the young Viviparity the young develop in the uterusdevelop in the uterus

ReproductiveReproductive

• Where is the site of the sperm Where is the site of the sperm development?development?

•Prostate gland

•Vas deferens

• testes

Way to go!Way to go!• Testes are the site Testes are the site

of the sperm of the sperm development.development.

• Prostate gland Prostate gland increases ph of increases ph of sperm, activates and sperm, activates and protects sperm.protects sperm.

• Vas deferens tube Vas deferens tube for sperm transport.for sperm transport.

ReproductiveReproductive

• What is the ovary?What is the ovary?

• Egg development siteEgg development site

• Ring of firm tissue surrounding Ring of firm tissue surrounding uterine openinguterine opening

• Muscular tube used to receive penis Muscular tube used to receive penis and act as birth passageand act as birth passage

Super!Super!

• The ovary is the site The ovary is the site of egg development.of egg development.

• The ring of firm The ring of firm tissue surrounding tissue surrounding uterine opening is uterine opening is the cervix.the cervix.

• The vagina is the The vagina is the muscular tube used muscular tube used to receive penis and to receive penis and act as birth passage.act as birth passage.

ReproductiveReproductive

• Which of these is not a mammal?Which of these is not a mammal?

• MonotremesMonotremes

• OviparousOviparous

• MarsupialsMarsupials

Great job!Great job!

• Oviparous is to lay Oviparous is to lay eggs, both internally eggs, both internally and externally like and externally like birds, fish, reptiles, and birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.amphibians.

• Monotremes lay eggs Monotremes lay eggs but have fur and but have fur and produce milk, platypus produce milk, platypus and echidna.and echidna.

• marsupials have young marsupials have young in uterus but the young in uterus but the young crawl into a pouch on crawl into a pouch on the mother examples-the mother examples-kangaroo and opossum.kangaroo and opossum.

CreditCredit

Thanks to the following:

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft ClipArt

Mrs. Young

Mrs. Davidsonhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngkids/9608/jellyfish/index.html