the negotiations to relocate the songhees indians,...
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National Library Bib l io thWe nationale of Canada
CANADIAN THESES du Canada ON MICROFICHE
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THESES CANADIENNES (I
SUR MICROFICHE
Jeannie L. Kanakos NAME OF AUTHORINOM DE L'AUTEUR - - - - - - -
The Negotiatiotls t o Relocate the Songhees Indians, TITLE OF THESISITITRE DE LA T H ~ S E -- - - - - -
DEGREE FOA WHlCk THESIS WAS FESENTEDI A ~ E POUR LEQUEL CETTE THESE FUT P R ~ S E N T ~ E
Master - o f Arts - - - . - - -- - -
YEAR THIS DEGREE CONFERRED/ANN~E DD'ETENTION DE CE DEGRL! 1982
--A - - - - - - - - - - . . -
NAME OFaSUPERVISOR/NOM DU DIRECTEUR DE THESE L Dr. R.A. Fisher - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Permission is hereby
CANADA to miyofilm
of the film.
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wise reproduced without the author's written permission. w autrement reproduits sans l'autorisation Bcrite de l'auteur.
TIiE M S G O T I A T I G N S TO B E L O C A T E TI lZ S O N G H E Z S I N D I A N S , 1 E(13-19ll
(3 J r a n n i e I. K anak os
T H R S I S SUBHITTED IN ) P A R T I AX, FfJLFILLMEX'T O F
MASTER OF ARTS
i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t
H i s t o r y
C J e a n n i e L, Kanakos 1983
S I H O N FRASER U N I V E R S I T Y d
- All r i g h t s reserved. T h i s work may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d in 'whple or i n p a r t , b y p h o t o f o p y
sr o t h e r means, w i L t h ? u t permission of t h e author,
PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICEhSE -
-9
I h e r e b y g r a n t t o Simon F m r U n i v e r s i t y t h e r i g h t t o lend
my t h e s i s o r d i s s e r t a t i o n ( t h e t i t l e o f which i s shown be low) t o u s e r s
of t h e Y .
c o p i e s
o f a n y
*, b e h a l f .
~ i m o n F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , and t o make p a r t i a l o r s i n g l e
o n l y f o r s u c h u s e r s o r i n r e s p o n s e t o a r e q u e s t from t h e l i b r a r y
o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n , on i t s own
o r f o r one o f - i t s u s e r s . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r a
m u l t l p l e copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y pu rposes may be g r a n t e d
b y me o r t h e Dean of Graduate S t u d i e s . It i s unde r s tood t h a t copy ing
o r p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l owed
w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . h
- F .
5
T i t l e o f Thes i s / ~ i s s e r t a t i o n :
The Negot iat ions t o Relocate t h B o n g h e e s Indians, 1843-1 91 1
Author :
- ( s i g n a t u r e ) -
Jeannie L. Kanakos
(name )
Name : J e a n n i e I,. Kanakos
D e g r e e : M a s t e r o f ' A r t s
T i t l e o f t h e s i s : The N e g o t i a t i o n s t o R e l o c a t e t h e S o n g h e e s
Examin ing c o m m i t t e e : C. R . Day, Cha i rman
Y
R . A . F i s h c S c n i o r S u p e r v i s o r
J o h n s t o n , S u p e r v i s o r y Commit tee
D . L . C61e, S u i e r v i s o r y Commit tee
R . L . C a r l s o n , E x t e r n a l Examiner P r o f e s s o r , A r c h a e o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , Simon F r a s e r I J n i v e r s i t y
I
D a t e Approved : 15 A p r i l , 1982
A BS TR ACT
In 1 Q 1 1 the S o n g h e e s Ir,dFail:; s u r r e n d e r e d t h e i r r e s e r v e i n
t h e h e a r t o f V i c t o r i a c i t y . T h e y wern r e l a c a t ~ a a f t e r n e a r l y - I
f i f t y y e % r s o f n e G 6 t i a t i o n s . A n r x a m i n a t i o n of P t f i n o c j r a y h i c a - 1
a n d h i s t 3 r i c a l i c f o r ~ a t i o n h a s r e v p a l e d the S o n q h e e s f a c t i v e ,.
r o l e i n n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r t h e i r l a n d . T h e 3onghees r e s i s t e d t h e i r ,
r e r r , o v a l a n d t h e i r p c s i t i o h was a s t u l e b l i n g b l o c k to t h e
c o n c l u s i o n of f h e t r a n s a c t i o n ,
T h e f e d e r a l a n d ~ r o v i n c l a l governr t l en t s were c a u g h t i c a
j u r i s d i c t i o n a l b a t t l e o v e r I n d i a n l a n d i n t h e p r o v i n c e of
B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . T h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e S o n j h e e s r e l g c a t i o n
e x e n p l i f i e d t h e c o r n ~ l e x d i s p u t e b e t w e e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s . ' Jnder
p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e i r e l e c t o r a t e s t h e gove rnmen t s s e r i o u s l y r
atternpte(3 t o s c l v e t h e , rcloca t l c n q u e s t i o n , j u t the S o n g h e e s *
r e f u s a l t o s u r r e c 3 e r t h e i r r e s e r v e d e l a y e d a c o n c l u c i ~ o n t o the - r e a o v a l t r a n s a c t i o n . I f t - h e S o n g h e e s h a d not r e s i s t e d r e m o v a l ,
t h e y m i g h t ti,ave b e e n r e l o c a t e d o n n u m e r o u s o c c a s i o n s b e t w e e n i
1 8 R O ~ n d t h e f i r s t d e c a d e of t h e t w e n t i ~ t h c e n t u r y .
A s i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s c h a n g e d f o r t h e h a n d ,
a n d u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f a C h i e f who saw t h a t t h e time was
r i g h t f o r a move, t h e S o n g h e e s . a g r e e d t o s u r r e n d c ? r their
r e s e r v e . T h e y a g r e e d t o move a c c o r d i n g t o terms which i n s o m e
measure r e f l e c t e d t h e i r own n e e d s . T h e terms- n a ~ e l y a l a r g e
c a s h settlement- r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l P e g i s a t i o n , T h e ~ o n c j h ; e s '
resistance t o move a r d t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n l a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s
were influenced h y their l o n g s t a n d i r . . ~ r e l a t i o n s h i p with the &&zz,
, iii
TABLE OF COBTEWTS
* " 8
A b s t r a c t ............,. ,,,.,,,,... ............................ iii *
*
. A b h r e v F a t i o n s ................................................. v i
L i s t (3f l a p s ....,,..,..,.~~.~..-,-.,.-.-,,,.,----.--,,,,-.~ ,vii .. Preface .....................................-........... .-.viii
F o o t c o t s s - P r e f a c e ........................................... xiv
CHAPTER O Y E p TUE S O d G Y W E S I i J D I A M S A d D T i l E X E L A N D ................... 1
Footnotes-Chapter One ............................... * 2 5
.................. F o o t n o t e s - C h a p t e r Two ..s.,s..0,..-.46
CYAPTFR T B S E F T h e F e d e r a l - P r o v i n c ~ a i Debate o n t h e T e r m s f o r t h e ...................... S o n g h o ~ s Relocation, 1871-1911 -51
............ F o o t ~ o t e s - C h a p t e r T h r e e , - , . - - . - - . . . - - , - - . , 7 8 . I
CRA PTER FCiJR ..... T h e S o n g h e e s ~ u s i t ' i o n o n S'elocation, 1971-1910, .r3h
............... F o o t n o t e s - C h a p t e r F o u r ..,,..-,....1.1108*
C o n c l u s i o n .................................................. 114, i
8 I E i I G G B B P H Y ...o...............-...................t.... -aO-l10 .
MS 3anu s c r i p t .
ABBREVIATIONS - 0
MNM Hat i o n a l Pfuseura of !!an, Ottawa,
P A B C Provincial Archives of a r i t i s h Columbia, Victoria-
PAC' Public ~ r c h i v e s of ~ a n a d a , Q t t aua . . - SFU Simon F r a s ~ r University, L i b r a r y , B u r n a h y . -
R.G. 1 0 Canada, D e p a r t m e f i t of I c r i i a r , A f f a i r s , ,~lzck Series,
R e c a r d G r o u p 13. -. TS T y p e s c r i p t .
3- I
UBC U n i v e r s i t y of R r i t i s h Columbia, L i b r a r y , Vancouver, - 4
3 B C I C L Y n i o n of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a I n d i a n C h i e f s * L i b r a r y ,
V a n c o u v e r .
The
T h e
T h e
L I S T OF HAPS
i n the l a n d p u r c h a s e of 1850 ,,,... ,. .,.. .,...,...,,.-a .,..... - 3 9
T h e O l d a n d t h e New S o n g h e e s Reserves, . ,., . ,,,.. .,. ..,,... . - 5 3
v i i
1
geo 3rapf:ical s e t t i n ; , d c v e l c p e d a n i n t i m a t e
t h e i r t e r r i t o r y , The ' S o n j h e ~ s e c o n o m y was, l e ~ e n d a n t upor . the
a v a i l a b i l i t y 0 2 p a r t i c u l a r r e s o u r c e s a t s p e c i f i c t i n e s of t h e ,
y e a r , a n 3 t h e i r m i g r a t o r y l i f e s t y l e was i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h a l r
system of l 3 n d - u s e a n d site o w n e r s h i p , Yost of t h e S o n j h e g s 8
c u l t u r e - was i n i l u e n c e d b y t h z demands or^ their e c o n o m y ,
T h e c c f n s t r u c t i o n o f F o r t V i c t o r i a i n t h e center of ~ o K g h e e s
t e r r i t o r y c h a l l e l g e d t h c S c i l g h e e s ' t r a d i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p with - t h e i r l a n d , P a c i n g - --- t h i s c h a l l e n g e , a n d the a c c o m p a n y i n g t h r e a t I
p o s e d t o their s u r v i v a l t h r o u g h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a l c g h o l a n d
new k i n d s o f d i s e a s e , the S o n g h e e s a d a p t e d t h e i r ccon3my to t h a t
o f t h e f o r t , a n d g e n d r a l l y r e s p o n d e : ? i n a n ~ c c o m ~ o d ; l t i v e m a n n e r
t o 3 u r o p e a n p e n e t r a t i o n into t h e i r t e r r i to ry .
I n t h e t h r e e d e c a d e s f o l l o w i n g the e s t a h l i s h ~ n e n t of P o r t - 7
V i c t o r i a , S o n y h e e s - E u r o p e a n r e l a t i a n s appared dgreea hle. T h e a
S o n g h e e s were e m p l o y e d a t t h e f o r t and a c q u i r e d new w e a l t h , T h e y
a l s o c o n t i n u e d t h e i ~ t r a d i t > i o n a l m l j r a t i o n s t o g a t h e r food a n d
r e s o u r c e s . Dur~nc&, t h i s p e r i o d the S o n g h e e s and E u r o p e n n s c IF
n e g o t i a t e d several l a n d d e a l s . T h e s e i n c l u d e d : t k e relocation o f L
a v i l l a g e , t h e r e l i n ~ u i s h m e n t o f j i n a l t l t l e , a n d a l e a s i n g
projram. Z v i d e n c e o f t h e S o n y h e e i n t h e s e n e g o t i a t i o n s , is
, v e r y s p a r s e , b u t J o c u m e n t a t i o n l a t e r p e r i o d r e v e a l s
S o n g h e e s d i s c o n t e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s l a n d t r a n s a c t i o n s , DepartKe-n-t
r e f u s e d t o n e g o t i a t e a n y f u r t h e r r e l o c a t i o n u n t i l t h e y r e c e i v e d ,
p a y n e n t f o r t h e ladits t h e y had a l r e a d y s o l d a n d leased-3 A - -
b r e a c h i n t r u s t uas a t t h e rsat ~f t h e S o s g h e e s s u s ~ L c i o a ~ - x f
n e g o t i a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e i r land. A f t e r the g o l $ ~ u s h , the
S o n j h e e s b e c a n e 3 w a r e of t h e i ~ p l i c l t i o n s t h a t settlemerit h a d cn
t h e a v a i l l b i l i t y oi r e s o u r c e s i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . T h e s e f a c t o r s !
c a u s e d t h e S o n - j h e e s t o abandon t h e i r acconnoda tive r e s p o n s e f o r
one of r e s i s t i n g a t t a n p t s t o remore t h e i r r e s e r v e .
I n 1871, wher? B r i t i s h C o l u n O i a e n t e r e d Co,?federat io: t ,
I n d i a n A t f a i r s b e c a p e a f b d e r a l r c s p o n s i b i l l t y . T h e S o n q h e e s
reserve q u e s t i ~ n became o n e o f many c o n t e n t i o u s i s s u e s i n the
dek l te between t h e g r o v i n c e t h e d o m i n i o n r o j a r d l n g I n d l u
land i~ 3 r i t i s h Columbia . T h e c r u x of t h e d e b a t e was t h e
d i s i g r e e n l e n t o v e r t h e i n t e r ~ r ~ t 3 t i o n ot r e i e v a n t s e c t i o n s of t h e
T e r m s of Ucion a n d t h e Z r i t i s h North America Act. I n the case of
t h e Songhe,es r e s e r v e , however, t h e ~ o v e r n m e n t s a g r e e d t o
overlook t h e s e disagreements i n o r d e r t o c o n c l u d e a r e l o c a t i o n
a g r e e pent-. E a c h g o v e r n m e ~ t d ~ d s o - because of i ts oxn- ~ o f i t i c a l
r e a s o n s : t h e p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r & ~ e q t was f a c e d w i t h a o u n t i n j
p r e s s u r e f o r l a c ? from a g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n a n d a t l e v e l o p i n g
r F s o u r c e b a s e d ecoocmf, w h i l e . t h e f e d e r a l g o y e r n 9 e n t was
w i t h t h e the upcorc ing
e l e c t i o n ,
t h e p r o l o n g e d d u e ,
a g r e e i n g terms f o r t h e Song h e e s
r e m o v a 1 , ' t h e S o n g h e e s a l s o played a n impoqtact role in t h e
g q v e r n ~ e ~ t s was c l - o s e a t hand , t h e S o n g h e e s r e f u s e d t o e v e n
Act, a n 3 t h e Soaghees ' refusal t o discuss s u c h a s u f s e n d e r , -'-
d . e l a y e d t h e s e t t l e m e n t bf t h e i r r e s e r v e l o c a t i o r . I f the n
S o n g h e e s h a d n o t resisted r e l o c a t i o n , t h e y m i 2 h t h a v e b e e n moved
i n 1580, 1891, 1895 , o r on n u r u 2 r o u s o c c a 3 i o n s i n t h e f i r s * ,
d ' e c a d e of t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y . T h e i 5 n g h e e s q o p p o s i t i o n -- - t o , rn
r e l o c a t i o n was r e l a t e d t o d i s t r u s t e n g e n d e r e d r r o p b r e v i o u s l a n d
d e a l s , b u t t h e Songhees a l s o r e s i s t e d r e l o c a t i o n . because t h e y *
en joye l ! many f e a t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h their c i t y - l o c a t i o n . The - - - - - - - - - -
k e y advan tage f o r t h e S o n g h e e s was t h e e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s
I -. a v a i l a b l e i n t h e urtan c e n t e r .
A t the t u r n of t h e t w e n t i e t h , c e n t u r y , when t h e a d v a n t a g e s
of % t h e u r b a n l o c a l e b e g a n t c d e c l i n e , t h e S o n g h e e s r e s i s g a ~ c e t o
r e l o c a t i o n w a v e r e d , A t this time, t h e Band f a c e d m o u n t i n g
p r e s s u r e for t h e i r r e a o v a l . Q e s g i t e t h i s c h a - l l e n g e t h e S o n g h e e s
were able t o i n f l u e n c e tiie f i n a l d e a l , T h e ~cnjf i ices Chief, who
was i n t e r e s t e d i n h i s own f i n a n c i a l a d v a n t a g e a s ' w e l l a s t h e s
B a n d ' s , h e l d o u t fcr a kash s e t t l e m e n t aid d i r e c t l y t o S o n g h e e & s . B
- f a a ) d i e s , T h i s demand r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n i n t h e Hoyse
o f Comnons, and t h e l e g i s l a t i o n , t h e S o n g h e e s Rese rve Bill, is
o n e exaaeple of g o v e r n m e n t r e s p o n s e t o t h e S o n g h e e s p o s i t i o n , - i i h i l e t h e Songhees r e s i s t e d removal and d e l a y e d a
. * . . p n u ~ r , T h e d o w n was w l 1 1 n4 t n a e e t the 3 ~ ~ t h ~ d - c . of the
Songhees Band b u t i t d e m c n s t r a t e d i t s power to i n f l u e n c e Indian Y
mat te r s v h e a i t - a m e n d e d - t h e I n d i a n A c t so that i c -- . t h e -- f u t u r e , .. -
, a .
L - - - - - - - - - - - -
-- -
- - - -- - - - -
- -
- - I nd i a n s w o u l d n o t be a l l o w e d t o i r t i p e d e u r ~ v e l ~ o r % e n j . - - -
--
- --
--
.---%- - \
I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e S o n g h e e s uere n o t p s s k v e b u t played an 7 -
-- - e f f e c t i v e ro le i n t h e r e l o c a t i o n n e g o t i a t i o n s . Though their ----
i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e t o land a r r a n g e m e n t s was p o s i t i v e , t h i s
r e s p o n s e s o o n turn+& sour. They res+sted- re loca t ior , a s l o n g a s *
they c o u l d , The Songhees l o s t t h e i r city reserve, b u t n o t - v i t h - -
ow%--a t iijht.-%e~-acLiv~~ol,e r _ c ~ u i r e d - t h e g o v e r n m e n t s t o Vake -- ---
the ~ c n q h e e s p o s i t i d n into c o n s i d e r a t i o n when n e g o t i a t i n g a .
s e t t l e m e n t . 9 , -
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t h r o u g h h i s p a t i e n t g u i d a n c e was i c s t r u m e n t a l i n b r i n g i n g t h i s
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N i c k o l a s and o u r c h i l d r e n , S a r a h , A-my, and Jessie Rcse for their
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The S o n g h c e s I n d i a n s a r e a g r o u p of C o a s t S a l i s h I n d i a n s
o n t h e c o a s t f o r n u m e r o u s d e c a d e s a n d w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f I
F o r t V r c t o r i s n l84-F, t h e f o n g h e e s came i n - d l r e c - t c o n t a c t with i. > a culture? v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e l r own. The c o n t a c t expef i e n c e
was a r e v e n t w h i c h l e d t o a d j u s t m e n t s i r , t h e S o n g h e e s
r c l n t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a n d c h d n l j e s i n t h e i r .: . c u l t u r e ,
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h ~ ? o l e o f t h e e n ~ i r o n r n e ~ t r e p r e s e n t s
a n I m p o r t a r t e m p h a s i s i n a n t h r o p o l o 3 i c a l i n q u i r y . * C a l v i n f l a r t . i n
d i s c u s s e s t h i s a p p r c a c h a n d d r a w s o u t i ts i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r
h i s t o r i a n s o f I n d i a n - E u r o p e a n r e l a t i o n s . 3 H a r t i n recommends t h a t
the h i s t o r i a n vieu E u r o p e a n p e n ~ t r a t i o n i n t o a g r o u p * s t e r r i t o r y 9
a s a n e v e n t w h i c h t r i g g e r s a series of a d j u s t m e n t s i n t h e P
g r o u p ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , 4 T h e d e t a i l s of t h e
Son j h e e s t e r r i t o r y a n d t h e i r u s e of t h e i r g e o g r a p h i c a l s i a c e i n -
p r e h i s t o r i c times a re e s s e ~ t i a l t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e - i m p a c t cf contact on t h e i r c u l t u r e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
t h e l a n d , The c t h n o g r a & % i c d a t a o n t h e S o n j h e e s a n d t h e i r
envirocment h a v e s t r e n g t h s a? ld limits which, a t the o u t s ~ t , m u s t
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data-oikt-hr S-bees I n d i a n r ; 5-f racz ~ o d s p r e s r n ted h i s s u m i n d r y
of d a t a or, t h e " L R u n g e n , l l o r S o ~ r j h e e s , i n 1890 a s p a r t of h r s
" S i x t h D c p o r t of t h e Cornnuttee A p ~ o i n t O d t o I n v ~ s t i g a t e t h e
P h p s l c a l C h a r a c t e r s , L a n g u a g ~ s a r d T n d u s t r i a l a n d Social - --
E'orrlitiorr of the N o r t h - W e s t e r n T r i b e s of r ~ e s t e r n C a n a d a . j l H i s - -
-- - -- - - -- r e p o r t ~11s a n C V ~ ~ V ~ C W ~f Sanghees z u l t u r e a s part. of t h e C o a s t '
q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g S o n g h e e s daily l i f e . Ruas ( l i d p o t d e a l v i t h
the system of decisior, makir,g and l e a d e r s i ~ l p and h e d i d n o t name
. h i s i n f c r m a n t s i n t h e r e p o r t .
Chdrlcs Fi i l l -Tou t d i 3 f i e l d work amorljst the S o n g h ~ c s + n
1907, a p p r o x i m a t e l y twelve years a f t e r Boas. H i l l - T o u t
summarized h i s . f i e l d d a t a i n tke R e ~ o r t on t h e i ' E t h r i o l o g y of t h e
, S o u t h e a s t e r n T r i b e s of V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d British Col~rnbid.~~ His
r e p o r t d i f f e r e d f rom Bods* W O P ~ o n x i i n o r ~ o i n t s , m d h i s s u m m a r y
was, i n t h e m a i n , a description of t h e S o n g h e e s l a n g u a g e . 6
H i l l - T o u t ' s r e p o r t , like ~ o d s * s did- n o t describe t h e s o n y &
d a i l y life, 50th Boas a n d i i i l l - T o u t p r o v i d e d some i n f o r m a t i o n
- i r c g l r d i ~ j t h e S c n jhees r e l a t l o c s h i p w i t h t h e l a n d , h u t n e i t h e r
d i s c u s s e d t h i s S u b j e c t i n any d e t a i l ,
T h e rnost e x t e n s i v e study o f t h e S o n j h e e s i s Wdyrie Suttles3,
"The Econo~nic Life of t h e Coas t S a l i s h of Raro a n d R o s a r i o
S t r a i t s l t , w r i t t e n i n 1951. S u t t l e s d e s c r i b e d t h e S o n g h e e s a s
p a r t kf t h e " s t r a i t s S a l i s h " c u l t u r a l u n i t . R e r x i d i n e d t h a t
. c e r t a i n c u l t l l r a l t r a i t s were common t o t h ~ S t r a i t s S a - 1 i A . d ~ a P -
- -- w h o l e d u ~ t o t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n a n d its
resources. S u t t l c s d e t a i l e d t h e s u b s i 2 t s n c e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e
S o n s a s o n e g r o u p of t h e Straits S a l i s h , and h e e l a b o r a t e d -
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o n t h e r e l i g i o u s a n d z o c i d l c u s t o m s o f t h g e gc?~)&le,U-------- - -
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l n f o r m x n t s a g r e e d w i t h G I G S ~ - o r t h e ~ n f o r m a t i o n y l v e n t o N i l l - T o u t acd S o a s . S u t t l e s i n c o r p o r a t e d f i e l d wcrk p e r t a i n i n g
t o t h e S o n g t i e e s t n e i g h h a u r s f r o m F r n a G u n f . h e r i s "Kldf lam -
- - --- --
E t h n ~ g r a p h y , ' ~ . + a n d D i a m o n d J e n n c s s f m a r ~ u s c r i p t , " T h e S a a n i c h
J n d i a n s o f V a n c o u v e r I ~ l a n d , ~ ~ 7 S u t t l e s e n h a n c e d h i s e t h n o g r a p h i c
d a t a w i t h i n f ormat i o n c o n t a i u e d i n Unit'Qd S t a t e r ; G o v e r n m z r i t
d o c u m e n t s .
U r i t i n r j o n t h e S o n g h e e s i n " T h c F o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s n ,
W i l s o n D u f f d r e u i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m s e t t l e r s i r e m i n i s c e n c e s , .
t r a v e l l e r s i a c c o u ~ t s , n e w s p a p e r a r t ic les , g w e c n ment- documents, -
a n d d a t a f r o m S c n j h e e s i n t o r m a n t s . TI: t h i s a r t i c l q , Duff
a n a l y s e d t h e t r e ' t i e s s i g n e d b y t h e t r ibes o f t h c s o u t h t a s t e r n R *P
t i p of ~ a n c o u v i t I s l a n d a u d James D o u g l a s i n 1950, D u f f a r g u e d
t h a t t h e s e . d o c u m e n t s c o n t a i n e d i n s i g h t s i n t o , a s well a s
d i s t o r t i o n s o f , t h e p r e - c o n t a c t e n v i r o n m e n t of t h e s e I n d ' i a n s . --
Duf r c o m p a r e d his awn f i n d i n g s r e g a r d i n g s p e c i f i c p l a c e s i n t h e ,-
S o n r j h e e s ' t e r r i t o r y w i t h t . h o s e o f Suttles, Hill-Tout a n d B o a s . -
6
!!is u o r k is a v a l u a h l e . s y n t h e s i s of e t h n o g r a p h i c d a t a on the
w S o n g h e e s l t e r r i t o r y p r i o r t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of F o r t V i c to r i a . .
- -
c u l t u r e a s d e s c ~ i k d b y t h e - n o t e d anthropologists, Thc e l e m e n t s - -- - - - -
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e x a n i n e d w i l l i n c l u d e t h e S o n c j h e e s l w o r l d - v l e w , s o c i a l -- -
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o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d ceremonses . T h i s e x a m i n a t i o n w i l l focus on a -
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m a j o r t h r e z d r a n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e s e c o m y l e x e s , the S o n g h ~ e s
relationship w i t h t h e l r ~ n v i r o n m e n t . T t e l n t e n t i s n o t t o -
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e a p h a s i z e one o r a n o t h e r c u l t u r - 3 1 a s p e c t , f o r most a r e
i n t e r 4 p p e n d s n t f b u t rather to h 12 h 1 i q h - t t h o s e rclateil - t o t h e
S o n j h e e s r - . l a t f c n s h i p w i t h t h e ~ n v i r o n m e n t .
T h e Coast S a l i s l ~ o n ~ h e e s s p o ~ i ! u L & o c e n a n , u 1 3 T h e y s h a r e d -
t h i s l a w ~ u a y e v i t h t h e i r i e m d l c l t e n e i g h b o u r s t h e S e ~ i a h l a o o , /
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Lummi, S a m i s h , Klallam a n d S o o k e I n d i a n s , T h e S o n q h e e s --/ - / / - -- /
i n t e r a c t e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e s e _ - s i w i h r l i 6 i l u i s t i c g r o u p s a l - __- - -
t h o u g h t h e S - a n g k G ~ s bccarce a sepdra te ~oliticai u n i t i n t h e eyes - - -
-- - /- o f t h e E u r o p e a n s , w i t h t h e s i g n i n g of t h e t r ed t i e s in 1850, T h e
S o n j h e e s s o c i a l c o n t a c t s e x t e n d e d t o o t h ~ r C o a s t S a l i s h g r o u p s '
s u c h d s t h e C o w i c h a n , Squar r r i sh , And Plusqueam,~* These
i n t e r a c t i o n s taok t h e SongCees o u t of f a m i l l a r t e r r i t o r y t o t h e
C o w i c h a n Valley o n V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d , t o t h e m a i n l a n d c o a s t , a n d
t o t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s cf t h e Frdscr P i v c r .
T h e S o n y h e e s s h a r e d a coinmon w o r l d - v i e d w i t h t h e i r C o n s t
S a l i s h n c i g h b o u r s , T h e s e g r o u p s p c s s e s s e d a w o r l d - v i e w which..- - % -
d e p i c t e d a s p i r i t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t u e e n man, n a t u r e , and t h e
s u p e r n a t . u r a 1 , T h e S o n g h c e s e n v i s i o n e d n a t u r e a s a s n u r c c of
s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r s , a n d t h e y s a u food a s ;1 2 i f t o f t h c
s u p e r n a t u r a l , Both s u p e r r a t u r a l power a n d focd iere g r e a t l y
revered. Food w a s o f t e n d e & r l b e d L y > word w h i c h m e a n s ,
A d a p t e d from Wilson Duff, "The F o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s , " B C S t u d i e s 3< l 9 6 9 ) , 10.
w s a c r e d . N l s A s t h e Sonc fhees rnoved over theif kerriteeg an& ..
c o l l e c t e d r e s o u r c e s they d i d - s o w i t h r e v e r e n c e a n d a t t e m p t e d t o
m a i n t a i n p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o ~ s w i t h t h e l i v i n g s p i r i t i n a l l - -
t h i ngs . - -- - - - -
A c c o r d i n g t o S u L t l s tfie~@-&re t h r ee c l a s s e s i n t h e - /
-- /--
/ / -- _ Sorri~hees~ s o c l e t y , The " h i g h c l a s s p e o p l e t t u h o were " p e o p l e w i t h
@ a d v i c e w ' or nwho k n e w how t o b e h a v e p r o p e r h , F The " s e c o n d
c l a s s p e o p l e r 1 Mere poor p e o ~ l e kfio k a d become r i c h , The "low
c l a s s f i p e o p l e were t h o s e w i t h o u t " a d v i c e N o r , those who h a d
ttlcist t h e i r . h i s t ~ r y , ~ ~ l ~ B o a s c a f led t h e s e classes kke n o b i l i t y , 1
t h e m i d d l e c l a s s a n d t h e lower class.17 Boas claimed t h a t t$;e 4
lower c l a s s l i v e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n a r ed of the S o n g h e e s
t e r r i t o r y . P e r h a p s t h e low s t a t u s of t h e s $ groups was r e i a t e d t o
t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s ' a rea was w i t h o u t e s t a b l i s h e d reefnet
l o c a t i o n s , H i l l - T o u t , named f o u r " cas t e su a m o n g t h e - S o n g h e e s :
the " c h i e f t a i n s , " i8hereditafy n o b i l i t y , " " u n t i tledl' a n d
f l s l i t ~ e s . ~ Hill-Tout s t a t e d t h a t each of t h e s e classes also h a d
i ts own name. h common man could not u s e a m i d d l e c l a s s name b u t
h e c o u l d become a m i d d l f c l a s s pe r son b y s p o n s o r i n g f e a s t s , I .
C h i e f s were c o n s i d e r e d h i g h ciass p e r s o n s . T h e c h i e f s h i p was
p a s s e d f r o m f a t h e r t o son, p r e s e r v i n g t h i s n o b l e p o s i t i o n a s
i n h e r i t e d , 1 8
A , The n u c l e a r g a m i l y was t h e b a s i c u n i t f a r p r o d u c t i o n a n d
c o n s u n p t i o n i n t h e S o n g h e e s s o c i e t y , F d m l l i e s l i v e d t o g e t h e r i n
l o n q h o u s e s , a n d each family u c c u ~ i e d a separat-e s e c t i o n of t h e
h o n s e , T h e f a m i l y g r o u p s 1 i v i . n ~ t o g e t h e r were r e l a t e d by " b l o o d
or b y m a r r i a g e t h r o u g h e i t h ~ r t h e ,mdles o r t h e f ~ r n a l e s , ? ~ While-
eaqh r a r n i l y h a d g t s own f i r e i n the I ~ o u s e , some of t h e f o o d - p ~ e p a r a t i o r i was donc c o i p a u n a l l y , T h e s e families worked t o g e t h e r
i n some m a j o r t o o d g a t h e r i n g activities. T h e y a1 s o p a r t i c i p a t e d
a s a u n i t i n t r a d i n g p o s s e s s i o n s , s p o n s o r i n g c e r e m o n i e s , a n d f o r
d e f ense.20 ( A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t l c n of w h e r e t h e S o n j h e e s f a m i l i e s \ '
l i v e d i n w i n t e r a n 3 i n sumf le r i s p r e s e n t e d l a t e r i n t h i s
C h a p t e r ) l .,,,
'?\ 'b W e a l t h , p o w e r , a n d kx iowie$ge were p o s s e s s i o n s irh I , \7
c o n t r i b u t e d t.o a n i n d i v i d u a l f s o r a families8 r a n k , 2 1 weal+i was , .
a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h t h ~ i n h e r i t e d ~ o s s e s s i o n of a p r o d u c t i v e f o o d
s i t e a n d by way o f success~wl h u n t i n ] e x p e i i t i o n s - S u c c e s s o n a -
h u n t i n g e x p e d i t i o n w a s b a s e d o n h u n t l n y e x p r t i s e a n d t h e 4
p o s s e s s i o n of h u n t i n g k n o w l e d g e a n d powers, 2 2 W h i l e upward
m o b l l i t y was p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h the acquisition of Fouer ana
k a o w l e d g e i n v i s i o n s and d r e a m s , rank u d s u s u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d
t h r o u g h i n h e r i t a n c e o r t h e s e p o s s e s a i o n s . 2 3 Power a n d r a n k were
v a l i d a t e d by a display of w e a l t h , T h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f c e r e m o n i e s
s u c h a s m a r r i a g e f e a s t s a n d p o t l a t c h e s p r o v i d e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y
f o r t h i c d i s p l a y .
Songheess m a r r i a g e s were a r r a n g e d b y the f a m i l i e s i n v o l v e d J icsp -I&
r a t h e r t h a n b y t h e c o u p l e , Marriage was t h e * ' p r i m a r y a l l i a n c e " b
. * b e t w e e n h o u s e h c l d s a n d c o ~ d u n i t i e s . 2 4 T h e c e r e m o n y i n c l u d e d a
d i s p l a y of w e a l t h and an e x c h a n g e of g o o d s . I n Gost cases women
were r e c r u i tea from n e i g h f i o u r i r r g S-trraits S a I r s h a n d v x o a s t S a l i s X
c o m m u n i t i e s . C a r e was taken t o ensure t h a t the s t a t u s and w e a l t h
of t h e families w a s c o m p a r a b l e , W r r k a g e s ef e h s e f & L y
mern bers were not QllCOUraged b u t m a r r i a g e bejrobd second c o u s i n s * was p e r m i s s a b l e . 2 s If o n e p a r t n e r d i e d , then t h e s u r v i v o r \
u s u a l l y a a r r i e 3 a r e l a t i v e of t h e deceased , . so that the famiiial
t i e s t i r e rnsrriage r e p r e s e n t e d , were maintalned.26 DolyqamJ uas , - - /-
p r a c t i s e j , e s p ~ c i a l l y a m o n g s t males of h i g h r a n k . I n a a ~ y - - ---
i n s t a n c e s , the male h a d w i v e s I n s e v ~ r 3 1 v i l l a g e , ~ thererore (
e s t a b 1 i s h i n . j t i e s vith e a c h g r o u p , 2 7
Thp most ' e l a b o r a t e S o n g h e e s c e r e m o n y was t h e p o t l a t c h - A
t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g t r i b e s would b e i n v i t e d , D u r i n g t h e ceremony,
t h e h o s t i n g chief was r a i s e d o n a s c a f f o l d uhile h i s sol: o r
d a u g h t e r d a n c e d , t h e r , t h e g i f t s were d i s t r i h u t e d , 2" T h e &istri- B
bution c o u l d t a k e t h r e e o r f o u r d a y s , and was i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h
garnes, d a n c i n g , acd e a t i n g , 29 I
T h e resources c o l l e c t e d throughout t h e y e a r were s h a r e d
with t h e g u e s t s a t t h e Songhees ceremocies, he resources
a c c u m u l a t e d f o r m e d t h e b a s i s of a f a m i l y ' s w e a l t h , wLith a
. plentiful h a r v e s t a f a m i l y was a b l e t o ~ e r r o r & a n o s t e n t a t i o u s ' 6
d i s p l a y o f w e a l t h , uhere.as i n a lean year a d i s p l a y m i g h t b e /
9 r e s t r i c t e d , An abo c d a n c e of resources a l s o p r o v i d e d a surplus. * f o r t r a d i n g . ' A limited s u p p l y of resources m i g h t reduce t h e
s o c i a l s t a n d i n g of a p a r t i c u l a r f a m i l y or g r o u p , - - - - -
T o u n d e r s t a n d fully t h e chacges i n t h e Songhees* -- -- - - - -- - - - -- pp
? r e l ~ t i o n s h i ? w i t h t h e e n v i r o n n e n t a f t e r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of Fort
V i c t o r i a , i t i s n e c E s s a r y t o establish a c lear p i c t u r e of t h e i r
. e n v i r o n m e n t p r i o r t o c o c t a c t , -This p i c t u r e c o - n t a i n s t -- . .
i n t e r d e p e n d a n t v a r i a b l e s such a s t h e t e r r i t o r y , - E a b i t a t i o n A f
l o c a k i o n s , r e s o u r c e s i tes, and m e t h o d s o f e x p l o i t a t i o n . 9 Q I n c l u d e d I t 2
, i n t h 5 s d e s c r i p t i o n are th'e v a r i a t i o n s r e q a r d i o g p l a c e &mes a'bd ' -
I . , l o c a t i o n s - r n i c h ' c o n t r i h u t e tq a ~ i c ; ture a s &orcpls$e a s p o s s i t l e . ' - A
. G
T h e L o c a t i o n oif the v i c t e r v i l l a g e s , sum & camps , . a n d ' r e s o u r c e
sites a e m o n s t r a tes t h e S o n g t e e s * . ' s e t t l e n e n t p a t t e r n s acd
s u b s i s t e n c e 'systems; B
. itefofe 'the c o n s t r u c t i o h ' of . F o r t V i c t o r i a , t h e So .ngkees - -
t e r r i t o r y i n c l u d e d t h e * e a s t e r n s iF of V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d frorr: i
C o r d o ~ a R a y t o P a r r y Bay, D i s c o v e r y I s l a n d , a n d t h e western
s h o r e s o f Henry a n d S a s J y a n I s l a n d s . T h e r e ,is a discrepancy
r ~ g a r d i - n g , t h e s o u t h e r n b o u n d a r y a t B e e c h e r Bay. ( 1 ) (The n u m b e r s , . h -
, i n b r a c k e t s c o r r e s p c a d t o those shcwn on- t h e map, p.xv) Boas d i d -"
n o t locate any S o n g h e e s w i n t e r v i l 1 a " g e s h e r e , b u t H i l l - T o u t ,
J
namesd three groups cf Klal larr i o r i g i n who l i v e d s t B e e c h e r Bay30
a n d a c c o r d i n g t o S u i i t h e r q s i n f o r r c a n t t h e KlalLarn moved t o this T . >
area after t h e c o n s t r u c t ~ i o r o f F o r t V i c t o r i a , E v i d e ~ t l y a I I . I
Rlallam man named " Y o k u m f l , ' l e f t P g r t A n q e l e s a b o u t - . 1 8 6 5 , and - 8
a t t e r ; e p t e ' d ' . t o s e t t l e his f a a i l y c n t h e west s h o r e of ~ B c e c h e r Bay, 1 I
. . . After a . q u a r , r e l w i t h tte S o o k e , who c l a i m e d t h e t e r r i t o r y , t h e .
Rlalfam g r o u p f i r s t r e t u r n e d to G a s b i n g t o n , ' t h e n moved t o
<&her B a y ' s east' share.31 S u t ties' i n f o r m a n t " t o l d hire ghat t-he A . ,
- SLa l l ams .m .a r r ed uitlall . . . 2 th the edqe o f _ _ E ~ c t yicCtor-ia to laake b
2 ,.. s h i n g , $ @ % and p l a r t ~ o t a t o e s far t h e Europeans . i ihen t h e yb;nq
< 4 1
peo.61e Legan t o ccn ' cuae a l c o h o l t h e C h i e f moved the g r o u p t o
- -- - --- -
- -- -
Nittyvs e a c h . ( 2 ) 3 2 R o u e v e r , S u t t l e s l o c a t e d o n e o f B o a s s
Son p h e e s w i n t e r v i l l a g e sites he;e, be&;;.;.. h i s i n f o r m a n t s t o l d
h i m t h a t t h e S o n g h e e s l f a n i i l y H c a s named I * K . e k . a 9 y e k . Enw l i v e d b
t h e r e , b e f o r e the K l a l l d m . 3 3 K k e t h e r o r n o t t h i s g r o u p o f
~ o c ~ h e e s a n n n d o n d e d # i t t y b s 5 ~ 3 c h , i n f a v o u r o f the v r l l l g e oc
the e d q e o f P o r t , V i c t o r i a a t t h e time of i t s c o r s t r u c t i o n , is II
u n c l e a r .
T h e s o u t h e r r ! e d g e of t h e ~ c n y h e e s ' t e r r i t o r y , a c c o r d i c g t o P
t h e l l T e e c h a m i t s a w T r e a t y a n d i ) u f f q s ' i n f o r m a n t s v a s A l b e r t B
Ffead. ( 3 ) 3 4 T n t h e t e r r i t o r i a l , 2 e s c r i p t i o r t o f t h e f i r s t l a n r ?
. p u r c h a s e 'of James D o u g l a s i n 1850, t h e Teechamitsa o u c u p ' i e d t h e
l' t l w h o l e of t h e l ? n d s s i t u a t e d ar id l y i n l ; b e t w e e n Z s q u i m a l t H a r b o u r 3 L
) I an3 l o i n t A l b e r t i n c i u d r n g the Stmits of J u P .
Fuca a n d e x t e n d i r a g t a c k v z r d r+nrje of :
m o u n t a i n s . on t h e S a a n i t c h Arm a b o ~ t t e n mPles 2 i s . + z ~ t _ . ~ ~ r J 5 ~ u i f ,
S u t t l e s , a n d G u n t h e r a g r e e d t h a t t h e area south of t h i s b e l o n g e d
t o t h e 6ooke I n d i a n s p r i o r tb c o n t a c t , a n d t o t h e K i a l l a r n
I n d i a n s a f t e r c o n t a c t ,
A s n o t e d b y ' ~ u f f , S o n g h e e s b o u n d a r y l i n e s were n o t a s
s t a t i c a s the F o r t V ic to r i a treaties s u g g e s t e d . T h e Kiallam9s
m o v c m e n t i n a n d o u t of what- i a i g h t h a v e - bee'n t h e s o u t h e r n edge of
S o n g h e e s ' t e r r i t o r p , indicates t k a t the S o n g h e e s s h a r e d t h e i r
t e r r i t o r y w i t h n e i g h b c p r i n g S t r a i t s . S a l i s h g r o u p s , The n o r t h e c n
b o u n d a r y o f t h e S p n g h e e s ' t e r r i t o r y . was a l s o u n c l e a r . Whicle %
C o r d o v a s a y was n a m e d a s a S o n g h e e s v i l l a g e , 3 6 D o u g l a s a l l o t t e d * . . .
the t e r r i t o r y e rcomgas iog this v i l l a g e to t h e S a a o i c h rho s i y a e d
i a ?
P d
- a - - p u r c h a s e agreement i n 1852, two yeafs a f t e r t h e - S o n g h e e s - -
s i g n e d t r e a t i e s . 3 7
Son jhees ' h a b i t a t i o n z i t e s i n c l u d e ? p e r m a n e n t winter
v i l l t i g e s a n d t e x p o r a r y summer l o c a t i o n s , W i n t e r villages were +
: c o m p r i s e d 8-f s e v e r a l l o r t y h o u s e s , The size and p o s l t i o n i n g o f t h e
h o u s e s d e p e n d e d bn t h e d e f e n s e S e q u i r e n & n t s of $he location.38 \ \
Approximate ly t h i r t e e n winter v i l l a a l e s i t e s existed i n t h e a ,
Soncjhees l t e r r i t o r y . T h e y were i io t ,311 o c c u p i e d pat t h e time of
P o r t V i c t o r i a ' s c o n s t ~ u c t l o n . T i r e k ~ n ( ~ h e e s , p o p : l l a t i o n , like m a n y
o . t h e r b o a s t . t r i b e s h a d b e a n r e d u c e d hy s m a l l p o x e p i d e m r c s a n d
wa r f a r e b c f o r e the c o n s t r u c t r o n of t h e z f o r t , , 3 9 A i s o , v i l i a c j e s
were a b a n d o n d e d when f a m i l y groups l n a l g a m i l t e d at , o m v i l l a g e
f o r s o c i a l o r economic r e a s o n s . 4 0 h
T t e m o s t s o u t h e r l y w i n t - ~ r v l l L a 3 e was S t a n g a l f ( 4 f / 5 ) w h i c h
was l o c a t e d b y Boas a n d ' H i l l - T o u t , just n o r t h of A l b e r t Head .41
B o a s named t h e g r o u p t h e I 'S tnnges" , uhile . Hill-Tout named *the
r j roup * t S o n e s , w * 2 However, S u t t l e s l o c a t e d this cJ rouF closer t o i
E s q u i m a l t . I .agoon, a n d h e d i d n o t a t t r i b u t e a specific site t o
t h e s e p e o p l e , who were known a s the "lowest p e o p l e n , i n t h e
t e r r i t o r y . 43 B ~ t h p o s s i t l e S t a n g e s l o c a t i o f i s were a l s o within -v
t h e t e r r i t o r y 3escrlbed in the . T e e c h a m i t s a T r e d t y , 4 4 B o a s - ----
r e ~ o r t e d t h a t t h e name q * S o n q h e e s H was a n a n g l i c i z a t i o n of
~ * S t a n g e s , * * s O n e c a n only s p e c u l a t e w h y t h e name j*Sonqheesl' was
d e r i v e d from t h a t of t h e lowest r a n k i n g Songhees group,
Just n o r t h of tinges wds t h e v i l l a g e S t c h i l i k w ( 6 ) - Thrs --
' s i t e was named by D u f f ' s informant: a s ' a v i l l a y e . o n nil1
- - - C r a i q f l o w e r s c i l o o l . " s 4 ( 9 ) Dufr t ' s ~ n f orlnan t s t a t e d t h a t t h e \
p e o p l e who l i y e d h e r e s p o k e a s l i j h t l y d i f fereriE diaf e c t . 5% - #
- - H i l l - T o t l k also l o c a t e d d dsCi1psE;rn v l l l a j c oil t h e s o u t h s i d e o f -
James B a y , { l Q ) He s t a t e d t h d t a t ' t e r t h e fort t iad b e c o m e a
f l p o ~ u l o u s c e n t r e u D o u g l a s " t r a n s p l a n t e d t h e v i l l a g e o f osa~*psErn,
who dwelt rtear the s p o t w h e r e t h e P c t r l l a r u e n t ~ u i l h i n ~ s now .
r s t a n d , t o + ' s q u i m a l t i iarbour where a r e m n a n t o f tk.e t r i b e still- 1 -
\ .a
l i v e s , " 5 6 D u f f J s i n f o r m a n t s named t h e " P a r l i a m e n t B u i l d i n g s v
s i t 12 l l S k o s a p p s o m . u s ? W h e t h e r t h i ( s w d s d v i l l a j e p r i o r t o c o n t a c t ,
I
i s u n c l e a r . I t was a l l o t t e d a s a v i l l a g e site a f t e r t h e t r e a t i ~ s
were s i g n e d a n 3 was d e p i c t e d on m a p s a s a n I n d i a r ! reserve u n t i l
'18:4* 5 8 *
One o f D u f i p s i n f o r m a n t s r e c o r d e d t h e - s i t e a t G o r g e F
P a r ~ ( 1 1 ) a s b e i n g tile p r e v i o u s v i l l l g e of t h e S w e n g w h u n q who
moved t o F o r t V i c t - o r i a d u r i n q i t s constructlon.59 A n o t h e r of
Duf i t s i n f o r m a n t s l i k e S u t t l e s 3 , a n 4 H i l l - T o u t ' s g a v e t h i s name
f o r t h e "new g r o u p t a or^ p e a p l e who tormed t h e v i l l a g s o n t h e e d g e /
o f t h e f o r t at t h e f o o t of Johnston Street . f l 2 ) 6 0 H i l l - T o u t . - -
s t a tea that:
After the f o u n d i n g o f V i c t o r i a , f i r s t c a l l e d Camosunn, a f t e r t h e I n d i a n came o f the " r a p i d s M o n t h e G o r g e , t h e n a t i v e s f l o c k e d i n t o t h e h a r b o u r a n d s e t t l e d a t w h a t k s now the f o o t of J o h n s t o n S t r e e t . T h e y were k n o v n a s t h e S w i n h o n , a n d were composed o f members o f t h e v a r i o u s o u t s i d e v i l i a g e s , This became a p c p u l o u s c e n t r e , s o p o p u l o u s , i n d e e d a s t o i n c o n v e n i e n c e t h e c o l o n i s t s ; a n d G o v e r n o r 3 o u y l a s i n d u c e d them t o c r o s s t h e b a y an2 settle o n t h e o t h e r s i d e , w h e r e there h a s b e e n a mixed s e t t l e m e n t e w r sim, k n m n as the l S ~ n g h i s % - R e s e r v e ' . " 6 1 -
As D u f f n o t e d , a ' t t h e t i m ~ . w h e n t h e t r e a t i e s were s i g n e d , .
the Kogam Fsom %eEe l i v i n q . 'at t h e l l P a r l i ; l m e u t B u i l d i n g s w sit^ a n d
!he Swengwhunq ' had k e n moved t o t h e N e w S o r i g h e e s v i l l a g e across
f r o w J - t ' h e furt . D u r f k o i n t e d o u t t h a t Douglas m u s t h a v e "judged
t h e ~ w e f i g u h u n g c l a i m is s t r a n g e r t h a n t h a t o f the KosamFsom a s
owners of t h e I ~ n e r B a r b 0 u r , ~ ~ 6 2 The b o u n d a r k . between t h e
Swenghuung a n d the K o s a m p s o m described i n t h e 1850 t r e a t y ,
t h o u q h it d o e s not a g r e e v i t h t h i s e t h r i o g r a p h i c dat.a, r a s
t h r o u g h Deaiim3nws I s l a n d a n d the u p p e r p a r t of - the I c n e r
H a r b o u r . Duff h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t L o t h t h e Kosampsom a n d t h e a
Swengwhuny w i n t e r e d o n t h e g o r g e an?. t h a t d e s p i t c t h e e x i s - t e m - ---
--
-
of t h e Kosampsom v i l l a g e 33t- t h e " P a r l i a m e n t D - ~ i l d i n g s * ~ site t h e y . were al'lotted t e r r i t o r y o r u'oth s i d e s of t h e G o r y e r ~ o r t h gf
Dea.lmantc; I s l a n d , while t h e Swenjwhung were said to h a v e the
a r e a of the I n n e r H a r b o u r . 6 3 Boas a l l u d e d t c t i l e - n S q u i n g u n t z a s
one of t h e o r i g i n a l S o n g h e e s c j r o i p s l i v i n g a t Victoria. ( 1 3 )
~ h e t h e r t h e S u e n g w h u n g were a u n i q u e * y r o u p p r i o r t o c o n t a c t a s
t h e Swecgwhung treaty, H o d s a n d o n e of Cuff's i n f o r m a ~ t s
suggest, o r w h e t h e r they ve re a I1nev g r o u p " made u p of members
f r o m a l l t h e villages a s H i l l - T o u t , S u t t l e s and a n o t h e r o f
D u f f ' s i n f o r m a n t s c l a i m e d remains u n d e c i d e d ,
'The m o v e s of t h e S w e ~ l g h v u n g a r e a l s o u n c l e a r . P e r h a p s r'-
t l a c r o s s t h e Baytt a s d e s c r * b e d . b y Hi3 .1 -Tou t @ a n t acres's James
say r a t h e r t h a r a c r o s s t h e I n n e r H a r b o u r . T h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y
- t h a t when t h e Swengbhung vere a s k e d t o move i n 18k3, t h e y moved
a c r o s s James 9 d y t c the L e g i s l a t i v e Buildings s i t e a n d remaine6
there u r , t i l t h e m i d 1 8 5 0 t s , t h c r s o l d t h e i r r e s e r v e and moveti t o
t h e s i t e refered t o b y H i l l -Soa t . A second s c e n a r i o i s t h a t v h e n
requested t o r e l o c a t e , some S v e n g h w u n g moved t o t h e L e g i s l a t i v e
B u i l d i n g s s i t e , 3nd some move6 t o t h e s i t e a c r o s s t h e I c n e r
H.arhour. Aowever, s o m e t i a c i n t h e m i d le508s, the S-onghees sold
the L e g i s l a t i v e B u i l d i n g s r e s e r v e s i t e , ad r e l o c g t e d e i ther on -
t h e west s i d e o f V i c t o r i a Harbour , o r on Esqu ima l t Harbour."* - -
T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l d a t a p r e s e n t e d b y Rar l an 1. Smi th , who
worked i c t h e V i c t o r i a d r e a d t t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y , supp9r t . s -
D u f f ' s t h e s i s , Srnith s-tateb t h a t s h e l l h e a p s , a s i g n o f a, p o s s i -
ble v i l l a g e s i t e , e x i s t e d r e g u l a r l y c n the c o a s t of t h e 1
" s o u t h e a s t e r n ti^: g f Vancouver I s l a n d . 6 5 He a l s o s t a t e d t h a t -- -.--- A- - --
a t f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r t h s i d e @f t h e Gorge ( P o r t a g e Iclet) from t h e - -
-
r;or$e ~ r i d ~ t ? ' ' t o t h e c r a i c j f lower E r idge , a d i s tnnce of more t h a n \
a m i l e t h e r e i s a n a l m o s t c o n t i n u o u s shell r i d ~ e . ~ ~ 6 " S m i t h
r e c o r d e d t h a t qumcrous i m p l e a e n t s were found i n t h ~ v i c i n i t y of \ a
V i c t o r i a icdicht ' inc; t h e krcsence o i S t r a i t s ~ a l i s i i n t h e /'
a red. 6 7
T o t h e n o r t h of V i c t o r i a Harbour a winter v i l l a g e u a s
l o c a t e d at R O S T B n y , (17) There i s some u n c e r t a i n t y resulting >&
- f rom d i f f e r e n c e s i n s p e l l i n g , b u t S u t t l e s no ted t h a t one of t h e
f o u r g r o u p s Boas l o c a t e d a t "McNeil Ray", a c t u a l l y lived a t Ross
, - Bay.68 H i l l - T o u t s t a t e d the t tTc i aKa9u t i c f l lived qlarottnd Ross '
Bay ."69 ! l u f f ' s in•’ o f m a n t s named Ross B a y and C l o v e r Point ,
S u t t l e s a l s o p l a c ~ d d w i n t e r v i l l a g e a t G o n z a l e s B%y. (18)
Re h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t c c e of t h e v l l l a g e s named b y B o a s ._
~ 0 r r ~ ~ p 0 1 1 d e d t o t h e v i l l a g e or, t h i s Eay .71 D u f f * s i r . f crrr.an ts
c o n c u r r e i w i t h t h i s a n d a d d e d t h d t t h e g r o u p vk,o o w n e d G o n z a i e z %
o r F o u l R a y a l s o clwced E c N c i i Bay, ( 1 9 ) 7 2 Also c a l l e d " S h o a l J
*
B a y u , 3ctleil P a y was name& d s t h e . s i t . t of a v l n t e r v i l l a g e hy
D u f f , S u t t l e s , H i l l - T o u t and Roasm73 D u f f ' s i n f c r r n a n t s
a s s o c i a t e d t h i s R ; iy w i t h b o t h t h e C h i l c o w i t c h a n d t h e C h e k o n e i n
g r o u p s w::o s i g n ~ ~ i t r e a t i e s w i t h i i o u l ~ l a s . D u f f p o i n t e c i o u t t ~ a t
o r e x c ; l d n 2 e d s i t e s at. YcWeil a n d - G o n z a l e s
Pay, t h e n i t o c o n t a c t t o r b o t h g r o u p s lived a t -
berjdu ~ o l l s t r u ~ t l n g t h g f 0 k t . 7 4 -
- -
i
w i n t e r v i l l a g e s a t O a k Bay, ( L O ) 7 s
S u t t l e s * i n f o r m a t was v a g u e 3 t o u t when t i l e v i l l a g e existed, t S a r l a n S m i t h c i t e d O r e g o n C , H a s t i n q s v f i a d i n g s i r . d i c a t i n g t h a t
- "an e m b a n k m e n t a q d a d i t c h v 1 e x i s t e d o n the Bay.76 S m i t h f o u n d
n u m s r o u s s h e l l h e a p s a l o n g tile shore of O a k Bay, 7 7 B o t h o f t h e s e *
f o r m 2 t i o n s were c l u e s o f p e r m a c e c t h a l i t a t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y ,
D u f f ' s i n f crrna n t s n a ~ e d t h i s l o c a t i o n n S i t c h a n a l t h w which m e a n s
f * W i l l o u s B e a c h . " P e r h a p s t h e v i l l a g e was once occupied by e i t , h e r
the C h i l c o w i t c h o r t h e C h e k o n e i n who, a s D u f f hypothesized
j o i n e d fo rces to fosm the S o n y h e e s v i l l a g e s o n C a d b o r o A ~ i y , ~ ~
B o a s , V i l l - T o u t , arid S u t t l e s a ~ r e e d t h d t Cadboro Bay was
t h e l c c a t i o n of a winter v i l l a g e site.79 Smith c c n c u r r e d a s h e
r e c o r d e d t h e existence of " a n e ~ h a n k i o e n t a n d a d i t c h 1 * a s well a s
a * ' t r e n c h M at. C a d k o r o Bay, He s t a t e d t h a t , " o n a p o i n t c u t off
k y t h e t r e n c h 1 ' h e f o u n d "traces of h o u s e sites" a n d " t h e r e m a i n s
of 2 c o r n p a r c 7 t i v e I y r e c e u t coo k i n g p l a c e . " 8 0 S m i t h a l s o f o u n d
" s e v e r a l h u n d r a d ca i r l . s t t o r b u r i b i p l a c e s o n t h e l a n d l t s l o p i n g ,
e a s t w a r d t - o w a r d s C a d b o r o Bay."gl C r e d i t i r i y t h e research d o n e b y - - -2
- -
c 3 l l e a g u e , S i n i t h s t a t e d t h a t " b e s i d e s t h e nuaerouz s h e l l h e a p s
a
Dr. C.T. Newcornbe discovered a n " e a r t h w o r k u a l o n g t h e n o r t h e a s t -
"sLore or C a d b o r a Bay."** T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l da ta p o i n t t o t h e
s u b s t a n t i a l Songnoes p o p u l a t i o n who 1 n h a b i t s 3 C a d b o r o Bay. D u f f
a s s e r t e d t h a t t h i s b a s t h e s i t e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l S o n g h e e s
v i l l a g e i n d t h 3 t t h i s g r o u F was t h & h i g k e s t ranking of t h e -
S o n g h e e s f a m i l i e s . 83 As p r e v i o u s l y s t a t ed , D u f f h y p o t h e s i z e c - -
-
t h a t t h e Day was s h a r e d by t h e C h i l c o t w i t c h a n d t h e ~ n e k o n e i n a t
t h e time of c o n t a c t . D u f f b e l i e v e d t h a t D o u g l a s considered t h e s ~
g r o u p s , ~ a r t i c u l a r l y t h e C h e k o n i e n , t h e . most p r e s t i g i o u s _among - -- --
t h e S o n y t l e e s . I ) a u g l a s , D U E ~ c l a i m e d , -hartere4 w i t h t h e Che~ouein I -
a f t e r a l l c t h e r S o n g h e e s t r c n t i z s h a d b e e n s i g n e d , H e p a i d t h r e e
o f t h e l e a d r n g chiefs -of the C h e k o n e i n i n c l u d i n g " K i n g FreezyM
mar;! b l a n k e t s t h a n a n y o k t h e c t h e r c h i e f s . e * A t t h e time o f t h e
construction o f F o r t V ic to r i a , t h e s e f a m i l i e s noved t o the e d g e
o f t h e t o r t , t o t h e v i l l a g e s i t e a t the f o o t of J o h n s t o n S t r ~ e t .
Boas, H i L A - T o u t , S u t t l e s a n d Duff a l s o a g r e e d t h a t t h e r e
was a p e r m d n e n t S o n g h e e s v i l l a g e o n 1 ) i s c o v e r y 1 s l a n - l . ( 2 2 )
S u t t l e s ' informant s t a t e d t h a t t h e Group l i v e d o c t h e F o r t I
D i s c o v e r y I s l a n d . A f t e r the d i s e a s e p a s s e d some S o n g h e e s
r e t - u r n e d t o t h e S o n g h e e s f o r t reserve a n d some r e m a i n e d on t h e ,
Island, T h u g f i the C h e k o n e l c t r e a t y d i d n o t i n c l u d e D i s c o v e r y -
I s f a n d , 8 6 D u f f i n c l u d e d t h i s I s l a n d h o u s e h o l d a s p a r t o f t h e
< -- c o n g l o m e r a t e 1 o f f d a i l i e s srho i n h a b i t e d Cadboro B a y a t the time
o f c o n t a c t , 7 7 i r n i t h fom& numerous b u r i a l sites here.
r e i n t o r c i n d t h ? p r o b a b i l i t y of S o n g h e e s o c c u p d t i o n cn ~ i s c o v e r y - - - -
I s l a n d , 8 s
O n l y S u t t l e s indicated the p o s s l b l l i t y of w i n t e r v i l l a g e
sit?s o n R e n r y and San J u a n I s l a n d s , ( 2 5 ) 8 9 T h e ~ x i s t e n c e of t h e ' E - --
l a t t e r i s s u b s t s n t i a t e d i c ~ e p a r t m e s f ot I n d i a n A f f a i r s - - 4, - - ?
--- -& - + ---
correSj!!ondence.-90 I n a n m d c e n s u s _ c o ' i i l ~ e d ^ i n 19FC)id-vernI- - -
S o n g h e o s F r l c l u d i n g t h e C h i e f , M i c h a e l C o o p e r , t r a c e d t h e i r -
a n c ? s t o r s t o S a n Juan I s l a n d , 9 1
T h e v i - n t e r v i l l a g e s were i m ~ o r t a n t i n t h e l i v e s o f t i l t
S o n g h e o s . T h e l o n g h o u s e p r o v i d e d s a f e a n d warm r e l i e f d u r i n g a -
l o n g ar,d cold w i n t e r s e a s o n , I n s i d e tnc "brg t h r o u g h /
dance and , c e l e b r a t i o n , the s p i r i t s came alive v i t h t he s o u n d s of
' d r u m a n d c h a n t i n g , Here, ntar t r r e warmth of t h e fire, S o n j h e e s
f a m i l i e s p a s s e d t h e w i n t e r P e r h a p s m o r e i m p o r t a n t , t h e s e
, w i n t e r v i l l a r j e s c o r n k i n e d ~ i t h t h e summe= camp sites d e m o n s t r a t e d
S o n g hecs o w n e r s h i p , t h r o u g h o c k u p a t i n o n , o f t h e n u a e r o u s bays
s i t u a t e d 011 the g o u t h e a s t c o a s t ot V a n c o u v e r , D i s c o v e r y , H e n r y ,
a n d San J u a n I s l a t i d s . T h o u g h t h e r e a re d i s c r e p a n c i e s o n the
exac t l o c a t l o n -of the S o n y h e e s v i l la . . j e s , a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l a n d x
a r c h a e o l o r j i c a l e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s a well established Songhees
o c c u p a t i o n of t h i s t e r r i t o r y . * .
T h e S o n g h e e s t r d v e l l e d f r o m t h e i r wiri tec v F l l a g e s t o t he i r
s u m m e r cavp s i t ~ s by canoe. A c c o r d i n g t o aoas , two t y p e s of
canoes were e m p l o y e d , O n e was a square-bowed d a n c e t h a t was u s e d -
-- - - f o r reefnetting sockeye, T h e o t h e r was-a l e s s common war i -
-
canoe.92 Suttles a d d e d a t h i r d t y p e n a m ~ d t h e salt w a t ~ r
can oe. 9 3 %+
T h e S o n j h e e s t e m p o r a r y s u m h e r camp sites g e n e r a l l y
co r r e sponded w i t h t h e S o n g h e e s reerne t t i n q l o c a t i o n s . ? los t of
t h e s e s i t e s e x i s t e d on Sai. J u ~ I ~ I s l 3 c d . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e were
two reefnet s i tes l o c a t e d on A c d r e a s % a y ( 2 8 ) , one a t Deadman
Bay (29) , one a t Kanaka i 3 a y ( 3 0 ) , a r d 3 r d j u s t t o t h e n o r t h of
Kanaka E a y ( 3 1 ) . The n o s t s o u t h e r l y summer camp was - a t Eagle
C o v e ( 3 2 ) w h e r e a r e e f n e t t l n c j s i t e a l s o existed, 9 4
Su t t l e s i n d i c a t e d w h i c h of the S o n y h n e s f a m i l i e s owned
these + e m ~ o r a r y camps, He l i n k e d t h e Songhees a t Ross Bay w i t h
t h e summer c a m p a n d r e e f n e t t i n g s i t e s a t E a g l e C o v e and h e
l i n K e d .+-lie S o n g h e e s of Gonza le s R a y w i t h t h e A c d r e a s B a y camps,
T h e HcNeil B a y Songhees, h c c o r d l n g t o S u t t l e s , summered a t 1
Deadman 3ap, where one r e e f n e t s i t e was located- ana aka B a y was \ -2
o w n e d b y t h e S o n g h e e s on D i scove ry I s l a n d . 9 5 Several r e e f n e t t i n g
l o c ' a t i o c s e x i s t e d on the u e s t e r n shore of this I s l a n d , w h i c h
r n i q h t a c c o u n t f o r tile wealth a n d p r e s t i g e of t h e S a r Juan
Songhees. B e s i d e s t h e summe1 v i l l a g e s 3 s s o c i a t e d with t h e
r e e f n e t sites. on S a o J u a n I s l a n d , S u t t l e s r e p o r t e d t h e e x i s t e n c e - -
of s e v e r a l o t h e r summer campsi tes , !fe a l s o l o c a t e d a temporary
cam&> H e n r y + l a n d t h o u g h t h e r e was n o t a reefnet site h e r e - 9 6 ,
T h e o n l y r e e f n e t l o c a t i o n on V d n c o u v e r I s l a n d was n a m e d
Y u k w u k s (16) , a t f l a c a u l e y P o i n t . 9 7 S u t t l e s ' inap s h o w i r i g f o o d
s o u r c e l o c a t i o n s d o e s n o t i n d l c a t e t h a t s o c k e y e were a v a i l a b l e
a t ? l a c n u l e y P o i n t , It is d p p a r e n t however, t h a t u n t i l 1840, t h e
S o n y h e e s were Iiaimcn f i s h i n g b o t h i n s i d e a n d cut s i d e V i c t o r i a -
- H a r b o u r . Federa l F i s h e r i e s r e g u 1 ; l t i o n s iiis tituted i n t h e early
1 8 9 0 ' s p r o h i b i t e d f i s h i n g i n t h e I - la rhoor , 98 b u t P i a c a u l a y P o i r t ,
m i q h t h a v e t e e n a reefnet l c c a t l c n p r i o r t o t h e s e r e g u l a t i o n s ~
E e e f n e t t i n g was a me thod of f i s h i n g t h a t was t h e s p e c i a l t y
of t h e S t r d i t s S a l i s h . !3epend&rit upor! u n i \ ; u c g e o g r a p h i c fea- '
tures , r e e r n e t . t i n g i n ~ l u e r c e d t e c h n i c a l , r e l i y i o u s a n d s o c i a l I
f a c e t s of t h ? S o n - j h e e s c u l t u r e . T h e t e c h n i q u e s of r e e f n e t t i n g -- -a
2- were b a s o d o n a ~ r i o u l e d g u of t h e m i g r d t i o n s of t h e S o c k c y e
s a l m o n t h r o u g h t h e Strdits where t h e p a r t i c u l a r t o p o g r a p h y
f a c i l i t a t e d t h i s type a•’ f i s h i n g - 9 9 A n e t made f r o m c e d a r t w i n e
was s u s p e n d e d b e t w e e n two cdiioes o v e r a reef w h e r ~ t h e water was
s t i a l l o v a n d clear , T o b r i n g t!ie f i s h % C the s u r f a c e i n t h e n e t ,
a d r a w - s t r i n g r o p e , which was a n c h o r e d w i t h s t o n e s , was p u l l e ' d , - c l o s i n c t h e net.100 T h e f l s h i r q k r o c e d u r e , l i k e m o s t o t h e r f o o d
f g a t h e f i n 7 activities o f t h e S a l i s n , was a c c o i n l a n i e d b y r i t u a l s ,
S p e c i f i c c e r e m c n i e s were p r e s i d e d o v e r and o r g a n i z e d by t h e
c h i e f who o w n e d the f i s h i n g s i t e . S a l m o n were c o n s i d e r e d a
s a c r e d g i f t f ram the s u p e r n i l t u r a l . T h e sa lrtron themselves
possessed a s p i s i t w h i c h was r e v e r e d . 1 0 1 Special car? was t a k e n
w h e n k i l l i n g a n d d r y i n g t h e s a l m o n , s o t h a t t h e s a l m o n ' s s p i r i t
was co t o f f e n d e d .
F i s h i n g i jns d o n s by men, u h l
-r
'-3,
le warnen, a n d c h k l d r e n assisted c.
w i t h cleaning a n d d r y i n g s a l m o n . I n
s u p p l i e r ! a t t h e f i s h i n g s i t e ,
t h e f i s h i n g s e a s o n , 1 0 2 A
a l l o f t h e t r i h ~ . P ~ o d u c t i v e s i tes were p o i ; u l a r a n d t h e r e was
c o m p e t i t i o c a n o n r j s t t h c S o r i g h e s s t o r work a t these siWtes. Also,
scme o u n e r s s h a r e d m o r e o r t h e c a t c h with t h e , w o r k e r s t h a n - . - - y-A
,i: o t h e r s , w h i c h l f f e c t e d t h e d e s i r a h i l i t y of -wo,rki ng_,g+th one s i t e
- d ie -
o w n e r o r a n o t h e r . 103 - 3
T h e suamer r e e f n ~ t t i ~ g activities h a d - - s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s 7
f o r t h e 3 o n g h e e s . B e e f n e t t iny b r o u g h t f a m i l i e s t o g e t h e r i n close
c o r , t a c t . ~ r o u j s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s , who o-t erwise m i g h t n o t a ssoc i -
a t e t h r o u q h o u t the year, p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e r e l i g i o u s a n d
i s o c i a 1 ceremonieL r e l a t e d t o t h i s s u b s i s t e n c e a c t i v i t y . S o c i a l 1 r e l l t i o n s h i p s d e d e l o p e d a n d E a r r i a y e a l l i a n c e s were c o n s i d e r e d .
-c
T h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f s p s n t a n e o u s s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o r : was p r o b a b l y
greater a t t h i s t ime, t h a n d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r s e a s o n . 1 0 4
T h o u g h r e e f n e t t i n g wjs t h e most i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c
a c t i v i t y , t h e S o n g h e e s t r a v e l l e d t o many o t h e r f o o d s i t e s ,
e s p e c i a l l y i i t t h e s u f a m e r . l o 5 T h e S o n g h e e s , like t h e i r Straits
S a l ish n e i g h h o u r s , a d a p t e d their m i g r a t o r y p a t t e r n s t o t h e ,"
a v a i l a b i l i t y of p a r t i c u l a r f o o d sou rce s a t s p e c i f i c t imes of t h e
year , S i t e s were f r ~ q u e n t e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r o r d e r d e p e n d i n g o n
w h i c h b e r r i e s , r u s h e s o r r o o t s were i n geason, F o r e x a m p l e ,
~ h o s y k f f r i " W q l S ) , a site vest or' where the E m p r e s s g o t e l now
s t a n d s , was a camas root bed . . I n d i a n s t r a v e l l e d r e g u l a r l y to
, t h i s l o c a t i o n , - 1 0 6 T h i s m i 3 h t a c c o u n t f o r t h e depiction o f I n d i a n J
cac3es t r a v e l l i n g i n t o James B a y , i n t h e f i r s t p i c t u r e s a n 3 mays
of the F o r t . 1 0 7
O t h e r f o o d s t h e S o n g h e e s g a t h e r e d i n q l u d e d k u l b s , s p r o u t s ,
a n d stems, 1 0 8 T h e y a l s o ja t h e r e d s h e l l f i s h , Mussels, o y s t e r s ,
a n d c l a m s r e p r e s e n t e l j u s t a p o r t i o n of their a n n u a l h a r v e s t
from t h e sea , 1 0 9 The S o n g h e e s a l s o t r c l l e d f o r c o h o s a l m n a n d
h u n t e d d u c k s , 1 1 0 The v a r i a t i o n a n d a b u n d a n c e of resources p r o v i -
d e d 3 s t a b l e a n d a S f l u e n t econoay. T h e o w n e r s h i ? of these
r e s o u r c e s i t e s p r o v i d ~ d i n d i v i d u a l s a n d f a m i l i e s w i t h w e a l t h
w h i c h was u s e d a s a means o t v e r l t y i n g r a n k and b h i c h i n f l u e n c e d w
u
t h e p o s s e s i o n o f p o w e r , T h u s e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o r s d i t i o n s i n f l u e n c e d
s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i c n ,
T h e a u m e r o u s h a b i t a t i o n a n d r e s o u r c e sites ic t h e S o n g h e e s f
t e r r i t o r y i n d i c a t e d S o n g b e e s f F r e c o n t a c t l a n d use a n d l a n d -
o w n e r s h i p , R i n ~ e r v i l l d g e s v e r p owce? o y f a z i l i ~ s w h o c u i l t a n d
o c c u p i e d t h e m , w h i l e r e s o u r c e s i t e s were o u n e d b y i c d i v i d u a l s ,
Summer camp s i t e s <ere b u i l t arid o c c u p i e d by those e g g a g e d i n r,
n e a r k y r e e f n e t t i n g activities. T h e rest o f % h e t e r r i t o r y was
s h a r e d aaongst the S o n g h e e s a n d their S t r a i t s S a l i s h n e i g h b o u r s .
A l t h o u g h S u r o E e a n s micjht h a v e j u d g e d t h e t e r r i t o r y a v a i l a -
ble for se t t l e t l e r~ t b e c a u s e it w'a; n o t c o e p l e t e l ' y occupied o r .--
c u l t i v a t e d , a c c o r d i n g t o the e t h n o g r a p h i c a l and a n t h r c p c l a g i c d f
e v i d e n c e t h i s 4 3 s n o t t h e case , The ~ r e c e e d i n j -- s u r v e y o f
S o n g h e e s f v i l l 3 g e sites, r e s o u r c e sites, a n d c e r e i n o n i a l
l o c a t i o c s s h o v s t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e t h e y made o f t h e t e r r i t o r y .
G
- meaver, not only t p e sonsbees b u t also t h e i b s t r a i t s S a l i s h . p 1"*
n e i j h b o u r s depended ugon the resources of t h i s e n v i r o n m e n t , -
a 'h, , The importance of $ b e e n v i r o ~ a e n t to th& Songhees cannot b e
' unaerstated . Their terri,$6ry and i ts resources were inseparable-
from t h e i r world view and d u l t u r e . A n t h r ~ p l ~ g i S t ~ anad Ind ians -7
who b e l i e v e d' i n f l u e n c e of th; e n v i r c n m r n t to* be. paramount, - T 1
*
t a i g h t s a y " t h e land t h e ~ u l t u r e . ~ ~ l l l 0 n l P v i t h an u n d e r s t a n d - n
ing of. t h e ~ o h ~ h e e s r e l a t i o w h i p r i t b t h e i r environment and its
0
s o u r c e s of a e L - L S o n g k e s - E u r o p e a n c o n f l i c t . D v e r the Songhees
< -+
k . . 1 T h e n a v e S o n g h e e s 1s t h e a n g l l c i z e 3 f o r m of t h e s t ? p e o p i e s T v l l l a g e s i t e j u s t n o r t h o f A l b e r t Head o ~ l . , V a h c o u v e r ~Gland,,~See C h a p t e r O p e , p . 12.
i'
2 T h i s e ~ p h a s i s is r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e m e t n o d o l o g j c a l a p p r o a c h of e c o l o g i c a l a n t h r o p o l c g y . F o r a n o v e r v i e w o'f t h i s a p p r o a c h see , J u n e H e l i r , " T h e ~ c o l o g i c a i A p p r o a c h i n A n t h r ~ p o L o g y , " ~mericqg - J o u r n a l ~f S ~ c i o i o q q , 5 7 ( Y a y 1962) : 630-639- --- 3 C a l v i n i r i d r t i n f r " E t h n o L = s t o r y : Better gay t o & r i t e I n d i a n H i s t o r y , " i e s t e rq H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , 9 (-19731 :41-56.
-
h e main s o u r c e s of e t h n o g r a p h i c 3 a h o n t h e ? o n g h - e s a r e ; 1- a n z T o a s , T h e " S e c o n d G e n e r a l l ieport on t h e I n d i a n s of B r i t i s h
C o l u r f i b i a . I, TFe LLKUMGES. " T h e s i x t h R e p o r t of t h e C o r m ' i t t e e '
- A p p o i n t e d t o I n v e s t i g a t e t h e char act^ rs, L a n g u a g e s a n d I n 2 u s t r i a l a n d S o c i a l 4 C o q d i t r o n 0.2 t h e W o r t h Piestern, T r i b e s of, t h e D p r n i n i o n o f ~ ~ a n a d a , " h e p o r t gf tt B r i t i s h a s s o c i a t i o n _fog the ~ d v a n ' c e m e n t of Science (1890) : ~ 6 , 3 ~ 5 8 2 ; C h a r l e s H i l l - T o y t , ' -- -------- g R e p o r t o n t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of t h e S o u t h - Z a s t e r n T r i b e s o f V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d , E r i t i s h C o l o m b i a , ly J3urnal of the R o y a l A n t h r o ~ o l o q j ~ & W t i t u t e 3$ ' 1 ( 1 9 ~ ' : 356-374; Y a g n e S u t t l e s , - "The ~ c ~ n o m i c L i f e o f t h e C o a s t S a l i s h of Haro a n d Ros9r io ~ k r 3 i t s ," (PD, D, D i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f i i a s h i n g t o n , 1951) ; a n d a i l s o q Duf t ? , "The P o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s , " gC Studies 3 , ('1069) : 3-57, F o r t h e rnost p g r t t h e s e a u t h o r s p r e s e n t s i m i l a r 3 a t a on t h e S o n g h e g s , S ~ m e d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l h o w e v e r , b e n o t & d , . Boas named t h i s p a u p the " L K u q g e n u a n d " ~ o n c j & i s h , ! * H i l l - T o u t ,
u s e d t h e . term llLERC?I 'ENE?J~, Sut%rles u s e d I * S o n g h i s h w a n d F i l s o n D u f f f o r t h e most p a r t u s e d JISongCees ,* l S o n g h e e s is c l o s e t o l i S o n g e e s f m e m p l o y e d ,by D o u g l d s i ~ i t h e treaties n e g o t i a t ~ d w i t h thess I n d i a n s , b u t when he f i r s t a r r i v e d h e c a l l e ' d them S a m o s e a n d J . F . Andecscn, o n e 3; F o r t V i c t o r i a n s p i o n e e r s , u s e d t h e f o r n " ' ~ t s a r n i s s . ~ ~ See D u f f , r.31, 8
6 - 6 F o r a c o n t e r r i p o r a r y i i v e s t i g a t i o r , of S o n g n e e s l i n g u i s t i c s see , +
Har j o r i e 2uth Y l t c h e l l , "A' D i c t i o n a r y of S o n y h i s : a DiaJect of S t r a i t s t j a 1 , i s h f l i (M.A, T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of British C o l a ~ b i a , 7 3 7 2 ) . a n 3 T o l a n d a A d e l a X a t f o , " A P h o n o l o g y a n d P l o r p h o l o g y o f @
S o n g h i s h , A D i a l e c t o f S t r a l t s Saiishfn ( P L D. D i s s e r t a t i o n , ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f K a n s a s , 1 9 7 2 ) . I -
7 Erna G u n t h e r , "K la l l am E t h n o g r a p h y , " U n i s e r 5 i . t ~ _og Gasbinston- 7
-
P u b l i c a t i o n s ig *&+1hrc~oloq3, I (19 2 7 ) : 1 - 4 . A J s o Diamond -- - J e n y $ s s , " T h e 3 a a n i c h I n d i a r i s o f ~ a n c o i l v e r I s l a ~ d , " u n p u b l i s h e d t y p e s c r i p t , N ~ t i o n a l M-ust?ula of Man, # - - -
-
* s p e c i i i c t o t h e a r e a i n L a b i t n d h y t h e S o n y h k e s a r e two works by B a r I a n F. S m i t h , A g c h a e o l o q y _of & h _ e Gulg o f 5g)rqia Pgggz -
ed, F r a n z Boas. The J e s s u ~ North z~acii. E x p e d i t L c n , [New - P o r k : I;, E,' S t i c k e t , '1907, R e p r . i n t . N e w York: A.M. S,,_197_a) :- -
3 5 5 - 3 6 0 . H a r l i n 1. S m i t h a'hd G e r a l d Fowke, " C a i r n s ~ Brit i . - '7-- ; C o l u m b i g and Klshir~gttg e d , F r a n z Boas, T'g J ~ S S U E N o r t h Pacif c F x ~ - @ ; f i t i 6 n , vol. TI, Psrt X I , ( R e p r i n t , Mew York: 'A.f l .S. , 1 9 7 5 ) - ------
. , 5 5 - 6 3 , . -
bi
9 ~ o n a f ti M i t c h a l f , " ~ r c h a e o l o y y olC t h e G u l f ot G e o r g i a Area, A. N a t u r a l F e g i o n a n d its C u l t u r e T y p e s , " Syesis , 4 (1971) S u ~ p l e r t e n t o 1 ; y o y c a r l s o n , * * C h r o n o l o c j y a n d , C u l t u r e Cban je i n t h e San J u a n A m e r s c a n A n t i q u i t y 2 5 (1960) Yo,4 : 552-586; a n d Yoy C a r l ~ o n , 41Archaeolor jy . i n Brr t i s h ~ o l d t n b i d , ~ s S t u d i e s 6-7 (1970) :7-17. ?of c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r k r e i a t e d td t W - - I
a S o r q h e e s t e r r i t o r - y see, 8 , U, Rlacklaus, N E x c a v a t i s n g a t , -
E s q u i m a l t L a g o o n : A C o n t r i b u t r c n t o ~ Q r a i t s S a l i s 5 P r e h i a t ~ r y , ~ ~ =
( V . A , , T h e s i s . , - S i m o n F raser r J n i v e r s l t y , 1 9 7 9 ) . - - -
10 Nancy, C o n d r a s h ~ f f a n d G r a n t K c d d i e -cf the A r s l ~ a e o l o j y D i v i s i o n ot t h e B r i t i s h C o l u r n k i d P r o r s i n c l a l Yuseum w5re g e n e r o u s
- with t h e i r time a n d e x r l a i n e d t h e f i e l d - woqn ridert taken i n t h e territory - o n c e i n h a b i t e d A y t h e S b n g b e e s a s we3-1 a s s o u t h e r n r e g i o n of t h e ' ccast of B ~ i t i s h C 3 l u i n D i a . T h e y were a b l e t o p u t i n t o layrnan!s- terms much of the s e l e v a n t s c ~ e 3 t l f i c - -
a r c h a e o l o g i c - a 1 t e r i e i ~ o l o g y w h i c h 5ose.s d i f f i c u i t iss f o r a .person outside +of the d i s c i ~ l x n e .
11 V i c t o r i a Satette, - 2 8 ~ p r l l 1859. On t h i s d a t e t h e G a z e t t e "
r e p o r t e d t h a t a p p r o x i x a t e l y 2 , 8 3 5 1 n d i a n s Lived a t V i c t o r i a . A l s q ~ a m k s l i a u g l a s , - w r i t i n g t o the C o l o n i a l C f f ice , e s t i m a t e d t h e I n d i a n p o p u l a t i c p n e a r t h e towrr t o be 2,1100, 3 d u g l a s t o N e w c a s t 1 7 J u l y 1 8 6 0 , (CG.305/14). Also c i t e d in 3, F i s h e r , 4 g
Contac t 3 n a C o n f l i c t : i n d i m - E u r o p e l r c H e l d tions B r i t i s h - I_--- -- ------ -------- -- - - - - C o l u m b l a L ----- 4- 1 3 9 0 CVancouver : U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a Press, 1 9 7 ,* p.122,
7 -
1 2 3 . K L o E a s t o , t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l of I c d i a n A f f a i r s , 23 A p r i l 1 8 9 5 , E.S. 1 0 , '401. 3969, File 126,OR4, f J K T C l . , .
- 1 3 S u t t l ? s t p - b , ; i i l ' i - T O U ~ n a m ~ a t h e l a n g u a g e "LEK3nenSn." 3 i l l - T o u t , p, 332. Boas named t h e l a r k g u a g e " L K ~ n y e n E n . ~ * Boas, - 'p.563. -
- -
I * S u t t l e s , p p c 4-7; i l i l l - + o u t , p. 312;
1s S u t t l a s , p p . 4 3 - 5 0 , ,
- 4
1 6 S u t t l e s , pp. 302-303 ,
E B R i l l - T o u t , p -308, - -- -
2 1 I b i d . , p - 5 3 ,
3 3 Boas c l t e d i n S u t t l ' e s , p.17,
3 4 British Columbia, Papers gpZgcted K j t h &he Indian L a n d u e s t i o n 1850- 1875 ( V i c t o r i d : R i c h a r d H o l f e n d e n , 1875) , p, 5 P -- ---- -
(ficreaf t e r - c i t e d as B-C, , ~sgez-Coinecte_d_). Also D u f f , y.27-
35 B.C., , , Paeers ,, C o n n e c t e d -,,,,,,- f p. 5 -
36 S u t t l e s t map, p.14. - - --
- --
3 7 D u f f , p. 21-2,2.
3 8 ~ u t t l e k , p.276-277, t
39 Slayne S u t t l e s , " P o s t C o n t a c t C u l t u r ~ C h a n g e Arrong t h e Lummi Ind ians , " Eritish Cellrubia Fi&tarical p u a r t e r l y 18 11 9541, p, 42-
4 0 D u f f , p .48-49-
4 1 D u f f , p . 3 1 ; Boas, p.569; H i l l - T o u t , ~ ~ 3 0 7 -
4 6 Duff , p . 3 3 . 0
4 7 B.C. 3 3 x 2 C o n n ~ c t e d , p -5 .
4 9 Duffl P I 14,
5 0 S u t t l ~ s c i t e d i n D+uif, p . 3 3 .
L-7 ' 1 Duff , p . 3 3 ,
54- H i l l - T o u t , p - 3 0 7 ; D u f f , k.33.
5' Duff , ~ ~ 4 5 .
5 8 Douglas t o Liarclay, 26 Au~just 1854, Sir Jaiues g o u g l a s , F o r t Victoria C o r r e s p o n d e n c e O u t w a r d 1850-1858, gAgC_. - T h i s ietter
* "$ contaiced a r e f e r e n c e t o the I n d r a n Reserve a l l o t t e d on t h e s i t e ', w h e r e the ~ e ~ i s l a y i v e B u i l d i n g s now, s t a n d ,
I - * *
5 9 Duff , p .35 .
6 0 D u f f ,* p, 3 5 ; S u t t l e s , g. 1 7 ; H i l l -Tou t , p.307.
6 1 Hil l -Tout , p . 3 0 7 . 5
63 I b i d ,
6 4 T h e move ~ ust h a v e taken place a f t e r D ~ u g A a s ~ o t e d ttte reserye i n z l e t t e r t o B a J X l d y i n 1854 (see f o o t n o t e 58) a n d be- f o r e he announced- t h e l e a s i n g program i n t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly- (see C h a p t e r two, f o o t n o t e 34) Whether t h e Songhees mcved a c r o s s t h e Harbour o r t o Esgu ima l t is u n c l e a r d u e t o c o n f l i c t i n g e t h n o g r a p h i c d a t a ,
1 3 , 8 8 6 - 4 , UUCICL.
9 1 I b i d . --- 9 2 B o a s , p.566. %
9 3 S u t t l ~ s , p . 2 4 3 ,
94 S u t t l esV map, p -14 ,
9 5 u g . A
9 e can ad^, Stastgg, 1874, l882, WEiC, ( O t t a w a : E r o w n C h a m b e r l a i n , 1 8 7 8 ) , p - l i i ; ( 1889 ) , p p - x l i - x l i i ; ( 1 8 9 0 ) , ?p. l x i i - l x i i i .
1 O * I b i d . , pp. 165- 1 YO,
1 0 5 See S u t t l e s ' s map F. 14 , f o r s p e c i f i c f o o d s i t e l o c a t i o n s a n d r e e f n e t s i t e o w n e r s h i p .
1 0 7 P a u l Kane p a i n t i n g i n D - u i f , p . 4 1 . Also J. P e m b e r t o n , Ma_p o_f Victoria Harbour , Flap D i v i s i o n , PABC, ------- I----
1 1 0 For a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t of S o n y h e e s m e t h o d s of resource explcitation see S u t t l e s , pp. 57-222.
111 T h i s p h r a s e is a d a p t e d fro^ t h e f i l m title ' 'The land is t h ~ C u l t u r e , * # Prodtxea by tLe B r i t i s h Colunsbia rjnier, of Tndian Chiefs, 1974, I
CHAPTER TWO
Songhees-European R e l a t i o n s , 1843-1 871
F r o a t l c t i i n € of P o r t V i c t c r i a l s o r i j i r i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n in
134 3 u 2 t i l 3 r i t i s h C 2 l u m C i a en+ereci i n t o C o n f e d e r a t i c n in 1 3 7 1,
S o w j h e ~ s - E u r o p e a n r~iations a p p e a r e d to b e r e i a t i v o l y
harmonious . A t c o n t a c t , the Sa:1$hees a J a p t r ; d in a gay t h a t
accoasadat-ed t h e i r D w n needs a n d a s p i r a t i o n s a s wall a s t h o s e of
t h e Eu ropeans , [Iowevec, t h e r e l a t i o n s between t h e S o n g h e e s and
t h e Yuropeacs e s p e c i a l l y r ~ ~ j a r d i n y l a n d s2o3 became s t r a i n e d ,
These s t r a i n e d r e l a t i o n s e v e n t u a l l y led t o S c n y h e e s res is tance
to 3 n y f u r t h e r dis~cssessior, of lailri. D y t h e t i sc the f e d e r a l
govcrnrr,er,i, assamed r e s p n s i b i l i t y f o r I n d i a n Affa i r s i r i B r i t i s h
l o l u m b i a , the S o n q h ~ e s were a d a ~ a ~ t about r e s i s t ~ n g r e l c ca t i on ,
0x1 J u n e 28th 1842, rl r e s o I u t i o i . ~ was passed t h a t c h a n g e d t h e
l i v e s of t h e S o n g h e e s f o r e v e r . O n t h a t d3y, t h e H u d s o n ' s Bay
C o m p a n y chose ,3 ceu s i t e for its h e ~ d q u a r t e r s on t h e Vorthuest
Coas t , The Company's C c u n c i f o f N o r t h e r n i ) e v e l ~ p n ; e n t , d e c i d e d
t h a t :
. . it b e i n g c o a s i d c r c d i n many p o i r i t s of v i e w ~ x p ~ d i ~ n t to f o r a a d e p o t at the S o u t k r i i end of Banc9uver8 s I s l a n d , it is r e s c l v e d t h a t a n e l i g i b l e s i t e f ~ r such a Depot be s e l e c t e d and that nedsures b ~ 3 a d o p t e d f g r f a r m i n g t h i s E s t n b l i s Z i t n e u t with the l eas t z o s s i b l e d e l a y , 1
Racr ican s e t t i emen t i n the west w t i c h t h r e a t e n e d the S r i t i s h I
claim- t o t h e n o r t h v e s t coast , Jan~es D o u g l a s , a p r o x i n e n t
H u d s o n ' s Bay C ~ m p s n y employee, $ l r s t nade a n e x p l o r a t o r y t r i p t o
!-- t h e s o u t h e r n t i ~ o t B ~ n c o u v e r I s l a n d , and t h e n o n P l a r c h 14 , 1843
h e r e t u r n e d t o tr,e I ~ l d n d t o b u i l d a f o r t .
%!,ci. t h ? f o r t l r construction b e g a ~ ~ , t h e S o n y h e s s moved t o
i t s n o r t h e r n p e r l m e t e r . 2 T h e S o n s h e c s who . i m a l c j a m a t e d a t the ',
ti t
.site t o t h e n o r t h of t h e f o r t were c a l l e d t h e f t S w e c l ~ w h u c g i t . 3 ? \
T h i s was ~ l s o t h e name g i v e c t o t h e f a m i l y who i c h a b i t e d t h e
he I n n e r P a r b o u r wherz V i c t o r i a now e x i s t s . T h e
T e e c h a m i t s a , V h y o m i l t h , Kosampsom, C h i l c o w i t c h , C h e k o n e i n , a n d
t h e S o u t h S a a n i c h g r o u p s j o i n e d t h e S u e n g w h u n g a t this l o c a -
t i o n . * T h e v i J l a g e s a b a n d o n e d b y t h e s e 3 r o u p s were: S t a n g a l
( 4 & 5 ) , S t c h i l i K i J ( 6 ) , t h e site at. ~ o r g E ! Park ( 1 1 ) . 9oss B a y
( 1 7 ) , G o n z a i e s B6y (181, PlcNeil Bay ( 1 9 ) , Oak E a y ( 2 0 ) , C a d b o r o
Bay (21) , ~ i s c o v e r y I s l a n d (22) , and C o r d o v a Bay (23). { s e g map
p, X V ) T h e r e m i g h t a l s o h a v e been S o n g h e e s who e m i g r a t e d from
W i t t y ' s i3eack ( 2 ) a n d H e n r y a n d San J u a n I s l a n d s l i S - - I f a v i l l a g e
s i t e e x i s t c d on James 6ay a s H i l l - T o u t s u g g e s t e d then some
S o n g h e e s n i g h t h a v e j o i n e d t h e K o s a a p s o m g r o u p a t Skosappsom,
t h e L e g i s l a t i v e B u i l d i n g s site.6
The new v i l l a g e was p e r h a p s t h e l a r g e s t S o n g h e e s
l q a r n a t i o n , a n d i t p r e s e n t e d n e u soc ia3 r a m i f i c a t i o n s . F o r
i n s t a n c e , a t t h e Swengrshung v i l l a g e , t h e lopwest r a n k i n g
T e e c h a n i t s a f a m i l y from t h e s o u t h e r n p r t of Songhees t e r r i t o r y , '
a n d t h e h i g h e s t ranking g r o u p s f r o m C a d b o r o B a y , were now l i v i n g
a t t h e same site. 7 , ' r
-. T h e i ~ p l i c a t l c n s o f f f i o v i n j trorr, t h e ' w l n t e r v i l l a g e s were
p r o b a b l y n o t a p p a r e n t t o t h e Soncjhees, T h e a b a c d o n n e n t of t h e s e
v i l l a g e s i t es m i j h t b e v i e w e d Liy E u r o ~ e d l l s a s a v o l u n t a r y
r e l i n g u i s h m e n t of these t e r r i t o r i e s , a s t h e s c q h e e s 6 i d n o t
r e t u r n t o t h e i r p r e v i o u s v i l l a g e sites. T h e S b n q h e e s f f i igh t c o t
n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e a s s u n i ~ i l t h i s on th;. b a s i s o r t h e i r own n o t i o n s
of l a c d k u s e ' a n d ~ w a c r s h i p . For i n s t a n c e , -.;one 2 r o u p s h a d
ama1;amated d t C a d b o r o E a y , a n d a t t h e same tiuie t h e y s h a r e d t h e . .
s u r r o u n d i n g terr i tBry. T h e a m a l g a m a t i o n d i d n o t s i - g n a l I(
rl i m i n i s h c d access t o t h e a b a n d o n ~ d territory o r i t:; r e s o u r c e s - a .
S i m i l a r is sump ti on^ p r e v a i l e d a t the time o f c o n t a c t . Prom t h e
new S u e n g u h u n g v i l l a g e , t h e S o n g h e e s r e t a i n e d a cce s s t o t h e i r I r f o o d s i t e s , afifl t h e y c c n t i n u e d t h e i r , m i g r a t i o n s t o t h e i r r e e f n e t
l o c a t i o n s . T h e new v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n a l s o f a c i l i t a t e d access t o *-
t h e G o r g e , t h e S o n g h e e s 9 most p o p u l a r surcmer locale.
While t h e S o n g h e e s m i g h t n o t h a v e w e l c o m e d t h e E u r o p e a n s i n ,
t h e i r t e r r i t o r y , t h e y d i d n o t a t t e m p t t o d e n y t h e m access
t h r o u g h armbd r c s l s t a n c e . Y T h e S o n q h e e s were p r o b a b l y aware of
t h e h e c e f i t s t h a t m i g h t e m a n a t e f r o a t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e f o r t
i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y , From t h e v i l l a g e a d j a c e n t t o the f o r t , the
S o n g h e e s p l a n n e d to c c n t r o l t r a d e . T n e y i n t e n d e d t o b e t h e " h o i e
g u d r d s " , a s t h e T s i m i s h i a n h a d done a t F o r t S i m p s o n , l o L i k e ' t h e
T s i m i s h i a n , t h e S o c e g h e e s g a t h e r e d a t t h e F o r t ' s w a l l s a n d
a t t e m p t e d t o a c t a s middlemen b e t w e e n the I n d i a n s a n d the / ?
1 c o m p a n y traders, ~nri/one o c c a s i o n , ailter I n d i a n s f r o m E l e l l i n g h a m '. Bay c o m p l e t e 4 a t r a d i n g t r a n s a c t i o n a t t h e f o r t , t h e S o n g h e e s
r o b b e d t h e m of a l l t h e i r g o o d s . g p r : r e c e i v i n g c o m p l l i n t s from
t h e F e l l i n $ h a m B a y T n d i a n s , t t e C h i e f F a c t o r , i i ~ d e r i c k
F i n l 3 y s o n , t n r o u y h t h e t h r e a t of r e p r i s l l s , r e c o u p e d t h e i r 0
s u p p l i e s a n d p r o v l d e d :in e s c o r t t o s a f e waters. I t a p p p a r s t h a t
t h e S o n g h , e ~ s ~ d t t e e p t t o m o n i t d r I n d i a n t r a d i n j was c u r t a i i e d by P
F i n l a y s o n I s heavy h a n d e d a p ~ r o a c h . I
T h a t l g h t h e S o n g h e e s were r e q u i r e d t o c o n f o r m t o t h e d e m a n d s
o f t h e ' C h i e f F a c t o ~ ; . b y tLe t h r e a t o f p i i y s i c a l v i o l e n c e , t h e r e W
was some r e c r p r o c i t y i n t h e S c r t g h e e s r e l a t i o n s h i p v i t h the 4 .?'
f ! u d s o n * S E3ay C o n p a n y t r a a k r s , T ~ E B r i t l c h possessed arms a n d
t h e s e serve3 t o p r o t e c t t h e S o n g b e e s . T h e S o n g h e e s l o c a t e d t he i r
o r i ~ i n a l v i l l a j e on t h e n o r t h e r n e d g e of t h e f o r t , w h e r e t h e A
b u i l d i n j p r o t e c t e d t h e m rrom hostile g r o u p s entering t h e
? h a r b o u r , T h e S o n g h e e s , 1 i k . e o t h e r S t r a i t s S a l i s h , h a d ' - s u f f e r e d
q r e a t l o s s e s a t t h e h a n d s of t h e Y u k u l t a , a s o u t h e r n gro;p o f -
- P K w a k u i t l , who possessed 'muskets from 1792.11 T h e Y u k u l t d
i * . t i l l e d , l o o t . c d , a n d c a r r i e d o f f wonen a n d c h i l d r m i " as s 1 a v e s f w
t h r o u g h o ~ i t t h e C o a s t S a l i s h a n d S t r a i t s S a l i s h t e r r i t o r y . 1 2 T h e L
n e e d f o r a d e f e n s i b l e s i t e was t h e r e f o r e a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n , b
d e t e r m i n i . n g t h e l o c a t i a n of villages. 1 3
A t t h e new S w e n g w h u n g v i l l a g e s i t e , t h e r e were n u m e r o u s
opportunities f c r enp loyp len t , ~ u r i n ~ t h e f o r t ' s c o n 9 s t r u c t i o n the
S o n j h e e s e x c n a n q e d 6 i c k e t s f o r b l a n k e t s , E v i d e n t l y , t h e trees -1
nearest t h e s i t e were n o t s t r a i g h t enough f o r ' , b u i l d i r i g . . tt
b a r r i c a d e s , T h e S o n g h e e s were - c o a ~ m i s s i o n e d to E i n d s u i t a b l e
trees, F r o m as: f a r a w a y a s f i v e miles, t h e s e Indians h a u l e d
p i c k e t s a e a s u r l n i ; t w e n t y - t v o feet. i n l ~ n ~ t h b y t h r e e f e e t i n . Q
c i r c u m f e r e n c e . I n r e t u r n f o r forty p l c k e t s , t h e S o n g h e e :
r e c e i v e d o n e blank~t.14 T h e S o n g h e e s also a s s i s t e d i n t h e Fiudsor!
Bay C o m ~ a n y ' s a g r i c u l t u r a l a q t i v i t i > ? : ; , T h e y p l o u q f t e d f i e l d s 1 5
a n d p l a n t e d p a t a t o e s , 1 6 T h e S o n g h e e s s u p p l i e d the f o r t i s
r e s i d e n t s w i t h s a l m o n acd b u c k e t s o f c l a n s , S o r , g h e e s men a c t e d 0
a s ~ u i d e s a n d t h e y d e l i v e r e d t h e f o r t ' s mail b y canoe.17
T h e p r e s e n c e of t h e f o r t , a n d t h e s u b s e g u e n t S o n j h e e s
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t tie l a b o u r e c o n o m y , p r e c i p i t a t e d c h a n g e s i n t h e
S o n jhees* relations hi^ w i t h t h ~ . r r e n v i r o n m e n t , For i n s t a n c e , t h e
S o n g h e e s i n v u l v e a e n t i n s u p p l y l ~ g t h e t o r t ' s p i c k e t s a f f e c t e d
o t h e r a s p e c t s o f t h e i r l i v e s . T h i s employmen t w a n t . that less
. , time was a v a i l a b l e f o r p r e v l o u s f o r a s o f r e s o u r c e e x p l o i t a t i o n : ,
T h e e x c h a n g e of S o n q h e e s l a t o u r f o r gmd's, p a r t i c u l a r l y , . h
l i la &ct.s, a f f f c t e d t h e s i r qnce necessary m i g r a t i o n s t o g a t h e r ,
reeds f o r t e x t i l e s . C h a n g e s t o t h e i r m k g r q t i c c s a l t e r e d t h e - d
s o c i a l a n d r e l i j l o u s a c t i v i t i e s a s s x i i t e d with some of t h e s e
s u b s i s t e n c e a c t i v i t i e s . !a \\
T h e new w e d l t h a v a l l n b l e t h r o u j h the wage economy a t t h e
f o r t i r t f l u e n c e d i n d i v i d u a l p a d g r o u p s ta tus , An i n d i v i d u a l
d i s p l a y i n g & a . J t h a c c u ~ u L a t e d f h r s u q b l a b o u r i n g s a t t h e f o r t P ' -
c o u l d en'haa h i s qwn ~ a d h i s f a m i l y ' s r a n k w h i c h was 9
t r a d i t i o n a l l y b a s e d on a ' s c r i p . t i v e o r i n h e r i t e d r i g h t s , ~ c k u i r e d
e n h a n c e d s t a i u s i n d . a l t e r e d i n t ~ r - g r o u p r e l a t i o n s .
~ f t h o u g h t h e .Fresehce bf t h e , f o r t .ca~usea c h a n g e s i n - t h e
S c n j h e e s r e l a t i o c s h l ' p with . t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e i r c u , l t u r e , -- L J
V h e y a d a p t e d t~ t h e E u r o F e a n p r e s e n c e i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y - T h e i r
i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e was a c c o m o d d t i v e , a l t h o u g h a s s e t t l e m e n t
i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e c o l o n i a l yo v e r n r n e n t became i n c r e a s i n g l y
d o m i n a n t , the S ~ n g h e e s ~ a l t e c e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n , An e x 3 m i n a t i o n o f 4
l a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s i n d i c a t e s b o t h t h e S o n g h e e s attempt t o
a c c o m n o d a t e t o t h e C u r o F e a n p r e s e n c e , a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g s of t h e
s t r a i n e d r e l a t i o n s - . b e t w e e n t h e two q r o u p s , c
S h o r t l y a f t e r the c o c s t r u c t l o n o f t h e fort C h i e f ? ac to r ,
C o d e r i c k F i n l a g ~ o n , n e g o t i a t e d t h e f i r s t r e l o c a t i o n . o f t h e
S n e n g v h u n g S a n g b e e s , i iecause $ h e i r v i l l a g ? u a s s e e n a s a f i r e '*
h a z a r d f o r t h e F o r t , P i n l a y s o n i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e S o n y h e e s mov6
a c r o s s t h e h a r h m r . 19 I!e r e p o r t e d :
. .,, I x a n t e d t h e m t o remove t o t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e i
h a r b o u r which t h e y a t f i r s t d e c l i n e d t o do, s a y i n g t h e l a n d was t h e i r s a n d a f t e r a g r e a t d e a l o f angry p a r l l y i n g o n b o t h s i d r s , it was a ' g r e r d t$d-t i f I a l l o w e d - aur men t.o a s s i s t t h e m t o : - r c ~ o v e , , t h e y would" go, t o l r h i c h I c o n s e n t e . l . , ? o -
6 ' Y A L -
1
T h e j o n g h e e s u r i d e = s t o o , d ~ h e i r riyts t o t h e l a n d , d s p e c i a l l y t o - r , t
0 t h e site c h o s g n o n the i n n e r s i d e 0.f ' $he - fo r t . ' F i n l a y s o n b +
r e a l i z e d t h e r o t i v e f:r 'their r e f u s a l t o : r e l h a f q , yet br re- u " I - p 62, <
\ C P * i $4
gui ' r red ~ t b a t t h e S o n g h e e s move, 1
. _ n 2' The S o n g h e e s f B r i t i s h r e p r i s a l s m i g h t h a v e
2, " . c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r a c c o r o m o d a t i v e stance, On a p r e v i o u s
* 7
o c c a s i o n ; v h e q t h q o o h q h e e s r e f u s e d t o c o o p e r a t e with F i n l a y s o n ,
h e r e s p o r d e ? w i t h a v i c l e n t 'show of f o r c e , A Chief's h o u s e was * .
j e s t r o y e d when a s t o l e n oxen was n o t r e t u r n e d . A t t e m p t i n g t o
, a v o i d . s u c h a c o n f r o n t a t i o n , t h e 1 Songhees a g r e e d t o a peac_ef u l
r e s o l u t i o n cf t h i s f i r s t r e l o c a t i o n i s s u e , a n d t h e y moved t o t h e d
o t h e r side of the h a r b o u r . 2 1
There is soioe d i s c r e p a n c y r e g a r d i n g t h e site of t h e first
?_ - r e l o c a t e d S o n g h e r s v i l l a j & . 22 ltRcr.oss t h e h a r b o u r ," a s d e s c r i b e d
by p i n l a p s o n c o u l d h a v e r e f e r r e d t o a relocation t o t h e siteA
a c r 3 s s James B a y , o r i t could k a v e meant across t h e h a r b o u r
v h e r e t h e Songh e v e n t u z l i y r e s l d e d u n t i l 1910, Both i i g h t
even h a v e , SoiRe of the Swenguhung could have joined the
Son.jhees..at t h e L e g i s l a t i v e a u i l d i b g s s i t e a n d scae o t h e r s m i g h t
h a v e moved a c r o s s Victoria Earbour, 23 This s i t e , i n h a b i t e d by
the Songhees until 3 9 7 7 , was r o c k y v i t a a F o o r wat;er supply,Z4
T h e L e g i s l a t i v e B s s s e m b l y B u r l d i n g s s i t e migh t h a v e b e e n a * -
v i l l a g e , a s t h l s l a a d , - u a s a l l o t t e d a s s u c h , a f t e r the Songhees
r s i q n e d p u r c h a s e , a g r e e m e n t s in 1850, Neither o f t h e s e l o c a t i o n s
I
were a s c o n v e n i e c t a s ithe Swengwhung site f o r S o n g h e e s e m p l o y e d - .
,-
a t t h e fort, and t o t h wefe' less e a s i l y d e f e n d e d , These 9r - 1
d i s a 3 v a r t a g e s sj.$&t qexpl-ain the 5ong)ees i n 1 W s i s t a n c e t o i 'B
n a v e . I
, . ' . *
The ,most g i j n i f i c a n t %and t r a n s a c t ion i n v o l v i n g S o n g h e e s
t e r r ' i t o r y occure.l in'1850, I'n t h i s year C h i e f F a c t o r , J a m e s - - v
3 o o j l a s , s i b e d a se r ies of t r e a t i e s with +he s o n g h e e s a n d .I .+
fourteen o t h e r + I n d i a n g r o u p s oc V a n c o o v e r I s l a n d . 2 5 T h e I %%
territory of t n e ~ o n g h e e k was included i n a t l e a s t ' six of the ' r L
tre3ties.26 On A p r i l 29, F850,'the l a n d s o f t n e T ' e e c h a m i t s a , - - -
K o s a a p s o n , Swenguhung, C h i l c o w i t c h , Whyomilt h , . a n d C h e k o n e i n -
"became t h e entire p r o p e c t y of t h e w h i t e p e o p l e f o r e v e r , " 2 7 Two
years l a t e r i t r e a t i e s were r i g p e d w i t h t h e ~ o i t h a n d S o o t h ,
~ a a b i c h , s o w of w h i c h were krtowrr t o b- fongkees.za T h e s e d e e d s
of c o n v e y a n c e , a s D o u g l a s c a l l e d them, d i d a l l o w f o r t h e F
Songhees t o r e t a i n t h e i r v i l l a g e s , p o t a t o p a t c h e s a n d g r a v e
y a r d s and p r o v i d e d f o r hunting on " t h e u n o c c u p i e d la9is."29
On f i r s t g l a n c e , t41.i-e t reat ies a2l;ear to r e c c g n i z e the . *
- S o n g h e e s a b o r i g i n d l t i t l e . However, D o U y l a s ' s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of '
, ',?
S o n g h e e s l a n d gwnership was i n c o r r e c t , A s noted i n c h a p t o n e , . a-r. the S o n g h e e s s h a r e d nost of their t e r r i t o . r y , u h i l e F f a m i l i A s
c l a i m e d w i n t e r v i l l a y e s i t e s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s o u n e d ' r e s o u r c e
sites. W h i l e t h e treaties' ' p r d t e c t e d t h e S o s g k e e s v i 1 f a r ; e sites,
by 1850, there were o n l y two l e f t ; The t r e a t i e s a l s o , cjuarantded -5
S o n g h e e s f i s h i n g a n d h u q t i n g . F c r the S o n g h e e s t h i s mpan t t h a t
reef n e t s i t e s a n d o t h e r r e s o u r c e s i t e s were . g u a r a q t e e d . Fiouever , 4
t h i s p r o v i s i o n a p p l i e d only a s l o n g a s t h e s e p l a c e s were n p t
i n h a b i t e d by Eurapea ,ns ,30 Conslde.r ing D o u g l a s ' s e x p e r i e n c e i c /I - \
d e a l i n g v i t h I n d i a n s . it is d e b a t a b l e w h e t h e r h e r&cognised t h e t
l i m i t a t i o n s pf t h e t r ea t i e s , or what the f u t n r e r a m i f i c a t i o n s %f
the t rea t ies m i g h t be. S *
When t h e t r e a t i e s were s i g n e d , they r e p r e s e n t e d c a
- f r e l a t i v e l y good b u s i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n fo r t h e S o n g b e e 5 T h e y
r e c e i v e d p a y m e n t f o r a g r e e i n g t o c o n d i t i o r i s uh-ich a l r e a d y . 1 4 0
e x i s t e d . T h e Songhees received b l a n k e t s f o r l i v i n g i n a l l o t t e d
v i l l a g e s i tes which they a l r e a d y i n h a b i t e d , a n d - f o r s h a r i h g . c,
- ,I t h e i r territories, which. they h a d +l/ay% done, s i n c e t h e
\ *
158 - - -
S o n g h e e s had a l r e a d y s h a r e d l a n d s , this was not a \ \ Li
- I /
a a j o r c o n c e s s i o n cn t h e i r p a r t , F u r t h e r , a l l t h e y r e q u i r e d was
access t o t h e i r f o o d s i t e s a n d h u n t i n g areas , b o t h ' o f w h i c h were L
g u a r a n t e e d i n t h e t rea t ies . T h e S o n g h e e s p r o b a b l y d i d not
c o m p r e h e n d D o u g l a s ' s ~ o t i v a t i o n i n s i g n i n g the t r e a t i e s . H e '
wanted t o free t h e l a n d t o - a l l + - u f o r s e t t l e m e n t t h e v i c i n i t y
of t h e fo r t . L
I n t e r e s t i n t h e socghees9 l a h d r b b e d u i t i l t h e d i s c o v e r y of
g o l d . I n 1853 F o r t V i c t o r i d was i n u n d a t e d w i t h miwrs. L a n d
s p e c u l a t o r s , a l s o v i s i t e q t h e c c l o n y d u r i n g t h e 3 0 1 d r u s h a n d - , l a n d v a l u e s soabt l . T h e s c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y of t h e p o s t 1858'
d -
p e r i o d a t the Eort , was a c c o m p a n i e d by a c o n c e r t e d e f f o F t t o P
remove the S o n l j h e e s I n d i a ~ s fro^ t h e i r r e s e r v e . S i t u a t e d a c r o s s
t h e h a r b o u r fro^ the t o r t -he S o n g h e e s l a n d b e c a m e e x t r e m e l y \ 7
v a l u a b l e . A s well as i r n d d i n j t h e d e i e l o p s e n t o f t h e p o r t t h e
i r e s s r v e u a s C B h s i d e r e d ' a r a s a f e t y a n d a h e a l t h h a z a r d . The
l a r g e o a t h e r i n g of I n d i a n s a l s o o f f e n d e d t h s e n s i b l i t i e s of P t h o s e 3 t r t e ~ p t i n g t o b u i l d a " l i t t l e E n j l a n d " o n the n o r t h west
coas t , 31
In the n i d s t of t h e g o l d r u s t many persons a p p r o a c h e d t h e
S o n g h e e s t o p u r c h a s e t h e i d e a l l y located l a n r l . 3 2 D o u g l a s i m m e d i -
a t e l y t o o k a c t i o n a n d a n n o u n c e d i n t h e V i c t o r i a G a z e t t e t h a t t i -
t l e t o t h e r e s e r v e was v e s t e d i n the C r o w n , a n d t h a t i t uas
i l l e g a l f o r t h e S o n g h e e s t o s e l l t h e l a n d , Y o w e v e r , Douglas was
p r e s s e d b y J . S . 3elmcken a n d James P a t e s , m e m b e r s o f t h e
/
L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly, t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of moving I \
t h e I n d i a n s a n d s b l l i q j t h e i r land." D o u g l a s r e s p ~ n d e d t h a t i t
w o n l d be n e i t h e r " j u s t n o r p o l i t i c N $0 rsmove t h e I n d i a n s , a s
t h e " g o v e r n m e n t was "bound b y t h e - f a i t h of a sodernn engaqetttenk t 3
*. p r o t e c t tfiea i n t h e e r j o y m e n t o f t h e i r a g r a r i a n r i g h t ~ . # ~ J *
8 \
I r o n i c a l l y , p r i o r t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t , D o u g l a s h i m s e l f h a d /
c o n t r a d i c t e d i t s v e r y premise. I n t h e mid 185d9s , t h e S o n g h e e s
o f f e r e d tc s e l l t h e S k o s a p p s o n rcskrve, (See map p - x v ) I n i t i a l l y
6 o u g l a s refused ' t h e o f f e r , b u t soon a f t e r h e a c c e p t e d , ai ld t h e i
- ~ o n ~ h e e s moved a c r o s s t h e h a r b o u r . Tke 3ames B a y s i t e became t h e
l o c a t i o n of t h e L e g . i s l a t l v t ? D u i l d i n g s and D o u g l a s ' s r e s i d e n c e . f
When D o u g l a s n e g o t i a t e d tile James Bay s a l e , h e a l s b
Z a w s n g e d a l e a s i n g p r o g r a m on t h e new r e s e r v a 3 5 A l t h o u g h '..-
D o u 3 l a s h a d allowed s o m e rental o t s e c t i o n s o f t h i s reserve, it
. was n o t until 1 8 5 3 , t h a t h e f o r m a l l y a n n o u n c e d a l e a s i c g p r o g r a m
i n t h e Youse of Assembly.36 T h e S o n g h e e s were g i v e n " t r i f l i n g
p r e ~ e n t s " 3 ~ ' f o r t h e s a l e a n d u s e of t h e i r l a n d , b u t i t is l i k e l y
t h a t D o u 7 l a s p r o m i s e d a s u b s t a n t i a l r e v e n u e t h r o u g h t h e leases
a n d t h e s a f e o f t h e S ~ O S S ~ F S O D ' r e s e r v e . Later d o c u f f i e n t a t i o n of
B a n d m e e t i n g s s h o w s t h a t o n s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s e l d e r s s t a t e d t h a t
they n e v e r r e c e i v e d t h e monies p r o m i s e d t o t h e m f o r t h e sale and
leasing of their l a n d s , S "
Though Douglas attempted t o c r g a n i z e the l e a s i n g p r o g r a m o n
the S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e , h i s p l a n met w i t h n u m e r o u s o b s t a c l e s , I n '
1962, h e a ~ p o i n t e d a -Board c o m m i s s i o n e d w i t h t h e g f m a n a g e m e n t of
t h e l e a - s i ng on t h e reserve a n d . t h e l e a s i n g account."J9 T h e
members of the B o a r d were J,,D. Pemberton, t h e S u r v e y 0 . r G e n e r a l
of the c o l o n y , A.P. P e r n b e r t o n , a S t i p e n d i a r y H a g i s t r a t e , a n d I
3.G. B l s t o n , t h e R e g i s t r a r General of t h e co-lony, One o f
D o u g l a s 8 p r e v i o u s l e a s i n g a s s i s t a n t s #,A.G, Y o u n g , the C o l o r i i a l - '
S e c r e t a r y , c o n t i n u e d ta a s s i s t t h e c o m ~ i s s i o n , J. J. Cochra-ce e n d
4- l a t e r L , L o e w e n k e r g a c t e d 9s l a n d a g e n t a n d t r e a s u r e r . 4 0 .f The e f f o r t s of t h e commission were s p o r a d i c and u n o r g a r i i z e d
L a
' d u e t o t he p r o l o n g e d absence in E h l a n d of A.F. P e m b e r t o n arid
t h e l e n g t h y i l l n e s s of J.D. Pemberton.41 A f i n a n c i a l s t a t e m e n t
p r e p ~ r e d i n 1864., a t t h e request cf S o v e r n o r Kennedy, s h o w e d
9 t h a t t w o t h i r d s o f t h e reserve h a d b e e n l e a s e d a n d t h a t t h e
t o t a l a n n u a l r 2 n t n .F1404.00. 4 2 The
i r r e g u l a ' r i t i e s of t h e m e 3 n t t h a t rents ,were n o t . a lways c o l l e c t e d , nor- werp t h e y . r e g u l a r l y d i s b u r s e d t o t h e
S o n g h e e s . $3
The f i r s t r e c o r d of d i s p u r s e m e n t o c c u r r e d i n 1860 when t h e * - 1
~ n d i a n T m p r o v e m e n t C o m m i t t e e r e q u e s t e d , a n d was g r a n t d funds % +
a n d a site f o r a schoolhouse o n t h e S o n g h e e s reserve- 4 4 111 1861,
m i s s i o r l a r y A.C. Garre t t s u b ~ i t t e t ! a s e k o n d p l a n f o r t h e
administration o f a p o r t i o n cf t h e ; f u n d s a c c r u i n g f r o m t h e I
I n d i a n R e s e r v e f f a n d h e r e q u e s t e d fl42.00. *s I n 1 8 6 2 he asked f o r .
a f u r t h e r R248,00, t o p u r c h a s e f o o d and c l o t h i n g f o r t h e
6 S o n j h e e s . 4 6 Y h e n petitioning t7he C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y t o a p rove
h i s r e q u e s t , G a r r e t t d r e w a t t e n t i c r ~ to, the S o n g h e e s
d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with t h e l e a s i n g p r o g r a m . He s t z t e d t h a t , "the
S o n g h e e a ~ n d i b n s h a v e now for a l o n g p e r i o d b e e n watching with a
j e a l o u s eye t h e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e i r r e s e r v e , b y t h e w h i t e s . T h e y r h a v e c o n s e n t e d t o t h i s o c c u p a t i o n because t h e y h a v e .been r e p e a t -
e d l y i n f o r m e d by a u t h o r i t y t h a t f u r , d s would b e o b t a i n e d t o b e
%
d e v o t e d t o t h e i r ow n T h e tents d i d n o t anou
much f o r t h e S o n g h e r s . As a r ~ u l t o f i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e
l e a s i n g p r o g r a m , o n l y 91078.00 was c o l l e c t e d cetween 18bQ a n d
1 8 6 3 . 4 0 T h e S o n g h e e s r e c e i v e d less t h a n h a l f o f t h e money
co l l ec t c~ i , I n 1865, G o v e r n o r K e n n e d y d e c l a r e d t h e le3ses i l l e g a l +
and f o r b a d e t h e c o l l e c t i o n of t h e i r r e n t s - 4 9 Two t h i r d s o f t h e
r e s E r v P had b e e n l e a s e d t o ut,itss a n d t h e Songhees received a
v e r y smal* percentage ot t h e p d y m e n t .
J n 1069 t h e l e a s i n g f i a s c o was h a n d e d o v e r t o J o s e p h
T r o t c b , f h e C h i e f C c m n l s - s i e a e r of Lan d s 3nd Works, who in t u r n
wrote t o t h e C ~ l o n i ~ i l S e c r e t . l r y i n Lcndon ~ u g y e s t i n y a c o u r s e of
a c t i o n . s o P r u t c h Fropo d t h a t b s c d u s e n o f o r r r n l v r i t Cad S e e n 3 -.. i s s u e d a f t e r ~ % n n e d y * s a&la ra t ion , t h a t e a c h of t h e leasees b e
o r d ' e r e d t o p a y b a s k r e n t s w l t h i c t h i r t y d a y s , T h o s e p a y i n g could
r e t a i n leases, while t h c s e n u t p a y i n g w o u l d f o r f e i t t h e i r
lease.51 Most lease holders chose n o t t o u p d a t e t h e i r l e a s e , a s
the s i t e h a d become u n d e s i r a b l e t o r e s i d e upon- Further, b ' s c a u s e
resale was i m p o s s i b l e , t h e l a n d b a s worrthless f o r s p e c u l a t i o h , ~ 2 !
Only t h r e e leases c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e r ese rve was s u r r e n d e r e d i 5 3
In 1871, when B r i t i s h C o l u m k i a entered C o n f e d e r a t i o n , t h e
p r o v i n c i a l t r e a s u r y p a s s e d the $1984,82 t h a t a c c r u e d from t h e
l eases t o the l o m i n i c o g o v e ? % m e n t a s - a lqgene ra lw s u r p l u s . Tbe
p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t i g n o r e d t h e f a c t t h a t tile source' of t h e
f u n d s was t h e S o n g h e e s l e a s e s a n d t h a t the S o c g h e e s vere t h e k
r i g h t f u l r e c i p i e n t s , b u t t h e Socghees d i d n o t - 5 4 T h e money t h e /
g o v e r n m e n t owed the S o n g h e e s became a t h o r n i n the a i d e o f b o t h
--
t h e provincial afid f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s ,
T hrouc ;hou t the c c n t a c t a n d settlement p e r i o d ' , t h e S o n g h e e s
a c c o m m o d a t e d a n d r e s i s t e d E u r o r e d n p r e s s u r e f o r t h e i r l a n d . The *
S o n q h e e s a c c o w m o d a t e d t o t h e i r i t i a l Europea r ! d ~ n . ~ n d s f o r t h e
r e l c c a t i o n OF the i r v i l l a g e , a n d t h e E u r o p e a n u s e of t h e i r ,
4 t e r r i t o r y . T h r o u g h o u t t h e s e i r t e r a c t i o n s * they a l s o a t t e m p t e d t o
f u l z i l l t h e i r own n e e d s , . T h e existence o f t t e f o r t i n t h e i r *
t e r r i t o r y g a v e t h e S o n g h e e s ner* a n d u s e r u l r G s o u t c n s . It b r o u g h t
w e a L t h a n d p r e s t i g e b o t h t o r r n d i v l u a l s a n d t h e S o n g h e e s g r o u p s .
T h e S o n g h e e s worked a s ia -bousears a t t h o fort t o a c q u i r e new
w e a l t h . d h i l e c h a n g e s i n the S o n g h e e s economy altered t h e l r
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e Songhecs uere amenable t o 1
the E u r o p e a n t p r e s e n c e . B
T h e S o n y h e e s a g r e e d t o ~ i n h g y s o n ~ s relocaticn p l a n a n d t o
Douglas's t r e a t y a r r a n g e m e n t s , The S o n g h e e s also acceptpz
D o u g l a s f p r o i n i s e d r e v e n u e from t h e s a l e a n d l e a s i n g of ' t h e i r -
l a n d s , bjhi le t h e S o n g h e e s m i g h t n o t h a v e u n d e r s t o o u . t h e n o t i o n s
of c w n e r s h i p c o n t a i n e d in the t r e a t i e s , t i l e y u e r e w i f i i n g t o
s h a w t h e i r t e k r i t o r y , t o f o s t e r p e a c e f u l r e l a t i o n s a n d t o . =
m a i n t a i n the a d v a n t a g e s t o t h e i r economy. C I
% -
D u r i n g t h e gold r u s h , t h e S o n g h e e s t e r r i t o r i e s b e c a m e '
densely populated a n d l i m i t e d access t o t h e i r r e s o u r c e s became
a n i m m i n e n t r e a l i t y . T h e y l e a r n e d t h a t t h e t r e a t i e s d i d f iot
Lga;Brpntee u n o c c u p i ~ d l a n d s t o r h u n t i n g a n d fishing. These c i r -
* $ ' c u l s t a n c e s c o n t r i % u t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of s t r a i n e d r e i a t i o n s I
b e t w e e n t h e Songhees-and , t h e E u r o p e a n s , e s p e c i a l l y r e g a r d i n g
l a n d . When i n j u s t i c e s r e s u w n g t rod the l a n d d e a l s became
e v i d e n t , t h e seeds of t h e S o n g h e e s resistance were s o w n , a n d
their i n t r a n s i g e n c e r e g a r d i n g r e l o c a t i o n was t o frustrate
f e d e r a l a n d . p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t E t o r t h e f o i l o w i n g f o r t y
years.
1 R s s o l u t i o n 6 8 , C o u n c i l of t h e H u d s o n ' s ' Bay C o m p a n y N o r t h e r n D e y a r t n e n t , i n Ec lmond F, C l i v e r g d . , Tl?g Ca_Zqdiac Jogt& Hest
a --- Ear 12 --.T--- Devcloprr,m& 2nd L e q i s l 3 t l v e g e c o r d ~ (Publication ?lo. 9 , A r c h i v e s o f C a n a d a , Ottawa, 1 9 1 4 , 1 9 1 5 ) , pp , f?47, 046, c i t e d in k,N. Sage, s& Jags2 Qpgqlls 2nd g y i t i s f i Cq&gg&&a (Toronto : *
U n i v c r s i t p of T c r ~ n t o P ress , 1 9 3 d ) , p ,121, T h e r e s o l u t i o n is a l s o c i t e d i n W . K . Lamb, l"Tt~e F o u n d i n g o f F o r t V ic to r i a , " l3~&3&s& C o L u x t b i a g & s t o r i c a l 2 u a r t e r L y , 7 ( 1 9 4 3 ) , p- 84, Lamb o u t l i ~ e s t h ~ c o n t r o v e r s y s u r r o u n u i n y the new l o c a t i o n of t h e E l n ? s o n r s Ray C o m p a n y H e a d q u a r t e r s i n t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p a i - a g r a p h s o f t h i s a r t i c l e ,
2 I t is u n c l e a r u L u t h e r t h e Socqhees a t E s q u i n a l t a b a n d o n e d t h i s v i l l a g e [ind then t h e y , o r a new- j r o u p , r e t u r n e d t o it a f t e r c o n t a c t . 7 0 u ~ l a . s n o t e d t h e v i l l a g e on one of h i s o r r g i n a l maps of E q u i ~ a l t . l i i l l - T o u t s t a t e d t h a t t h e Q s a t ~ s E n : o r i g i n a l l y . i n h a b 1 t e d the v l l l a g e on J a m e s B a y a n d were r e l o c a t e d a f t e r c o n t a c t , A r e s e r v e w a s a l l o t t e d h e r e ic 1 9 5 0 'drill t h e new S o n 7 h e e s v l l l a j e u3s l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h i s s i t e i n 1910.
3 When t h e r o r t was c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e S o n g h e e s t e r r i t o r y t h i s g r o u p , , p r o b n b l y c o m p r i s e d o t S t r ~ i t s S a l i s h f r o m f h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a , numbered a p p r c x i m d t e l y o n e t h o u s a n d . S u t t l e s , " P o s t C o n t a c t C u l t u r c C h a n g e , " p b 4 2 . S u t t J e s n o t e s that -by 1 8 Y 3 , the C o a s t S a l i s i l population h a d d e c l i n e d a s a result o f t h e s m a l l p o x e p i d e m i c o f 1 7 8 2 , a n d t h e r a i d s of t h e s o u t h e r n K w a k u i t l , who p o s s e s s e d f i r l a r m s .
See E a p r . 3 3 , t o r t e r t r t o r i e s a l l o t t e d these g r o u p s t h r o u g h t h e p u ~ c i i a s ~ a g r e e m e n t s a u t L o r e d by J a a e s D o u g l a s i n 1850 .
s As n o t ~ d i n C h a p t e r One, t h e r e a r e d i s c r e p a m i p s r e f l a r d i n g t h e number a n d p l a c e m e n t of S o n y h e e s v i l l a g e s , It is a l s o unclear w h e t h e r d l 1 of t h e s i t e s i d e n t i f i e d a s v i l l $ g e s , were o c c u p i e d a t t h e time 0% con tac t ,
T
6 D u f f ' s i n • ’ o r m a n t s named this s l t e ~ S k o s a p p s o r n , ' ~ u f ' t , n T h e F o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s , " p.45, H i l l - T o u t named t h i s s i t e hs an o r i g i - n a l v i l l a g e " l o c a t i o n . C h a r l e s R i l l r T o u t , , " B e p o r t oi i t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of t h e S o u t h - E a s t e r n Tribes o f 4 a n c o u v e r F-307, G u n t t e r - a d d s t h a t a ' g r o u p of ~ l a l l ' a m m i g r a t L e d from t h e i r A m e r i c a n t e r r i t o r y t o t h i s l oca l e , This g r o u g then. roved t o W i t t y ' s Yeach ( 2 ) . ~'ieweil c o n c u r r e n t l y thv d a t a s u p p o r t s t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e r e was a v i l l a g e a t t h i s site - p r i o r t o c o n t a c t a n d t h e r e t o r e , this s i t e v a s n p o s s i b l e l o c a t i o n f o r
- 7 D u f f I s . i n f o r m a n t s n o t e d t be " l o w f 8 s t a t u s o f t h e S t a n g c s g r o u p t o t h e s o u t h . Duf f a l s o h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e C h e k o n e i n f r o ~ n t h e n o r t h e r n a r e a were. ot h i g h e s t s t n t u s . When c o ~ s i d e r i u g t h e a m a l q a m a t i o n o f t h e s e g r o u p s two y o s s i b l l i t i e s a r i s e , e i t h e ~ t h e 8 8 S w e n ~ w h u n y - H v i i l a g e was a u r i l y u e event i n S o n g h e e s h i s t o r y , L a v i n g p r o f o u n d i m p l 1 , c a t i o n s f o r a l l t h e q r o u p , o r t h a t t h e r w k of the g r o u v s ~ n h a k f t ~ n g n d j a c t n t a r e a s was n o t s u b s t a n t r a l l y d i f f e r e n t , g i v i n g a ? r o b a b i l i t y o f v a r i e d f o r m s o f d n a l g a l i i a t i o n s p r i o r t o c o n t a c t 3nct t h e r e f o r e t h e l e s s e n i n g of t h e i m p a c t o f t h e S u e n g w e n g a m a l g a m a t i b n f o r t i , e Sonr jhees , F u r t h e r a r c h e o l o g i c a l research m i g h t give c r e d e n c e t o o n e o f t h e s e sceneries tor S c n g n e e s ~ ~ r e h i q t o r y ,
C. 8 L l n d - u s e a n d o w u e r s h i p IS d e s c r i ~ e d gore f u l l y i n c h a p t e r O n e , p.11. A l so r . o t e d i n t h e r l r s t c h a f t t r , 3 c c o r d l : i t j t o D u f f , t h e C h e ~ o n e i n ar.d t h t . L ' h i l c o w l t c h (3 r o u p ; g a t h e r e d at' C d d b o r o R a y , These g r o u p s t h e n s h n r ~ d t h ~ t e r r i t o r i e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e Bay.
Q T h c S o i t q h e e s V f r i ~ n d l y a t t ~ t u d c i s n o t e d b y R e v , J.S.Z. Eolduc In h i s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e c o n t a i n e d i a N o t i c e s gpQ Loyqgeg of i
F a m e d O u e b e c !4iss~cr, t_o ths Paccfic k4ggt4wes&, ( F o r t l a n d : ----- ---- ------ C h a n ~ e 0 . J P r e s s , 1 3 5 6 ) , r . 1 9 3 , I t u a a a l s o d e s c r i k e d b y t h e e a r l y e u p l o ~ e r s on the s h i p t i lv sA~zg 1 1 1 1790 i n H e n r y W a g n e r , S p d n l ~ k 6.
z a l g y & t & o n s rq tbl 22% & pcq S&ra&t ( S a n t a Ana: F i n f Arts P r ~ s s , 1333) . I ) - 1 1 0 . An r n t e r c s t i n y e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e g r a c l o u sness o r t h e I n d l a n t o d d r d s t h e E u r o p e a n o n t h e n o r t h w e s t 4
c o d s t i s o f f e r e d b y H i l a r y F u m l e y l o 8 J R ~ a c t i o n s t o C o n t a c t a n d C o l o n l ? ? t ~ o n : An I n t e r e p r e t a t l c n o f R e l l g ~ o u s a n d S o c i a l C l i s n y e ArnonrJ 1 v j i a n s of S r i t i s h C ~ l u r n b i a , ~ ~ (fi. A, T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f i i r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1973) . R u w l e y asserts t h a t t h e I n d i a n s * a u i a k l e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s S u r o p e a n s was d u e , m p a r t , t o t h e I n d i a n ' s d e s i r e f o r t h e "powerft e s p e c i a l l y i n t b e s u p e r n a t u r d l s e n s e , u h i e u E u r o p e a n s a p p e a r e d t o p o s s e s s , She r o r n t s t o t h e m a s s i v e c o n v e r s i o n of 1 n d i a r . s by E u r o p e a n c l e r g y a s a s t e p i n - t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e q u e s t r o r t h e " w h i t e s a n ' s power", S h e rtotes i n h e r T n t r o d u z t i o n t h a t o n e r e a s o n g i v e n f o r a primitive p e o p l e ' s c o n v e r s i o n i s t h a t , " t h e Whites are" mow p o w e r f u l , t h e r e f o r e i t m u s t be t h a t t h e i r r e l i g i o n 1s more p o w e r f u l , L e t
(8 u s ( ~ c c e p t t h e i r r e l i g i o n a n d g a i n t h e i r p o w e r , "
1 0 H o b i n F i s h e r , C o n t a c t pqd m n ~ l i c t , pp.29-30,
1 1 S u t t l ~ s , ' l_Pos t C o n t a c t C u l t u r e C h a n g e f i t p . 4 2 ,
1 3 I n d i a n A g e n t W,H. L o m a s r e p o r t e d S o n g h e e s c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g r a i j s . b y n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s i n H . H . L o m a s t o S u p e r i n t e n d a n t of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 30 A p r i l 1889, k,G, 10, Val-3688, F i l e 13,886-1, U B C I C L .
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\ 1 4 i l u b e r t Fi. U R c r o f t , d e s c r i b e s t h e D S a n g h e e s ' a s s i s t a n c e w i ; t h t h e t o r t ' s c ~ n s \ g u c t i o n i n , g i s t o r y of B r i t ~ s h Columbia, @an A
F r a n c i s c o : T h e H i s t o r y Company , 1,887c p. 99,' Banc to f f tci tes i n - \ for-raation r e g a r d r n g t h e p i c k e t s f roa D o u c ; l a s l s J o u r n a l , Ms,,
\ 1.24-125, Stle B a n c r o f t , p.98, f n , 11,
\ 1 5 I h i d . --- 1 6 A C C O L - ! ~ ~ ~ t o Z r n a G u n t h s r the Kld l l a in I r o n K a s h i n q t o n move$ t o James B a y a n d a s s i s t n d w i t h p o t d t o p l d n t i n g . Erna . G u r , t h e r , " K l ~ l l i l m E t h c o g r d p h y f J 1 'JgixJs&ty of ida_~d~g~got & & & i c a t i o n s A n t h r o ~ o l o g y I ( 1 9 2 7 ) , e.1'79. ---a- -- 1 7 D o a q l a s s e ~ t " n a t i v e s o f V i e t o r l a " u i t h t h e nail v i a " e x p r e s s , c a n o e u t o F o r t A s t o r l a , where ' ~ h d y a l s o pitied u p m a i l f o r q o r t V i c t o r i a . D o u g l a s t o H.F. T o l m i c , 1 3 A u g u s t l b 5 7 , C o u n t r y L e t t e r t o d k , p . 1 7 1 , PABC. . .
a u n t of t h c p o s s i b l e v i l l a q c . ~ i t e s l o c a t e d o n t h e Znncr- H a r b o u r 15 d e s c r i w i i i n c h a p t e r O n e , FF. 12-17.
23 g i l l - T o u t ' s a c c o u n t a g r e e s w i t h F i n l a y s o n ' s r e p o r t . F o r a Bore d e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n see C h a ~ t e r One, pg. 12-17,
d
24 ? r o S l e m s w x t h water s u p ~ l y %ere ~ n t i m a t e d - i n t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e c o n t a i h e d i n " D o c u n e n t s r e l a t i n g t o J o h n Ashw s c l a i W A s , PARC. Also, t h e r o c k y t e r r a i n uas of c o n c e r n t o n u m e r o u s I n d i a n A g e n t s . F ~ s e x a m p l e , I, W, P o w e l l t o J, A , q a c d o n a l d , S u p ~ r i n t e n d e n t Gene ra l of + I n d i a n A f f z i i r s , 1 4 S e p t . 1 8 8 0 , R.G.10, Voluae 3 6 8 8 , F i l e 1 3 , 3 6 h - 1 , C B C I C L . .
',
2 6 A c c o r d i n g t o D u f f ' s i n f o r m a n t s t h e l a n d Doug la s s u r v & e d for t h e S o u t h S a a n i c h , was a l s o p a r t of t h e S o n g h e e s t . e r r i t o r y ,
2 7 I b i d . , p.11. *-
2 9 Duff , p. 50, /i
3 0 D u f f p a i n t s t o t h e e t h n o g r a p h i c inaccurac ies \ 'o f t h e a g r e e m e q n t s i n "The F o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s , " pp.52-53. ,
* 3 1 See F i s h e r , C o n t a c t 2nd c o n f l i c t , yp .1 1 3 - 1 1 4 .
32 J. D O U ~ L ~ & t o E. a, Lyt ton, 9 F e b r u a r y 1859, [COO 305/10] , P A R C ; a l s o i n R.7,. 10; Vol. 3 6 0 6 , F i l e 7 9 5 9 , USCICE,
* - 3 3 J.S. tie lack^^ d n d J d $ e s Y; tes, 25 J a n u a r y 1 0 5 9 i n B r i t i s h C o l u q k i a Mi -nu te s of ttc C o u n c i l of TgngcuEg J s l a n d , fuc jua t 30 , -- ---- L - ----
. G 3 851 - P ~ k r u a r y 9 t h 1 8 6 1 , A r c h i v e s of B r i t i s h , C o l u m b i a , Eemoir No. 11 ( v i c t o r i a \ W i l l i a m C u l l e n , 1 9 1 8 ) - (Hereaf te r c i t e d ,as B.C. -- M i nu t<s. )
3' J. 3 o u g L a k t o @ h e spe.iter of tk i l o u i e ; 5 F e q r u a r y 1859, (CO. 3C5/10) , P A b C . \
\ 35 Wilson D u f f t h o u ' p h t t h a t t h e sale ' occur rea i n l a t e 1 8 5 4 o r 1
early 1855 . T h l s coincided w i t h D o u g l a s 1 v e . r b a l a p p r o v a l of l e a s i 6 p o r t i o n s of , t h e reserve, P e r h a p s h e o b t a i n e d t h e
' a p p r o v a l from t h e S ~ h g h e e s f o r the s a l e a n d l e d s i n g of t h e l r lands t o g e t h e r . d h e n 'Songhees e lde r s s p o k e of 7 f L e a s l n g 1 1 of t h e i r l a n d s t h e y c o n s i s t c n t . $ . y licked i t w i t h "sale*' oZ t h e i r l a n d s . T h i s is j o c u ~ c n t e . 3 i n C h a p t e r F o u r , fc. 6 1 , b 2 ; 6 3 - - ,
\
+- 3 6 Y i n ~ ~ f e s , of t h e c o u n d $ l of V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d , 2 5 ? larch 1,859, ( G O . 305/10) , ?ADC. - I
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3 7 2 - A . GI I y o u n g toe Cap t . W. I r v i n g , 1 7 J u l y 1862, E - G , 10 , B l a c k S e r i e s , Yol. 3718," F i l e 2 2 , 5 0 0 - 2 ,
/' 38 A t a 3gr,d M e e t i n g h e l d 2 9 A p r i l 11395 ~ ~ ~ t - d l t h l s t a t e d "when \ d i d 1 see 25r i n ca sh f o r a l l t h e l a n d s h n d l o t s w h i c h I agreed) t h a t t h e q o v e r n m e n t sho 'u ld sell a n d rent f o r us.'' Also a t t h e same meeting J o e E t i e n c e s t a t e d , "our fathers made a r r a n g e m e n t s x i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r lease a n d d i s p o s a l of soae of our l a n d s and a lways t o 1 3 u s t h a . t we had money i n t h e Gank.l1 Lomas t o Superintendent General of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 29 A p r i 1 1 8 9 5 , fi,d, 1 0 , Vol. 3 9 4 9 , F i l e 126 ,0f?4 , U B C I C L .
3 9 Yenorandurn composed b y B,V, P e a r s e , 4 S e p t e m b e r 1 5 7 2 , R,G, 10, Vol- 3 6 0 8 ; P i l e 3102 , UBCZCL,
d ' 4 0 I b i d . ---
4 ' 4 1 --- I b i d .
4 2 A.E. Kennedy , Yemorandum 1 7 flay 1 8 6 4 , C o l o n i a l ~ o r f e s p o n d e n c e , File. 8 bO/l5, PABC; a l s o i n Financial Summary, S o n g h e e s I n d i a n R e s e r v e (1859-1864) R . G , 10 , Vo l , . 3728 , File 22,560- 2 8 , UBCICL,
4 3 hi?. Pearse , 4 S-; 1872, . to, B l a c k S e r i e s , Vol. 3608, F i l e 3102, UBEICL.
4 4 A,C. G a r r e t t t o W,A,G, Young, t h e . C o l o n i a l Secretary, 2 4
Woveraher 1 8 b 0 , C o l o n i a l C o r r e s ~ o n d e n c e , F i l n e 634/2, PABC. A l s o A,C-, Garrett t o J a c 8 D o u g l a s , 26 J u l y 18bf), C o A o n i a J C o r r e s p o n d e p c e , F i l e -634/ l , PABC,
4 0
4 s "A.c. G a r r e t t t o W.A.G. Youn j , C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , 2 7 November 186 1, C d l o n i a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , F i l e 6 3 4 / 2 , P A B C -
4 6 LC. Garre t t t Young, C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , 1 0 January 1 8 6 2 , C o l o n i a l C o r r € s ~ o n d e n c e , F i l e 6 3 9 4 , PABC, .
* 7 Ibbd. * -
1 w=.
4 8 S t a t e i n e n t of 1 '9onies , . C o l o n i a l C o r r e s p o n d e n c e , F i l e 634/2, P AB C.
4 9 J. T r u tch t o t h e C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , 3 0 December 1869, C o n t a i n e d i n t h e H e r a l a S t r p e t C o l l e c t i o n , B o x 37, I / 1 9 9 , PABC ; a l s o p r i n t e d i n t h e C o l o n i s t , -17 J u n e 1 9 0 9 , p, 2, - .
5 0 BIW* Pearse reeaarandurtl, 4 Septcrabef 1872, R.G. 10; Bdl , 3b08, F i l e 3 1 0 2 , OBCICL. 0
- . 5 - 5 1 J. T r u t c h t.0 t h e C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , 30 December -1869, Herald Street C o l l e c t i o n , Box 3-7, I/199, PABC; Also p r i n t " e i n , t h e C o l o n i s t , 1 7 J u n e 1909, p: 2 , - -------
E a - " 2 BIN, P e a r s e memorandum, 4 S e p t e m b e r 1872 , R - G , 10; B l a c k Series, Vol, 3608, F i l e 3102, UBCICL. .
s 3 List o f l eases on Songhees Reserve, ?5 November 1901, 3.G- 1.0, Vol. 3688, F i l e 1 3 6 6 6 - 2 , U B C I C L ,
5 4 F i s h e r , Contact p n r l i c t , p, 172.
The' Federal-provincial Debate on t h e T e r m s for t h e S o n g h e e s "
- Relocation, 1871-1911 . - . .
I
. i f t e c 3r&sh C o l u e t i a joined C o o f e 3 e r a t i o n Indian. A f f a i r s
b e c ~ m e a f e d e r a l r e z p o n s i b l l i tp, T h e Songhees Indians a lo rg w i t h - d l 1 I n d i a n s i n t h e p r o v i n c e b e c a i u c w a r d s of t h e d c m i n i o n
- g o v e r n m e n t , A t t e ~ p t s t o r e l o c a t e t h e S o n g h e e s I n d i a n r e s e r v e
I C lead to a' j u r i s d i c t i o n a l d i s p u t e t e t v e e n .the f e d e r a l a n d
b r o v i n c y a l governments i t le t o t h e s o r i g h e e s r e s e r v e , regardinY 4 @ The case of t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e was just one of the r u n r e r o u s
7
b a t t l e g r j u n d s i n t h e f ~ d e r a l - ~ r c v i n c i a l war over I n d i a n l a n d i n
B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , A n e x a n i r a t i o ~ of' t h e p r o t r a c t € $ d e b a t e be-
t v e e ~ the g o v e r n m e n t s is n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e #
S o n g h e e s r e s i s t a n c e ,
D e s p i t e r e p e a t e d c h a l l e n g e s from t h e p r o v i n c e , t h e federal
g o v e r n m e n t m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t i t l e t o t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e
b e l o ' n g e d t o t h e d o m i n i c n . D e p a r t m e n t of I n d i a n Affa i r s o f f i c i a l s
a l s o i n s i s t e d o n a free h a n d t o n e g o t i a t e t h e Sorighees *
r e loca t ion. T h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s t o o d f irrn d e s p i t e the a
',
p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n a e n t 9 s i n s i s t e n c e on t h e S o n g h e e s r e m o v a l , and <
o n it^ r e v e r s i o n a r y c l a m t o $ h e r e s e r v e a s titlq. T h e impasse - - -
between the governmerits r e g a r d i r g the Songhees r e s e r v e was f i - - - - --- - -- - --- -- -
n a l l p r e s o l v e d i n 7911. T h e , terms a g r e e d t o r e p r e s e n t & a
c c m p r o m i s e i n w'hich e a c h g o v e r n m e n t moved f r c m i t s origi1ia.l
psiti-. Tke g o v f m w n t s * cor~rffmise coimzided w i t h a S o n g h e e s -- - A
agreement t o surrender the r e s e r v e , thus c o ~ c l u d i n g t h e
l o c g s t a n d i c g S cnghees r e s e r v e q u e s t i o n , - - .
From 187.1 u n t i l 1895, i n t e r e s t _ . i T n t h e r e i o c a t i o n of t h e t
_ - - cd 6' - >
S o n 7 h e e s r e m o v a l stemmed primarily t r o n a c o n c e r n for t h e nega-
tive e f f e c t t h a t t h e city h a d on thea . L i q u o r a n d p r o s t i t u t i o n . .1
ccm bined u i t h n o E e r c c s o c c a r r a n c Q s of v i o l e n c e were c i t e d a s
reasons why t h e S o n g C e e s should b e a o v e d , 1 T h e relocation of t h e
S o n g h e e s w a s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e b e c a u s e -of t h g b a r r e n 4
- - t e r ~ a i n of t h e c i t y resefve.2 9he" S u p r i n t e n d e n t of I n d i a n
A f f a i r s f o r S r i t i s h Co lumbia , ~ E . f i . P o w e l l , n o t e d ' that the f
, S o n g h e e e reserve was r o c k y and lacked water. R e p r o p o s e d h o v e
to 3 more a s a b l e t r a c t o f l a n d . P o w e l l believed ? h a t a n
a g r i c u l t u r a l l y b a s ~ a economy w o u l d i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y o f the
SorigAqes l i v e s . . P o w e l l proposed va r ims a l t e r n a t e s i t es , b u t
t h e S o n g h e e s wefe n o t interested i n I R O V & ~ , *
he o n l y r e l o c a t i o n attempt which n e a r l y - s u c c e e d e d m c e r r e d
in 1880, Joseph Trutch; acting a s D o m i n i o n Agent in British
C o l u m b i a on r-ailway matters, end p r o b a b l g w a n t i n g t h e l a n d f o r
r;lated p u r p o s e s . r e q u e s t e d the S o n g h e e s removal. T r o t c h
r, g a t h e r e d t h e s i g n a t u r e s of t h o s e S o n g h e e s p i l l i n c g t o move t o
Cadboro Bay.5 Soae S o n g n e e s were w i l l i n g t o r return t o t h e i r
t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e site, b u t t h e ma j o r l t f o f t h e S o n g h e e s + - - -
; '. -
refused t c move and t h e Band remained o n its c i t p r ~ s e r v e . 6
o n t h e p o r t f a c i l i t y i n c r e a s e d , r e q u e s t s f o r ' t h e S o n g h e e s
B 6 .
a1 became m D r e v o c i f e r o u s a n d f r e q u e n t , ' I n 1837 the , c i t y , L 8
t h r o u g h t h e L i e u t e n a ~ t G o v e r n o r , petitioned t h e A f e ? . e k a l . ,'
j o v e r n m e n t f o r a r e l o c a t i o n a g r e r m e n L TT!le'ADepartment- o f I n d i a n t
A f f 2 i r s r e s p o n d e d p o s i t i v e l y t o t h e r e q u e s t , h he r e s e r v e was
e v a l u a t e d a n d a p ropos&I agre 'eaent was d w u n ~ i ? . T h e D e p a r t m e n t i
d l s o s ~ l i c i t e d ' t h e S o n y h e e s f o r t h e i 2 o p l n i o a r e g a r d i n g t h e -
s u g g e s t e d r e l o c a t i o n . Rhen t h e S o n y h e e s Here u n a v a i l a b l e f o r J ,.
.. n e g o f l a t i o n s because t h e y were away p i c k i n g h o p s , the
;.J .9
n e g o t i a t . i & n s . c o l l a p s e d . 9
Ir! 1895 t h e . p r c v i n c e once+ agaiil took t h e i n l t i a t i v ~ .
S p u r r e d b y n u m e r o u s i a q u i r l e s i n t h e L e g i s l a t l v e A s s e m b l y
r e g a r d i n g t h e s t a t u s of t h e r e s e r v e , the E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l of
B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a p r e s e n t e d a reFort t o T. 3ayne Dal y, >
~ u ~ c r i n t e h d e n t G e n e r a l of 1kdisn A f f a i r s , l o T h e C o u n c i l p r o p o s e d
.a p l a n t o Dove the S o n g h e e s "•’&on the t e m p t a t i o n s a n d , - . . + - d e m o r a l i z i n g i p f l u e n c e s of a -large city t o d iaore a p p r o p i l a t e
l o c a t i o n , a n 4 a t t h e s a n e tiae t o p h c e t h e l a n d upon which t h e y d
now r e s i d e a t t h e d i s ~ o s a l of t h e g z o v i n c i a l Government i n o r d e r
that i t may b e more' s u i t a b l j o c c b p i e d . " l l ~ l s o , terms were
recommended fo r the s e t t l e n e n t of t h e S o n g h e e s q u e s t i o n , T h e D
C o u n c i l ' s r e p o r t was s e m i n a l for ~t e x p l a i n e d the province's
c la im t o t h e title of the S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e a n d , a t the s a n e
t ime, offered 3 r a t i o n a l e f o r 9 c l a i m t o r e v e r s i o n a r y t i t l e t o
a l l reserves i n t h e province , ",
-. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e p o r t , r e v e r s i - o n a r y title was vested in
9 t h e p r o v i n c e o n t h e b a s i s o f c e r t a i n p o i n t s of . law. The S o n y h e e s
. %.
Vera e x c l u d ~ plr'on holding t i t l e t o t h e r e s e r v e a s the Kosampsom -
- - - - -- -- - - - -
4 - - - -
t r e a t y w h < c F t h r s famlLl7-s igned 1 1 1 1850, d i d not a l l o t the "fee
s i m p l e u t o t h e m , ' - b u t m e r e l y " r e s e r v e d f f t h i s s i t e fpr t h e i r i
u s e . 1 2 T h e r 5 ~ o r t a r g u e d t h a t a r t i c l e t h i r t e e n of tkLe T e r m s of
Union whicf . s t a t e d t h a t , I t t h e t r u s t e e s h i p a n d managemen t of t h e
l a n d s r e s e r v e d f o r t h e i r u s e L a n d b e n e f i t s h a l l b e assu rn~d b y t h e
d ~ m i r n i o n g o v e r n m e n t f 1 1 3 , d i d n c t ( 3 r a n t ' the d o m i n i o n a c y r i g h t t o
title. ' v i h i l e c l a u s e t h i r t e e n e m p h a s i z e d t h e r o l e o f t h e federal
g o v e r n m e n t a s t rus tee o f t h e I n d i a c s , t i t f e t o t h e r e s e r v e s was - ,
n o t a l l o t t e d , h u t r a t h e r t h e r e s e r v e s set a s i d e f o r I n d i a n s were
f o r t h e i r I9ssetb only a s l o n g a s t h e y n e e d e d o r p o p u l a t e d t h e
l a n d , It was a r g u e d t h a t l a n d s n o t b e i n g " u s e d I i b y I c d i a n s t h e n
5 '\ r e v e r t e d to t h e p r o v i n c e . This r e \ v e r s i o n a r y ' r i g h t was
g u a r a n t e e d ; t h e r e p o r t c l a i m e d , i c t h e the terms f o r t h e 1876
J o i n t C o b m i s s i o n c n I n d i a n U n d , when t h e ,- two g o v r r i i & n t s , i n a n
a t t e ~ p t t o d e t e r ~ i n e reserve s i z e a n d l oca t i o r , ag reed t h a t
reserves n o l o n g e r i n u s e by I n d i a n s r e v e r t e d t o t h e province, 1 4
A t h i r d a r g u m e n t f o r p r o v i n c i a l claim t o reserw t i t l e - v h s - > h e J - - - -
assertion t h a t s u b s e c t i o n five cr s e c t i o n t w e n t y - n i n e o f t h e
E r i t i s h N o r t h ~ m b r i c a Act a s s i g n e d t o the p r o v i n c e s t h e manage- - .
i ae~ t and s a l e af ~ u b l l l c l a n d t e l o c g i c g t o t h e province. A---
According t o the E X ~ C U ~ ~ Q P C o u n c i l ' s report, t h e titfe t o t h e
S o n q h e e s reserve was rested ir: the p r o v i n c e b y t h e C r o w n a n d
h e i d i n t r u s t fo r tbe u s e o ~ , t h e Soocjhees b y t h e dominion, The
r e p o r t s t a t e d t h a t ig the 2omin1on government r e 3 e a s e d its r i g h t
t o nanage t h e reserve, t h e n t h a p r o v i n c e could a c t t o s a l v e t h e
The r e p o r t conc luded w i t h s c c j ~ e s t e E terms t c b e o f f e r e d t h e
S o n g h e e s , i n c l u d i n 7 t h e i r r e l o c a t i o n on a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 5 0 acres,
some w i t h w a t e r f r o n t a g e , i n ~ e t c l i o s i ~ ! . T h i s I a n 2 was t o b e j i v e n . J
b
" i n t r u s t n to the S o n y h e e s a n d title t o t h e new r e s e r v e was t o
h e r e t a i n e d b y t h e Erovrrce, T h e r e p o r t sodges ted t h a t ,
compensa t ior , b e p a i d f o r i m ~ r o v e m e r t t s and rects c o l l e c t e d f o r
t h e leases be d g p l l e d t o t h e p u r c h a s e o f l i v e s t o c k , i a p l o r n ~ n t s
a n d a n e u " s c h o o l , Z h e terms made p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e f j o n g h e e s uho ?
were s t e a d i l y c r t p l c y e d i n t h e city. L o t s k o u l a b e p u r c h a s e d a t
Poch Bay, so that tSese Indians c o u l d b u i l d R e v h o m e s c lose t o
t h e i r u o r k . 16 CI
T h e X x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l ' s coalpre h e n s i v e terms were d e s i g n e d
t o s a t i s f p t h e S a g b e e s - a c d to secure a p r o v i n c i a l claim tr. , t h e
title t c t h e i r reserve. T h e r e s o r t placed t h e Songhees reserve
q ue s t i o n w i t h i . n t h e f r amevor t of B r i t i s h C o l n a L ! i a * s r e v e r s i o n a r y .,
c l a im t o a l l I n d i a n reserve-s i n the prov ince , B y denying t h a t
t h e ~ o s a r a - ~ o m treaty e x t i n y u i s h c d a b o r i g i n a l t i t l e t o + h e area ,
the p r o v i n c e u a s a b l e t o c o n s i d e r t h e S o n y h e e s reserve In t h e
sape class as all otiler reserves. T h e reversionary c l a i m was a
s t u i a b l i n g b l o c k f o r b o t h of t h e g o v e r n m e n t s , b u t e s p e c i a l l y f o r 8
'. , t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t . T h e p r o v i n c e ' s claam t o r e v ~ r s i o n a r y ti-
*- I
t l e i m p e d e d t h e d o m i n i o n ' s a b i l i t y t o a a n a g e t h e reserves i n .
B r i t i s h Co luab ia , 1f' the province a c q u i r e d t i t l e t o the r e s e r v e
c j o v e r n r a e n t was b l o c k e d f r o n a c r u i n g f u n 4 s t h r o u g h l e a s i n g
'L
p r o y r a m s . As l o n g s s b o t h governments c l a i m e d title n e i t h e r
c o u l d g a l n access t o t h e I n d l a n Aand, W h i l e t h e p r o v i n c e was d
r e l u c t a n t t o g r a n t l a n d s t o t h e I n d i a n s i t Gas qukck t o rec la im
u n u s e d l l n a s . The p r o v i n c e @ . s o b d u r a t e a t t i t u d e r d g a r d i n q I n d i a n 1
d
l a n d was a n i m p e d i m e n t t o a - s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o I " , t o the I n d i a n
l a n d q u e s t i o n ,
* T h e T e p o r t o f t h e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l e m b o d i e d a claim w h i c h .
e f a v o u r e d t h e p r o v i n c e r a t h e r t h a n t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t
.-
r ega rd ing Tndian- rezerve owners hi^. T h e t e d e r a l g o v e r n ~ e n t , ~t$
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t r u s t e e , a s s u m e d conversly that i t h e i d t i t l e t o the l a n d f o r +
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the b e n e f i t o f t h e Indians, T h e d i s a g r e e m e n t o v e r I n d i a n l a n d I
n
was one a s p e c t o f t h e o n g o l n y d i s d y r e e l c e n t be tween t h e province
and t h e d o m i n i o n , r ega rd ' i ng t h e i n t o r p z e t a t i o n of t h e
j u r i s d i c t i c n of powers a s set o ~ l t i n t h e B r i t i s h North Amerlca 2
A c t a n d t h e ~ e r i i s of Union .17 - --. A • ’ t e r r e c e i v i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i L q s rePo& t h e D e p u t y
S u p e r i n t e n f i e n t o f I n d i a n Affairs , Eizyter f i e e d , r e q u e s t e d l e g a l -
advice-le T I B r a y , a l a w y e r a c t i n g o n b e h a l f of t h e f e d e r a l - *
'7 g o v e r n m e n t s u b m i t t e d a n o p i n i o n r h i c h s o n t r a d i c t ~ d the l o s i t i o n
t a k e n b y % h e B r i t l s h C 'c lumbia Executive C o u n c l l . 1 9 A c c o r d i n g t o
B r a y , t h e d o m i n i o n r a t h e r t h a n the p r o v i n o e retaiceil t i t l e t o
t h e S o n g h e e s reserve. B r n y argue3 t h a t I n d i a n r e s e r v e s i n
British C o l u ~ b i a h a d b e e n set aside for I n d i a n s ' use i n
d i f f e r e n t ways acd t h a t reserves c o u l d b e c f a 4 s i f i e d according
t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r method b y uh i c i r d h e l and ras a l l o t e b . &ay
c l a s s i f i e 3 t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e a l o n g with a l l o t h e r reserves
I , i
% - -- P - . .
d *. .
a l l o t t e d t h r o u g h t r e a t ies-20 H e a r j a e d t h a t t h e Scf igheeS' reserve * "
* w a s -in a ~ p e c i i l c l a s s because cf t h e t r e d t y t he se I n d i a n s had
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u g h James D o u g l a s aitd t h e H u d s o n ' s Bay Company. Me 8 C
s u p p o r t e l ! t h i s p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e ~ v i d e n c e , t h a t t h e J o i n t .
~ o m h i i s s ~ o n on 1 k i i a n L a n d s i n ~ r i t i s h coluhbia a l s s s u b m i t t e d a
I a - - t h d t t h e S u n g h e e s I n d i a n reserve wa's i n a s p e c l B . 1 c l a s s o v e r
- - I - 8 ' w h i c h t h~ C o t a a i s s i o a h a d i;'o j u r i s l i c t i o a , 2 1 H h m r ~ p o s t i n q t o
&
Dalby, H a y t e r F e e d reisjutlcjerl trhc! p r o v i n e? s i n t ~ r p r e t a t i o n of t h e 4 - 9 -
iss;ues a t s t a k e , d n d t h o u g h t t h a t , i f i t a c t e d a t t h i s tine, t h e '
d o m i n i o n g o v e r n KIP n t could s o l v e t h e ~ r o S 4 e m or r e v e r s i o n a r y %
4
n a l y d i d n o t t a k e F i e e d ' s ' a d v i c e , b u t s u j g e s t e d ' t h a t a c t i o n 1
4
on t h e , S o n g h e e s q u e s t i o n b e pcstponed u n t i l the Supreme . C o u r t - - -
h a d ruled o n t h e N a n a i m o I o d l a n r e s e r v e c a s e 2 3 1 h t h i s &set ' ' n
t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t was c h a l l e h g e d by- the p r o v i n c e r e g a r d i n g \
i t s righ&t& l e a s e a s e c t i o n o f the Nanainlo r e s e r v e , f e r c6a2 ' -
mining, T h e B r l t i s h C o l u m b i a gove'rnment b a s e d its c h a l l e n g e on
s'ec t i o n ' 1 3 o f t h e Terms or' U n i o n . - T n e province h e . l d t h a t if- t h e . d
i I r i d i a n s were n o t u s i n g tho l a n d t h e n i t became the p r o p e r t y of e
t h e p e o p l e o f 3 t i t i s h C o l u r n t i a . T h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h
c o n s i d e r g d itself- " t o b e t h e t r u s t e e of t h e ' 1 -ud ians , b e l i e v e d i t
was a c t i n g in t h i s c a ~ a c i t y , kken administering reserve l a c d s . . .
T h e Cepartment of l n d l a n , A f f a i r s h e l d t h a t leasing s e c t i o n s of .
1
the r e s e r v e was p a r t of t h e i r administrative responsibilities, Ir
F o l l o u i r q D a l p - * s r r e c o m m e n d a t L o n , further a c t i o n ori t h e S o n g h e e s
reserve q u e s t i o p - s a s ~ o s t p o n e d . 2 4
4
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- After a p e a r , t h e U r i t l s h ~ o l u i o b i a . g o v e r n m e n t trrednnce: - - ,- t
, ' a g a i n t o s o l v e t h e S o n q h e e s reserv? ques t?on , T h e - E x e c u t F v e C
c o u n c i l r e c c u s e n d e d ' t h e form t i o n o • ’ f l s p e c i a l conmission.u2s &
D a l y agreed o n the condition t h d t tbe . a g r e e m e x t n o t p r e j u d i c e
the d ~ ~ i n i o n governmcnt's,claim t o o t h e r r e s e r v e s i n t h e , - F
p r o v i n c e , a n d , t h a t t h e t i t i e off t h e y e t to b e d e t e r m i n e d k
S o p g h e e z ' ~ e s e r v e , b e convejred t o the d o m i n i o n ns " t r u s t e e of t h e
g o v p r n m e n t ' s r e 2 r e s e n t a t i v e a n t h e Coamiss io n, " 7 T h e p r o v i n c i a l I I
g o v e r n m 6 n t a p p a l n t g d D e n n i s R e g i n a l d Harr is , a Ldwyer w h o I
+. prakt ised ' 'ic V i c t o r i d , To s p e e d u ~ a settlement, t h e p r o v i n c e I
a g r b e d t o c o n v e y t h e title t o t h e new S o n g h e e s reserve t o t h e
dominioc, T h e ~ r o v i n c i a l governmect - - a a i n t a i n e d its claim to the e -
- - - - --- I
: . r e v e r s i o n a r y r i g h t s t o the c i t y r , e s e r v e , a n d a g r e e d t h a t t h e
s e t t l e m e n t u o u l d n c t p r e j u d i c e t h e f u t u r e s t a t u s of reserves in $"-.
P r i t i s h Coluwbia. T h i s dea l e n b b d i e d cornpro.i;e b y ho ' th i 1 . .
g o v e r e m e n t s , but t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n w n t reinainec hekitant.28 s t
S3on a f t e r h i e a p p o i n t m e n t i a I 8 % , S u p e r i n t t n d e n t General
- o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s , Hucjh Macdpna ld 2 9 , r e p o r t e d t o t h e L i e u t e n a n t ' 1 < G o v e r n o r of B r i t i s h , C o l u r o b i a , E, Deudney that t h e comm"ision 's
i
t e r z g r e 7 a r d i n g title were d e f i c i e n t . H e p o i n t e d out, t h a t the
e x i s t i n g r e s e r v e ' s r ea l e s t a t e v a l u e das greater thar? t h a t pf
- A -. the p r o p o s e d . new reserve. On the basis of t h i s g b s e r v a t i o n , Q
3 a c 9 o n a l d suggesten that t h e c h m m i s s i o n d e c i d e upon a just \
f o r ' t h e S o n g t e e s f o r i i n p r o v ~ i a e n t s t~ t h e i r l a n d , 3 0
f l h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t h a d pushed t%e p r o v i n c e too f a r .
C l e r k t o t h e E x e c u t i v e C o u . n c i l , J a n e s B a k ~ r i n f o r m e d t h e ne# * /
P r i m e p i n i s t e r , V i l f r i - d L a u r l e r t h a t , i i t h e ' ~ r i t i s h C o l u m b i a 4
G o v e r n m e n t w a s r e q u i r e d t o F a y a "cash i n d g m n i t y i n a d d i t i o ! ~ t o 0
-- t h e l a n d , t h e r e u o u l d b e a n e n d t o t h e a a t t e r . " s ~ Nevly .
a p p ~ i n t e d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , C l i f t o r d i !
S i f t o n , a d v i s e d t h e D e p u t y Hipis tcr , Reed, t o . s t a l l - t h i s issue , L
a n d t h a t . o f t h e r b v i s i o n o f 3 11 c I n d i a n r e s e b v e s i n ~ r i t i sk . 6
C o l u a b i a . S i f t o n a l s o a sked S e e d i r t h e ~ o n j h e e s h a d a g r e e d t o
rnovo,Zz Reed i n f o r m e d Sifton t h a t , " t h e q u e s t i o n - of r~movAl 6as
.- c o t y e t been f o r m a l l y submitted to tKe S o n g h e e s . * ' 3 3 , Y h i l e t h e - ~ \
g o v e r n f f i 6 n t s we're d e b a t i n g t h e committeelts o b j e c t i v e s $ , n e i t h e r I I
~2 - p a r f y h a d c o n s u l t e d t h e n a i a n s t h q r s e l ( v e s . T h e S o n g h e e s rere /L ' . - 110 t a s k e d w t h e r t h e y w o u l d w i t h d r a u t h e i r o p p o s i t i ~ n e x ~ r q s s e d
a pear a n d a h a l f e a r i i e r . \ i
\ \ '\
I n F e b r u a r y , 1897 S i f t o n r k s t d t e d t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t ' s A
Q position r e g a r d i n g t h e terms o f the p r o p o s e d c o n n i s s l o n . 3 4 T h e . I
~ r o v i i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t r e fused a g a i n t c p a y c o n y e n s a t i o n t o t h e Z
domi-n ior , a n d & ~ e S d n g h e e s , WKi le B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a hdd a g r e e d a
' , c o m p e n s a t e t h e S o n g h e e s f o r i m p r o v c 5 m e n t s o n ,the c l d r e s e r v e i - 1395, i k c o n t i n u e d to , refuse'a s u p p l e h e n t a r y payment t o thk
w 0 \
f e d e r a l 3 o v e & m e n t . Baker e x p l a l o e d t h a t t h e ' ~ r o v i n c i a l , - . g o v e r n m e n t b s l i e v e d t h a t t h e r e s e r v e ' s r d a l estat$e v a l u e w a s
w a n c i l l o r y tro t h e ' t r a n s a c t i o n of th 'e s e l l o c a t i a n of t h e * I n d i t i n ~ . ~ ~ ' S ile s ta ted t h a t , "the v a l u e af t h e p ~ e s e n t S o n g h e s - . -
' P e s e r v e has. teen c r e a t e d b y c a u s e s - e o t i r g l y i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e I = . \
- s d d I n d - i a n s d n d i n spite of t h e l r customs, h e b i t s a n d C
, n ~ o c a t i o o s , ' ~ 3 ~ Baker d i d r e c o n m e n d t h a t the c c m m i s s i o n ~ ~ o c e e d L. \
, w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n of the S o n j h c e s ~ieserv&v o n t h e h a s i s o f t h e
g o v e r n m e s t a ' l i m i t ~ d agreement,
I n a n a t t e m p t t o solve t h e imbnsse S i f t o n a n d P r e m i e r
T u r n e r appointed J . A . J . f i 6 ~ e n n a t o negotiate w l t h a
r e p b e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a G o v e r n m e n t , r e g a . r d i n g t h e
s c o p e o f t h e ill-fated 'commission, 3 ? flcKenna nade s e v e r a l
p r o p o s a l s , u u t f a i l e d t o g a i n 'in acco rd b e t w e e n t h e two
I governments , 3 8
I 5 While i n Victoria, HcKenna a l s o ine t with t h e S o n g h ~ e s , J u ' He
I l e a r n e d t h a t t h e S o n g h c e s m i s t r u s t e d t h o s e who a p p r o a c h e d them I
0
- - - - -
r e g h r r l i n g t h e i r - l a n d . I n f a c t , C h e Songhees r e f u s e d t o discuss
t h e i s s u e with i lcKeflnd u n t i l t h e g o v e r n m e n t p a i d t h e n f o r , t h e i r -
- l e a s e s a n d f o r t h e E s q u i n a l t a n d N a n a i m o ailw way r i g h t of
McKenna t r i e d t o gain t h e S o n g h e e s * t r u s t , Be asced Premier 9
T u r n e r t~ s u p p l y a b o n d f o c t h e a e u o n t owed t o t h e S p n y h e e s a s a
s i g n of jood f a i t h . 4 1 T u r n e r r e f u s e j , a r g u i n g t h a t s u c h a
. i p r o v i s i o n was n o t t h e p r b v i n c e ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y - 4 2 H a v i n g
. e x h a u s t . e d n u m e r o u s p o s s l h l e s o l u t i o n s * 3 , HcKenna l e f t E r i t i s h ,,
* 1
A ' Columbia f r u s t r a t e d a n d c o n v i n c e d t h a t f u r t h e r n e g o t i a t i o n s
+ w o u l d ?cove f r u i t l e s s . * *
A t t h e turn of t h e century, the f e d e r a l government s h o w e d a . *
, ' limited interest i n t h e Sooghees reserve g u c s t r o n even t h o u g h a
series of entreaties for a c t i o n p a s s e d over t h e desks of
. r>ep&t rnen t of Indian A f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s . I n 1898, t h e V i c t o r i a
/' - P e r h a p s i t was t k e pressure of t h e v a r i o u s grsuys , ccatbined
I B
w i t h t h e e l e c t l o n of a new Premier i n B r i t i s h C ~ l u ~ $ i a t h a t *
p r o n p t e d S i t t o n t o i n 3 e s t i g a t e t h e matter. H e was p r o b a b l y
s u r p r i s e d t o f i n d a c a n c i l i d t o r y a t t i t u d e on t h e p a r t \ f t h e n e u
I i
\' \
'I !
J l e a y e r t h e p r o v i n c e , James D u q s m u l r , o n t h e q u e s t i o n : o f the B \ \ \
S o n y h e i . ~ r e s e r v e . As t h e s o n o f R o b e r t D u n s m u i r and h e i r of t h e - J
E s q - u i m a l t a n d Y a n a i m o R a i l w d v , ~a-rnss D u n s n u r l s p e r s ? n a l \
'\ i n t e r e s t s r n t q h t h a v e a c c o u n t e d f;r h i s a m e n a b l e p o s i t i o n , c \
r e g n r r l i n j t h e r e v e r s i o n a r y c l a i o ~ of t h e f e d e r a l g a v e r n m p n t . $he . r
E s q uimalt and Yar~aiino R a i l u a y p o s s e s s s d a r i g h t of way on the!,
s o n jheps r e s e r v e a n d Dunsmuir uas i ~ ~ e r e s t e d i n a d d i n g t e r m i n a q
. . - , "\
f > c i l i t i c s . \ In d series of m e e t i n g s w i t h Sif t o n , D u n s m u i r ~ r o ? o s e d a \
a \ 8
s e t t l e m e n t nilereby t h e d o i n i n i o n g o v e r n m e c t s u r r e c d e r e : ? \\
r e v e r s i o n a r y rights t o n i n e t e e n a c r e s o c c u p i ~ d by t h e Y c q u i m a l t
a n d Manairno F a i l w a y , a n d t w e n t y - f i v e dcres t a k e n by the \, - F s q u i m a l t a n d L i g f l o w e r Koi lds .s3 T t l i s l e f t a p p r o x i n a t e l y '* %" s i x t y - s i x acres* reverting t o the f e d e r d l g o v e r r i m e n t . D u n s m e i r
. I p r o ~ o s e d t h a t t h e p r o v i n c e p r o v i d e a new r e s a r v e f o r the
S o n g h e ~ s . Be a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t the f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t a p p l y
t h e monies from t h e sa le o r t h e reserve t o Sonqhees '
r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . S u r p l u s money va t o b e g i v e n t o t h e p r o v i n c e . i
F i n a l l y t h e t i t l e t o t h e new r e s e r v e was t o k e g r a n t e d t o t h e P
f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t - . s r In return for a g i f t of t w e n t y - f i v e acres
t o t h e c i t y a n d n i n e t e e n acres f o r himself, D u n s m u i r waved t h e
r e v e r s i o n a r y cla'im of_- the z r o v i n c e t o the Songhees r e s e r v e a s b
v e l l a s t o t h e new reserve s i t e , T%e"rev~rsiortary r i g h t s t o b o t h . 7 o f these l o c 3 t i o c s h a d b e e n c l a i m e d by . t h e p r o v i n c e d u r i n g
A f t e r c o r s u l t i n g . with h i s D e p a r t m e n t a l a d v i s o r s , s b S i f t o n . . t
in
ti?
o r m e d Dunsmui r t h a t t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t a g r e e 3 t o the g
ms p r o p o s e d by t h e p r o v i n c e . 5 7 T h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t was \
anxious t o n e g o t i a t e a A s e t t l e m S n t which r e c o g n i z e d not o n l y i t s
r e v q r s i o n a r ' y c l a i m t o t h e S o n g h e e s c i t y r e s e r v e b u t also t o t h e
'-new r e s e r v e , Though the f o r t y - f ou r a c r e s ' g r a n t e d Dlinsmuir a n d
, - I t h e i n o n i c i p a f i t y were the most va l . i t a%le sections of t h e reserve - i t was a small p r i c e t o p a y f o r a f e d e r a l victory o n t h e
r e v e r s i o n a r y rights t o t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e - 5 8 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
terms p r o p o s e d b y D u n s n u i r o n l y t h e S o n g k e e s would be t h e
I l o s e r s , T h e y w o u l d l o s e t h e r e v e n u e from t h e sale o f v a l u a b l e ,
s e q m e n t s o f l a n d s g r a n t e d t o D u ~ s m u i r a n d t h e city b y t h e
f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , when t h e y s h o u l d h a v e r e c e i v e d c o m p e n s a t i o 6
f o r a l l of t h e reserve.59 - -- p p
V i c t o r i a c i t y , n o t wanting its interest t o b e b y p a s s e d ,
*r ~ m l n d e d S i 5 t o n of i t s own needs. i n a d d i t i o n .td t h e l a n d
a l l o t t e d f o r r o a d s , t h e c i t y r e q u e s t e d a p o r t i o n of the r e s e r v e
f o r a p a r k and a section of w a t e r f r o n t l a n d f o r w p u b l i c
w h a r ~ e s . ~ ~ 6 0 1 n i t i a 1 ly S i f t o n a g r e e d t o the c i t y q s request b u t --..c
s h o r t l y a f t e r h e r e n e g e d , S i f t o n e x p l a i n e d t o city o f f i c i a l s --
t h a t t h e l a n d b e l o n g e d t o the Songbees and that t h e D e p a r t m e n t --
d i g n o t h 3 v e t h e right to ngive it away."bl This p o s i t i o n +.
c o n t r a d i c t e d the Depar t m e n t S s a g r & w e n t t o t h e g r a n t s p r o p o s e d
by D ~ s m u i r . S i f t e o argued that it a p p r ~ i n t a t e l y f a y - f & & 1
' acres uas g r a n t e d to Dunsmuir and the provicce, the r>mainihg
land - was n e e d e d a s the s o u r c e of r e v e n u e f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i n g t h e
Son g h e e s . S i n c e t h e most va luab le s e c t i o n s h a d b e e n s a S t r a c t e d
f r o a m tkie areserve a n d l a n d va lues were. d e c r e a s i n g , t h e f e d e r a l
g o v e r n m e n t r e f u s e d to ,grant d d d i t i o n a l s e c t i o n s of t h e
reserve, 6 2
B e i n g a d v i s e d of the proposec? terms and sumuioned f o r an
q p i n i o r ! a s t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h e p r o p o s a l , Indian c
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t far B ~ i t i s h Ce lmbia , A,#, V u w e L l Fnfuraffl S i f t u ~ - - . L' - /
t h a t :
Prom w h a t I h a v e l e a r n e d frcm a n i n t e r v i e w w i t h C h i e f Cooper a n d one of t h e ~ o s t influential men In the Bacd, t h a I n d i a n s a t t h e present t ime a r e n o t f a v o u r e d t o t h e p roposed removal. The Chief t h i n k s it much better t o p u t o f f a d 2 r e s s i n g t h e Band o n t h e subject t o 'some more f a v o u r a b l e time, 63 I I n
\ \ V o w e l l _ r e i t e r a t e d that r t h s S o n g b e e s ' c o n c e r r s r e g a r d i n g
- - - '1
n e g ~ t i a t i n g t h e i r r e s o v a l u&e t h e same aS t h e y had been' in ,1891 *
a n d 189 5 - 6 4
i)es?ite t h e a g r e e a e n t b e t i r e e n D u n s m u i r a n d S i f t o n , \ I
s e t t l e m e n t was p o s t p o n e d until t h e f a l l b e c a u s e o f t h e I - o p p o s i t i ~ n of t h e Soaghees-65 The S o a g h e e s r e f u s e d t o b e t h e \
i only losers i n a d e a l i n v o l v i n g t h e i r l a n d , I n Noveaber 1901,
Vowell t r i e d a g a i n t o arrange terms f o r r e l o c a t i o n b u t was
inf o m e d t h a t m s k S e c y b e s were away h u n t i s g or fishing,6b- - - - -
, I
I n the f o l l o w i ~ q yea& inquiries were made b y a l o c a l - ', --
Yember of P a r l i a n e n t , Geo2ge R i l e y , r e g a r c d i n g t h e s t a t u s o f the ', ! Songhees r e s e r v e q u e s t i o n , 6 7 Re wak inf ormeil b y thP ~ e ~ a r t m e n t
d e a d l o c k e d . D e s p i t e r e p e s t e d i n q u i r i e s t h e i m p a s s e c o n t i n u e d I
t h r o u g h 3902 a n d 1 9 0 3 , ~ t h e n i n 1904 i n t e r e s t i n the r e s e r v e
- . r e s u r f a c e d once a g a i n , z
Froin 1904 t o 1907 ~ r o p o s a i s and coon ter p r o p o s a l s were .
exchangeci between V i c t o r i a and Ot tawa. An i m p a t i e n t t o n €
p e r v a d e d the c o r r e s ~ o n d e n c e , which i n some cases became 4
v k p d i c t i v e a n d c o e r c i v e i n c o n t e n t . 6 8 C i t y o f f i c i a l s demanded
S PC
a c t i o n a t a n y c o s t . 6 9 T h e S o n g h e e s , i t was a r g u e d , ' m u s t b e C
f e r n & w i t h or-#with& t h e i r consenfmw+o T+w issue of t h e
% ~ o n g h e e s * v a l u a b l e r e a l e s t a t e became e n t a n g l e d i n t h e web o f
c i t y p o l i t i c s . Local p 8 1 i t i c i a n s blamed e a c h o t h e r f2r t h e "sadw
' s t a t e of a f f a i r s . 7 1 EVPR the local n e w s p a p e r s , a c c u s e d e a c h -
o t h e r of o b s t r u c t i n g a S o n g h e e s s u r r e n d e r a n d r e l o c a t i o n , 7 2
Aaidsl t h e local c o l i t i c k i r g two g r o u p s were p c i r t i c u l a r l y I,Y
v o c a l in dentanding a solution, A n e w l y a p p o i n t e d C i v i c Cornwit tee ',
was given a mandate b y t h e city c o u n c i l t o f i n d a s o i o t i o n t o 1
the p r e s s i n g S o p g h e e s i s s u e . 7 3 The S o a r d o f T r a d e a l s o ' t o o k up
t h e c a u s e a n d p e t i t i o n e d t h e three l e v e l s of g o v e r c m e n t to p a s s 7,
t h e n e c e s s a r y l e g i s l a t i o n t o remove the S o n g b e e s . ~ h i l e f e d e r a l
o f f i c i a l s acknowledged the c o r r e s l ; o n d e n c e , the s t a l e a a t e
c o n t i n u e d . 7 4
Xn the spring of 1906 a new mayor was e l e c t e d t o t h e I - v
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.Victoria C i t y iZonnc i l t I n h i s m a y o r a l t y carepaign, A, ~o'rley,
p r o a i s e d t o s e t t l e t h e l o n g s t a n d i n g Songhees Reserve q u e s t i o n . 7 s *
B o r l e y appointed a coamitteo t o d ~ a up teras f a r the S o n g h e e s ' P
surrefider. T h e comaittee, c m p r i s ~ d af 3. 5tPrt Yates,. Levis
R i l l , a n d ~ G a s A . ! J o u y l a s , no t o n l y d i r i s e d a f i v e p o i n t ' F
p r o p o s a l f o r t h e Songhees8 r e m o v a l b u t a l s o g a i n e d permission
from t h e p r o v i n c i a l g c v e r n m e n t t o negotiate oh i t s b e h a l f v i t h %
t h e Songhees.76 The r ~ v e r s i o n a r y i n t e r e s t i n the p r o p o s e d ? a r k ~ l a n d and railway t e r m i n i l l on m e reserve u a s t r a n s f e r r e d .from
t h e p r o v i n c e t o t h e c i t y - 7 7
f l o r l ey z u i c k l y met confidentially u i t h C h i e f Xichael C o o p e r
a n d a g r e e d u p o n a n e u reserve o n t n e S a a n i c h P e n i n s u l a . Horley
b e l i e v e d that p a k l i c i t y would h i s d e r a e g o t i a t i o n z w i t h t h e
S o r g h e e s , 7s T h o u g h C o o p e r a g r e e d t o ' t h e new reserve's l o c a t i o n ,
h e inf ~ r n e d ; l o r l e y t h a t t h e S o n g h e e s i l o u l d n o t consi3er iurther
negotiations u n t i l t b e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e c t cleared i t s d e b t w i t h
t h e B a n t L 7 9 T o f a c i l i t a t e n e g o t i 3 t i o n s , ~ 0 1 l e y r e q u e s t e d t h a t
t h e d o m i a i o n s e t t l e the d e b t . 8 0
TJnsure o$ t h e i r n p I i c a t i o n s o f this r e q u e s t , F r a n k P e d l e y , +
t h e E e v l y - a p p o i n t e d D e p u t y S u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l o f Indian
B f f a Q s , r e q u e s t e d a s u m m a r y - o f documents r e l a t i n g t o t h e
S o n g h e e s q u e s t i o n . 8 1 P e d l e y l e a r c e d t h a t while t h e D@pbrtnent
h a d a g r e e d t o terms- n e g o t i a t e d i n l 3Ol , . t h e n6w terms p r o p o s e d
by t h e c i t y d i g r e s s e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y *from t h i s a g r e e ~ e n t . 6 2 I n
p a r t i c u l a r , t h e reversionary r i g t t of t h e d o m i n i o n government 1+
a c k n o w l e d g e d i n 1 9 0 1 by t h e p r o v i n c e , was, n o t . c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e - - - - -
neu ?eras . foreseeing a possible t h r e a t t o t h e d o n i n i o n i s claim - - - - - - - - - - -- - --
t o t h e r e v e r s i o n a r y interest i n the reserve, P e d l e y arranged t o
a e e t v i t h t h e p r o v i n c i a l an? m u n i c i p a l officials i n B i c t o r j a t o
n e g o t i a t e + a s e t t l e m e n t , 8 3
P e d l e y c o n f e r r e 3 with fiayor H o r l e y and other c i t y
o f f l c i a l s , He e x 2 r e s s e d d i sapprova l of the agreement b e t w e e n the
city a n d t h e p r o v i n c e v h i c h g r a n t e d t h e city Foyer to n e g o t i a t e
d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e Songilzes, A c c o r i i n g t o P e f i l e y , t h i s
a r r l n g e m e n t c o n t r a v e n e d the I n d i a n Act and vas n o t l e g a l . e r
P e d l e y s u g g s s t e d t h a t t h e c n l y c o u r s e was 2or t h e ~ e p a k t a e n t t o I
se t t l e v i t h t h e f n q i a n s d i r e c t l y , 3 c E r i d e agreed t o federal
p a r t i c i p a t i o n and , t o f a c i l i t a t e an agreement, h e w a i v e d t h e
p r o v i n c i a l claim t_o t h e r e v e r s i o m r y i n t e re s t i n t h e I j o n g h e e s C
r e s e r v e . 8 5
T h e Premier was a i i x i c i u s f o r a s p e e d y solution t o t h e
~ o ~ R e e s r e j e r v e ~ u e s t i o n . T h e g a v e r n a e n t u a s under p r e s s u r e
from nume oos g r o u p s t c conclude t h e d e a l , for t h o s e i p t e r e s t e d f - \ i n the e c o n o m i c developaent of the c i t y , i t was b e c o m l n j ciear
that V k c t o r i a voa ld n e e d m j o r r e n o v a t i ~ ~ s t o i t z w a t e r f r o n t i f
was g o i n g t c c o a ~ e t e w i t h ~ a r c o u v e r * ~ p o r t f a c i l i t y . . T h e
n:;hees ~ e r n a i n e d a n i a p e d i m e n t t o h a r b o u r d & v e l o p e n t . S 6
A f i d i t i o n a l c o n c e r n was e x p r e s s e d by the i n h a b i t a n t s of Victor ia
r e s t , T h e r e s e r v e was a d i s t d s t e f u l incof iven lence f o r t h o s e
f o r c e 3 to b y p a s s i t u h e a t r a v e l l i c g to and froui the c i t y . 8 7 T h e
b k o n g h e e & r e b r v e h a d t o b e relocated t o allow t h e arealganation v
o f V i c t o r * i a v e s t w i t h t h e rest of t h e city, This c o m p r o m i s e po-
sition> was i n c o n g r u e n t v i t h p r e v i o u s s t a n d s of t h e p r o v i n c e and
,. - - s t i l l p r e a a t u r e , f o r the p r o v i n c e , l i k e the . f ede ra l g o v e r n m e n t ,
m i s b d e r s t o o d the S o n g h e e s p o s i t i o n , '\ qaviny n e g o t i % t e 3 p r o ~ ~ n c i a l ' & o - o ~ e r a t ~ o ~ i , P e d l e y was now
\ in a p q s i t i o n t o t a l k t o t h e SongLees . Se ' n e t with C h i e t N i c h a e l
\
Cooper &o i n f o r m e d ti. that t h e S o n g h e e s r e f e s e d t o move. Not
\ discouraged , P e d l e y h e l d a meeting w i t h t4e S o n g h ~ e s Band; Be
o f f e r e d them fifteeri thous3nd d o l l a r s , a new\ reserve, a n d c a s h .' ' .
f o r t h e a s se s sed v q l u e of i m p r o v e m e n t s on ' t h e ' d d reserve,* T h i s \ \
money was f o r u o u s ~ s oil t he new r e s e r v e , T h e Songbees r e f u s e d \
t h i s o f f e r , a n d ' a l s o a s e c o n d o f f e r i n w h i c h ~ e d l e y i n c r e a s e d \
+he cash p a y m e n t oy f i ~ e t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s , The S o n g h e e s -=.
c o u n t e r e d w i f h a proposal o f 8 2 , 0 0 0 p a i d t o each family and a
new Reserve a t Cad l io ro R a y , a t the l o c a t i o n cf t h e i r a n c i e n t
village s i t e . 8 9
The cash payment r e y n e s t e d mas more t h a n twice t h e amount
o f f e r e d , T h i s s u n w a s n o t a n o b s t a c l e , hut when Pedley t r i e d t o -4
o b t a i n t k e C a d b o r o Eay site, owners, the Hudsong s Bay '" F
Company ref used to sell.a9 H e s e c u r e d an adjacent s e c t i o n in- t
s t e a d , but t h e Songhees would not c o n s i d e r a n y other l o c a t i o n .
1 - . T a l k s broke o f f a n d - P e d l e y r e t u r n e d t o Ot tawa-90 I n n ewspape.r ''h
a c c o u n t s of these n e g o t i a t i o n s Pedleygs t ac t i cs i n dealing wiW
t h e Sonqhees were, c r i t i c i z e d , 9 1 R e was a c c u s e d of treating t h e
S o n - j h e e s a s i n c o r a s ~ t e n t , and of c a r r y i n g on n e g o t i a t - i o n s i r ? _a
d e m e a n i n s manner. P e d l e y xas d e s c r ' i b e d a s a n o u t s i r l e r and
i n s e n s i t i v e t o t h e h i s t o r y of the i s s u e . 9 2 - - - - -
T h r o u g h o u t the n e ~ o t i a t i o n s t h e role of t h e m u n i c i F a l
government was a n irepbrtant c a t a l y s t i n b r i n g i n g the two s i d e s
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c o n s i 4 e ~ 3 w i t h t k e q u e s t i o n of a b o r i g i n a l t i t l e Ly t h e P r i v l 1
C o u n c i l . q 6 Gv'hile t h e 8 ' t t o r n r y General o f t h e p r o v i n c e m i g h t h a v e C
b e e n a m e n a b l e t o s u c h d p r o p ~ s a l , B c ~ r i ? e certainly was n o t , He I
r e j c c t e 2 L a u r i e r l s F r o p o s a l f o r s e t t l i n g i b o r i g i r i d l t i t l e a l o n g
w i t h r e v a r s i o n a r y claims, A l t h o u i j h Y c B r i d e had ha&-i 'pressured 1 I
f r o s t h e t u r n o f t h e C a t h y by I n d i a n s t h r o u q h o ~ r k ~ r i t i s h '
~ o l u a h i n t o negotiate a b o r i g l n a i t i t l e , h e refuse:i t o a d d r e s s
1 the i s s u e of I ~ d i a n l&nd cldims, 9 7 S c a r i . d e e x p l a i n e d h i s p c s i -
t i o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g d r a f t of a l e t t e r t c L a u r i e r -
4 d e t e r ~ i n a t i a n t h e r e f o r e o f t h e s e q u e s t i o r s f a v o u r a b l e t o ttls c o c t e r t i o n a 3 v a n c e d o n b e h a l f of the I n d i a n s w o a l d a f f e c t t h e t i t l e t o all the i a n d 03 t h e m a i n l a n d of Z r i t i s h C o l u m b i a and more t h a n h a l f of t h e l a n d s i t u a t e d o n Y 3 n c h v e r Island, a n d would' h a v e a s t d i s a s t r o u s e f f e c t on o u r f i n a n c r a l s t a n d i n g and%unlA j e o p a r d i z e t h e v s r y l a r ~ e s u m s oc money a l r e a d y i n v e s t e d i n i r i s p r o v i n c e by S n g l i s n a n d o t h e r i n v e s t o r s .
I t h i n k y o u w i l l agree vxth me t h a t this is too serious a a a t t e r t o fie s u b m i t t e 4 t o t h e determination of / a n y c o u r t , h o w e v e r c o m p e t e c t from a l e g a l p o i n t o f v iew. In e t h e r words! t h e c o n s i d e r a t r o n s involved i n this a a t t e r dre p o l r t i c a l c o n s r C e r a t l o n s a d d not l e g a l q u e s - t i o n . I t i s a q u e s t i o n of ~ c l i c y a n d n o t of legal r i g h t s , T h e G o v e r n m e n t of a r l t i s h C o l u m b i a t h e r e f ore
/
c a n n o t a g r e e t o s u b m i t t o a d e t e r m i n a t i o n e v e n by t 'hc Privy C o u n c i l a q u e s t i o n ~ o l l c y of s u c h i m p o r t a n c e . 98
YcSridels v i e w s r e g a r d i n g a'bo t i t l e r e f l e c t an a t t i t u d e .
tovard I c d i a n s a n 3 I n d i a n l a n d claxn?, h e l d b y n u g e r o u s residents
of E r i t i s h C o l u a b i a a t t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y .
B h i l e 9c%ri .de u a s a a n o e u v e r i n g w i t h L a u r i e r r e g a r d i n g
T n a i a n t F € l e h ? took' %lie S o n i j h e e s reserve q g e s t i c n i n t o h i s own
h a n 3 s . 9 9 Y c B r i d e , H a y c r a o r l e y , a n d Da l l a s Helmr=ken met w i t h
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g o v e r n m e n t passed l e g i s l a t i o n a l l o w i n g t h e S o n g h e e s f a a i l i e s t o
receive t h e cash payment d i r h c t l y ar id the S o n g h e e s agreed t o
s u r r e n d e ; t h e reszrve.
T h e p r o v i n c e a l l o c a t e d l a n d f o r d p a r k o n t h e o l d r e s e r v e
s i t s i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e incessant r 2 p r e s e n t a t l o n s t o the - B
'1
p r o v i o c i a l and f 2 d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s b y the city c o u n c i l , Thz
res l d e n t a , au n i c i p a i o t f i c i a l s , a n c j ccinme r c i a l l y irtteresttxl
p a r t i e s were d e l i g h t e d . t h a t a removal v a s f i n a l l y n e g o t i a t e d ,
The r e s e r v e i n the c o r e of t h e c i t y , hdving strategic w a t e r f r o n t
a n d p o s s e s s i n g 'vital t r a n s p o r t a t i o n L i n k s , v a s finally available
f o r d e v e l o p m e n t ,
T h e p r o t r a c t e d d e t a t e between the govex . -nments o v e r the
S o n g h e e s reserve p o i n t s t o t h e c o m r n u n i c a t i o a p r o b i e n s officials
e n c o u n t e r e ? , when a t t e m p t i n g to solve the S o r ~ g h ~ e s reserve cjues-
t i o n h p a r t i c u l a r , and t h e 1ndian l a n d q u e s t i o n in g e n e r a l - A ,,I -
l ong d r s t a o c e , a time l g d a n d a h i g h t u r n o v e r of i u d i v i d t s a l s ,
. c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n t e r p x t a t i o n ot' the T e r m s or'
U n i o n an3 t h e B r i t i s h Ncrth America Act c a ' u s e d slou, t e d i o u s a n d ;p
confronts t i o n s tylo n e g o t i a t i o n s , S oix? of t h e p r o b l e m w i t h
c o m n u n i c a t i o n s g r e v o u t of the s t r a i n e d relations w h i c h had
t y p i f i e d f e d e r a l - p r o v i c c i a l exchanges from t h e m o h e n t the
' s ~ o i l t c h i l d cf c o n f e d e r a t i o n 8 , b e c a m e p a r t of Canac?a. Inspite,
of t h e c o m a u n i c a t i c o g r o b l e a s t h e g o v e r n m e n t s were a b l e t o agree
t o t e r m on t h r e e sepa ra t e p c c a q $ o n s , I n 190)-,' 1906 a n d 1907 t h e
- ' province and rhe dcrr in ion agreeit ta terms f a r t h e Song-h-ees
r e m o v a l , Yowever i n each of t h e s e i n s t a n c e s , w h e r t h e S o n g h e e s
w e r e - asked to s ~ r r e a d e r their- ~eserve they = f u s e d t o t o m i d e r -a
move. D e s p i t e t h e g o v e r n m e n t s ~ . agreement, the Songhees r e f u s a l L
d e l a y e d t h e r e l o c a t i o n plans. '
- t h e S o n g h e e s resistance c o m b i n e d w i t h tha* cf n u m e r o u s
I n d i a n Tands , who a l s o o c c u p i e d urbar: l a n d i d o t h e r C a n a d i a n
c i t ies, a g ~ r a u a t e d g o v e r n m e n t officials, who w a n t e d the l a n d f o r
devGlcpment . 123 Departmect of I n d i a x l a f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s were . ' to ld
t h a t I n d i a n s s i t u a t e d i n grooirg c i t i e s stood i n the nay of
p r o g r e s s , 1 2 4 It -became clear t h a t u r k a n . d e v e l o p m e n t c o u l d n o
lander he k p e d e b by I ~ d i a n groups l i k e tzk Surrghees, To
g u a r a n t e e t h i s , w i n u t e s a f t e r t h e S o n g h e e s Bill / s e d , was t h e '
H o u s e of Commons p a s s e d S e c t i o n 49A of t h e I n d i a n Act w h i c h pro-
v i d e d for t h e outright e x p r o p n a t i o n of Indian6reserves s i t u a t e d
i n o r a d j a c e n t t o a t o n n . 1 2 5 An issue like t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e
q u e s t i o n w o u l d n o t frustrate the a u n i c i p a l , provincial, and
f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s f o r close t c h a l f a c e n t u r y .
1 I. R. h o v e i l , ~ u ~ e r i n t s n d e u t ' of Indian Affa irs for Bri tis'n C o l u ~ b i a t o J, A. YacAonald, S u p e r i n t e n d e c t G e n e r a l o f I n a i a n A f f a i r s , 8 O c t o b e r 1883, ii,G.13, Vol. 3598,* F i l e 13,086-1, UBCICL. II? r e s p o n s e t o o u t b u r s t s O f v i o l e n c e , P o w e l l a p p o i n t e d a reserve c o n s t a b l e , p o w e l l t o Macdonald, 30 November 1982, P-G.10, Vol. 3686, F i l e 13,886-1, UBCICL,
2 Powell t o Macdonald, 2 6 May 1879, R.G.10, Vol, 3 6 8 S , F i l e 13,386- 1, UBCICL.
3 P o w e l l t o Macdonald , 2 b fidy 1879, R . G . I O , Vol. 3 6 8 8 , Tile 13,386- I , UBCICL,
4 A map d e p i c t i n g a l t e r n a t e s i t e s is c o n t - a i n e d ia, P o w e l l t o Vankoughnet , no d a t e l E F t , F.S.10, Vol, 3688, F i l e 13,3f?6-1, UBC ICL.
-*
5 ~ d i e l l , t o Yacdona ld , 7 F e b r u a r y 1881, R.G.10, BlJk Series, Vol. 3688, F i l e 13 ,886-1, UBCICL- A l s o Ms, F52/805, PABC,
p v i d e n e e of T r u t c h ' s i n v o l v e ! n e n t is i n d i c a t e d i n correspondence between P o w e l l a n d the Department of I n Z i a n A f f a i r s , For e x a m p l e , Powell t o Yacdona ld , 10 ,June 1881 , 2-c . 19, Vol, 3688, F i l e 13,886-1, U B C I ~ ~ .
7 I n 1 8 2 5 , d e a 3 n d f ~ r the Sdnghees reserve was p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e n s e , T h e ~ ~ r o v l n c d l government wished t o c o r ~ s t r u c t i m m i g r a n t s h e a s o n t h e reserve. P o w e l l t o Vankoughnet, SO C c t o b e r 1885, F-G.10, Vol. 3589, F i l e 13,896-2, LJBCICL. The city, a i ~ i c g t o a m a l g a m a t e t h e v e s t e r n s e c t i o n with t h e rest of the c a p i t a l , r e q u e s t e d that t h e L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r n e g o t i a t e the S o n g h e e s r e a o v a l , c o m m i t t e e of the C c m n c i l t o Lieutenac t Governor , 2 F e b r u a r y 1891, R.G-ID, Vol. 3688 , F i l e 13,886-2, UECTCL,
8 V a n k ~ n 7 h n e t t o P o w e l l , 7 Yarch 1891, B.G. 13, Vol- 3688, File 1 3 , 3 8 6 - 2 , i JBCICL.
e
9 P o w e l l t o Vankoughne t , 7 Septeixber 1891, G.G.10, Vol, 3668, F i l e 13,8!6-2, UBCICL -
1 0 B r i t i a C ~ h u n k L a ~ x e c u t i ~ e C r ; u d f 3qm1L suImikteh, 8 .UDA -
1 8 9 5 , i n b i , e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r , E. ilewdneg t o toe T, Eayne D a l y , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l of I n d i m Affairs , L G . 1 0 , Vol, 3688, . F i l e 13,886-2, OBCICL. { h e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s E x e c u t i v e Report, 1895) T h i s r e p o r t was o ' u t l i n e d i n t h e C o l o n i s t , 9 Rarch 1895, p.
.rlW
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h
29 Hagh Yac9onald s e r v e d only o2e y e a r a s S u p e r i n t e n j e n t G e n e r a l ' of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , See G.E. Shankel, "The Development 3f I n d i a n L a n d P o l i c y , : p.331,
li!
30 i l ac3ona ld t o Aberdeen a l s o t o L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r of a r i t i s h Columkia , 2, Dewdney, 3 July, 1896, R-G.10, Vol. 3688, r i b 13, a - 2 , UBCICL. %!
3 1 B a k e r q u o t e d i n a l e t t e r f r o m Reed t o Sif tor! , 19 S e p t e m b e r , 1896. r.G.10, Vol, 3688, file 13,885-2, UBCICL,
32 S i f t o n t o Reed, 11 December, 1936 , F.G-10, Vol. 3 6 8 8 , File 13,886-2, LJBCICL.
I
3 3 3 y e d t o S i f t o n , 3 0 Decewer, 189b, P.S.10, Vol. 3688, File 73,896-2, U B C I C L .
*
3 4 S i f t o n to'hberdeen, fo rwarded t o Dewdney, 15 February, 1897, F - G , 10 , Vol, 3b83, F i l e 13,886-2, U X I C ~ .
35 t i a k e r t o S i f t o n , 1 5 f iarch, 1697, 3-G.10, Vol. 3 6 8 9 , pi le l3,8A6- 2 , USCICL,
3 7 S i f tcrt t o G o v e r n o r Genera l , 5 July 1397, R.G. 10, Vo1.3688, File 13,886-2, O B C I C L , b
3 8 ? IcKenEa t o S i f t a n ; 25 S e p t e m b e r , 1897. Sumnary r e p o r t o f n e g o t i a t i c n s t 3 r e l c c a t e t h e Scnghees, R , G , 10, Vo1.3688, f i l e 13,886- 2 , UBCICL.
39 sbig.
1 4 0 Xbid- The payment t o t h e S o u q h e e s by the Rai lway had been deferred p e n d i n g t h e d e c i s i c n i n t h e Supreme Court r e g a r d i n g t h e revisionary r i ' y h t s cf t h o p r o v i n c e a s l a i d o u t i n t h e Nanainio
I C o a l Case, I f t h e Supreme C o u r t r u l e d i n f a v c u r cf British Columbia , t h e n t h e monies O M by tBe E s q u i m a l t and Nanaimo E a i l v a y Company were p a y a b x n o t t o t h e Songhees, b u t t o the . p r o v i n c e . As a l r e a d y n o t e d , t h e r e i s n o r e c o r d of t h i s c a s k . T.here i s a l s o n o r e c o r d of p a y ~ ~ r t t o t h e Songhees. S e e
' S o n j h e e s ' Trust Fund Account frcm 1854 to 1912, R . G w ? O , T r u s t Pund L e d g e r s , Vols. 5916-5943, PAC.
*
4 1 YcKenoa t o Pfemier J. T u r n e r , 2 , Sep tember 1897, R.G. 10, Vol. 3683, File 13,986-2, UECICL-
4
4 2 T u r n e r t o XcKenna, 22 S e p t e m b e r 1897 , R . G , I O , ~ o l , 3688, ~ i l e ' ' 13,386-2, UECICL,
- 4 3 ScKenna t r i e d t o c o u n t e r t h e p r o v i n c e 1 s p o s i t i o n w i t h t u o f u r t h e r amendments t o t h e terms f o r t h e s u r r e n d e r , b u t neither o f t h e s e were a c c e p t a b l e t o T u r n e r . flcKenna t c T u r n e r 1 8
- S e p t e m b e r a n d 25 S e p t e m b e r , 1 3 9 7 , E.G. 10 , Vol, 3688, F i l e i 3 , ~ 3 - 2, Y a c I c L .
.Je .- 4 4 3cKnnna to S i f t o n , 2 5 S e p t e m b e r , 1397 , R . G , l o , Vcl, 3688, F i l e 13 ,896 -2 , U B C I C L ,
4 5 t i . J. 3 o w l e r , d u n i c i p a l C l e r k t o R,W. S c o t t , S e c r e t a r y o f S t a f e , 23 ? l a r ch 1 8 9 8 , fi-G.10, Vol. 3688, File 13,886-2, UBCICL,
4 6 I b i d . *
- 4 7 f 3 r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . Y i n u t e s of t h e Executive Council f o r w a r d e d t o S i f t o n , 5 B a y 1898. R , G , 10, Vol, 3688, F i l e 1 3 , 8 @ 2 , I J a C I C L , 9 4 B Si f t o r1 t o Aberr leer , , 27 J u n e 1893 forwarded t o T.2. E, H c I n n e s ,
' F . G - 1 3 , Yol. 3588, F i l e 13 ,886 -2 , UBCICL, + -
4 9 Colon&=, 2 3 A p r i l 7898, p, 4 .
5 1 T. S o r b y , P r e s i d e r i t o r t h e H a r b o u r Board t o S i f t o n , 4 Deceaber 1899, R.G.10, Vol. 3 6 5 8 , F i l e 13,886-3, UBCICL,
53 ? r e m i c r J, D u n s m o i r t o S i f t o r r 1 9 0 1 , E.S.1C Vol, 3 € e P , File 13,886-3 , B B C f CL.
5 6 ZcKenna submitted ab p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e t o J. A, S m a r t , D e p u t y S u ~ e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 3 A p r i l 1 9 0 1 , R - G - 10 , Vol, 3688, F i l e 1 3 , 8 8 6 - 3 , U B C I C L ,
5 7 T h e A g g r e e m e n t was a n n o u n c e d i n t h ~ P r o v i n c e , 1 1 A p r i l 1 9 0 1 , p- 1 *
5 8 I b i d ,
5 9 A.W. Vowel1 t o S i f t c n , 2 3 A p r i l , 1931. R-G. 10 , Vol, 3683, F i l e 1 3 , 9 8 6 - 2 , UBCICL. I n r e s p o n s e t o a r e q u e s t f o r his o p i n i o n o f t h e terms, V o w e l l e x p l a i n e d t o S i f t o n t h a t the acres g r a n t e d t o D u n s m u i r and t h e c i t y were t h e mdst valuable ones o n t l e reserve, L
6 0 J.H. Qowler f l u n l c i p i l C l e r k t o C, S i f t o n , 24 A p r i l 1901, R.G,10, Vol. 3688, File 13 ,886-3 , UBCfCL.
6 1 S i f t o n ta ~ y a r t , 7 Jure- 1 3 0 1 , 8.5-13, Yol,~ 3633, File 73,886- 3 , 3 5 C I C L .
3 Vowell to S i f t o n , 2 3 A p r i l 1501, R . G . 1 0 , Vol, 3689, Pile 1 3 , 896-3, USCTCL.
e 4 I b i d .
6 7 3.1)- ScLean t o G , R i l e y , :.I.?., 4 J u n e 1902 , ~ r l . ~ . 1 3 , Vol, 3689, P i l e 13 ,886-3 , UBCICL. +
6 8 E x a ~ p i e s o f t h i s c o r r e s p o n 3 e n c e are: S o r S y t o G, Sutherland, 16 January 1 9 0 4 ; G.9, S a r n a r d , k y o r af Victoria t o S l f t . o n , 2 0 J a n u a r y 1905. 5.2-10, YoL.3685, 7i1? 1 3 , ~ 3 € ? - 2 , U P C I C L ,
t i
6 9 T h e s t a l e ~ a t f i c n e ? o t i a t i o c s gave r i s e t o a n o v e r n e a t t o e n f r 3 n c h i s e the S o n g h e ~ s a n d t o alloy r n d i v i d u a l I n d i a n s t o s e l l p o r t i o n s of t h e reserve. A k i l l was d r a f t e d oy d , Orr i n 1904., ,
T h i s d r a f t was p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e c h a n n ~ l s of dkpartment officials a n d f o u a r d e d t o t h e D e p u t y Yinister of J u s t i c ~ , F.L. ,Yewconbe, i n 1 3 0 9 , l h o u q h Newcornbe amended t h e bill s u b s t a n t i a l l y i t was not forwarded t o t h e House o f Commons, n a d a t e d a n d c o n t a i n s d i n D e FU t y S u p e r i n t e n d e n t General of Indian Bfixirs c o r r e s p o n 3 e n c e i n 1904 , R.G-10, Vol. 3658, File 13 ,886- 3 , USCICL.
9 7 0 3 a r n a r d t o S i f t o n , 20 J a n u a r y 1305- R.S. 1 0 , Frol, 3688, File 1 3 , 8 8 6 - 3, OBCICL.
7 1 ----A V i c t o r i a --- Dai ly xfggs, 1 F e b r u a r y 1907, p . 4 ,
7' pis, 7 3 R e p o r t on t h e P r o g r e s s o f t h e C i v i c C o m a i t t e e on t h e Songhees R e s e r v e , C o l o n i s t , 16 Deeeraher 1904 , p. 3.
7 4 D o w l e r to S e c r e t a r y 'of S t a t e , 6 F e b r u a r y 1905 .~ R.G.10, Vol, 3688, File 13 ,386-3 , UBC'CL-
7s ------ Victoria D a i l y --- Timgz, 10 A p r i l 1906, p. 1,
16 3 o r l e y t o Premier R: ElcBride, LL narch 1906, R.G. 1 0 , Vol, 3688, Pile 13 ,886-3 , UPCICL. P
7 7 ' ~ c a r i d e to ilorley, 2 3 l a r c h 1 9 0 6 , R.G. 1 0 , Vol, 3 6 8 8 , File 1 3 , 8 8 6 - 3, LTECICL,
7 e Yorley t 3 McBcid*, c o n t a g n e d i n s u m m a r y of c o r r e s p o n d e n c e \ f rorr: I l c B r i d e t o Vowel l , S a p e r i n d e n d e c t of I d i a n Affairs of B r i t i s h Co lumbia , 11 Bay 1906, F O G , 10, Vol, 3 6 8 8 , F i l e 13,886-3,
7 9 I b i d .
8 0 Yorley t o W, T e ~ y l e m a n , Einister of I n l a n d R e v e n u e , 12 J u n e 1 9 0 6 , 3,C.10, 01. 3688, F i l e 13,866-,3, UBCICL,
\ 8 1 J. BcLeaa, Secre tary t o t h e Deputy S u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l ' of I n d l a r i A f f a i r s t o P e d d l y , D e p u t y S u p e r i n t e n d e n t General o f I n d i a n A f f a i c s , 21 June 1906, E,G,10, Vol. 3688, File 13,886-3,
. IJBCICL. 1
8 3 F, p e d l e y , t o S e c r e t a r y 20 D e p u t y s u p e r i n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 3 1 J u l y i 4 0 b , R . G . 1 0 , Vol, 3688, File 13,856-3, UBC ICL.
a * Summary r e p o r t cf n e g o t i a t i o n s t o r e l o c a t e t h e S o n J h e e s I n P e d L e y t o F. Oliver, S u p e r l n t e n d e n t G e n e r a l ofr f n d i a n B f f a i r s , 17 Deceinber 1996, A,G,10, V o l , 3 6 8 8 , P i l e 13,896-3, UBC'TCL.
" 9 I b i d . -- 9 0 I b i d .
9 1 C o l o n i s t , 6 ?lovemk%r 1906, p - 5 ,
9 3 Vowel1 t o Pedley, 11 Hay 1906. H.G.lO, Vol, 3683., F i l e 13 ,886- 3, U B C I C L .
9 4 YkBr ide t o Oliver, 1 9 S e p t e i u b e r l$i)b. Ii.G.10, Vol. 3688, F i l e 13,886-3, UBCICL.
9 s acBr ide tq, R i l f r i d L a u r i e r , Prirce Winister, 12 b u g u s t 1909, S o n q h e e s R e s e r v e P i l e , 293/0Y, P B X .
%
9 6 The i m p l i c a t i o n s of statements narle by L a n r i e r o n his t r i p '
west--wer#2 r e f e r r e d tc i n comments made l a t e r t h a t
F- 0
t L a u r i e r l s c o r r e s p o d n c e 3 1 t h - t o e A t t o r n e y General was
referred t c i 3 y Y c i 3 r i d e i r l ttiis d r a f t l e t t e r , M c B r i d e t o L d u r l e r ,
9 8 A d r a t w r i t t a n l u t n o t ,cant. M c R r i d e t o L a u r i e r , 1 9 Koveriiber " 1 9 1 3 . ?remisrts P a p e r s , ,.9, 4 4 1 , S9x 1$9 , P A X , *
9 9 I n i t i a l l y t h e negotiations were i m p l e m e n t e d i n . 3 a n u a r l w 1 9 1 0 by P r i c e S l l i n , j s o n , Y . P . , a d C c m n i s s i c n ~ r o f L a n d s aacd H o r k s , K , Zoss, P r e a i e r ; I c P r i d e c o n t i r , u e d t h e talks d u e t o t h e p r o 1 o n r ; e d absence of E l l i n g s o n , T h i s was e x p l a i n e d i n hoss ' t o O l i v e r , 3 D e c e ~ b e r 1.310, Hss, 5 5 9 - 5 1 0 , PABC.
130 x & c t o r i g g a i l y m e s , 1 2 R a y 3 9 1 0 , p . 1.
0 1 ------ V i c t o r i a --- Dai ly T i m e s , 1 4 ?lay 1 9 1 0 , p. 1. Ctn tke f r o n t . p a g e h e Trrnes d c k n o w l e d c j e d t h a t i t h a d b e e n c r i t i c i z e d f o r r e p o r t i n g a c t s i t r e g a r d i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s o f the Sonyheas I n d i a n
r e ~ r - ~ ~ v ~ . ' ~ Also c n t h e first page was t n e s t a t e m e c t , lta m o r n i n i ; c o n t e m p o r a r y h s s d e n i e d a n y n e p t i a t i o c s G a v e t a k e n p lace t f a n d t h a t I t Y e l m c k e n r e f u s e d t o comment l i orr t h e i s s u e . A " m o r n i n g . 4 c o n t e m p o r a r y t t refers t o the go lon i s t .
102 E e s o l u t i a n passed k y V i c t o r i a C i t y C o u n c i l , 1 6 May 1 9 1 0 , (Map E n c l o s e d ) , 3 . G, 10, Y o l . 3690, F i l e 1 3 , H R 6 - 4 , U X I C L , A l s o V i c t o r i a 9 a i l ~ T i i n e s , 1 7 Flay 1 9 1 C . p. 1. - - - -- 103 Y o r l n y t o Oliver, 19 Play 1 9 1 0 , i . , G , 1 0 , Vol, 3 6 9 9 , F i l e - 13,385-4, i l 3 C I C L .
P o* ah?. Copy of agreement be - twecn 8 c b r l 3 e a n d t h e S o n g h e e s I n d i a n s t o ! n a v e , 2 5 O c t o b e r 1 9 1 0 , 3 , G , 1 0 , Vol, 3690 , F i l e 1 3 , 3 8 6 - 4 , OBCICL.
1 0 5 xictogiq &h&p ZiTgg, 2 b o c t o b e ~ 1 9 1 0 , p - 1 , I
1$6 J . S . Y a t s o n ' s a c t i v e role c a m e t o l i g h t t h r o u g h e v i d e n c e s u b i o i t t e d by a p r o v i n c i a l p u b l i c a c c 9 u n t s i n q u i r y h e l d i n 1 9 1 6 .
1 0 7 D i t c h b u r n t o t h e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t General o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 2 7 O c t o b e r 1 9 1 0 , F . 2 . 1 0 , Vol , 3 0 9 0 , F i l e 13",886-4, U B C I C L - I r r e q u l a r i t > o s were d e n i e d i n 3 0 ~ s to F r a c k C l i v e ~ , 3 D e c e n b e r 1910 . B s s , 559-510 , i?ABC,
1 0 8 X c 5 r i d e t o O l i v e r , ( T ~ l e ~ j r a m ) 2 h O c t o b e r * j 9 1 0 , R. G. 1 0 , Vol. 3690 , F i l e 13 ,286-4 , UBCICL.
109 B o t h t k e C q l o n l s t a n d t h e Victpgig Qq&u Times wrote s u m m a r i e s o f t h ~ n e q o t i a t i o n s d e s c r i b i o g t h e l o n g a w a i t e d v i e t o r y of t h e c i t y a n d the p r o v i n c e , C o & g n i s t , 5 October 1 3 1 0 a n d ljctorip 2 6 O c t o b e r 1 9 1 0 , T h e e v e n t was c o n s i d e r e d r i e u s w o r t k L y on t h e ~ a i n l a n d a s well, " S o n g h e e s Tribe t o S e l l " e s e r v ~ , " u a s r e p o r t e d i n g a n e o u v e r World, 26 O c t o b e r
1913- Also, D i t c h b u r n t o C l l v e r , 29 October 1910 , R . G , 10 , 701, ril& 13,986-4, UBCICL. C1ii;pii)tf c t 3 f t t a ~ ~ e d i n , R,G, 16, Val, F i l e 13 ,386-4 , UBCICL.
1 1 0 Oliver. to ? l c 3 r i d s , 2 8 O c t 1310, K-G.10, '401. 369.3 , 1 3, 3 8 6 - U, 3 B C I C L 1
i l l Cana??, gev i seg Statutes, 1900- (Ottawa: King ' s " i n t e r , 1 9 0 6 ) , Cha. 81 , p, 1459.
1 1 2 &bid, p.1469,
1 1 * E l l i n g s o r , t o Oliver, 3 Secenbe r 191i3. i'lss, 559-513, P R B G .
6 1 1 s Pedley to O l i v e r , 3 J a n u a r y 1911 , R.G.10, Vol- 3693, Flle 13,856-4, UBCICL,
1 1 7 Canada, gtat;teg of Can&&, 191 1, Vol;. 1-2, Sao. V; Chap, 2 4 , $p- 225-227.
1 1 9 Ibid.
1 2 1 I b i d . J
123 P,li,F. G r o u p , z& g i s t o r i w D e v e l o p d e n t of the I n d i a n Act, p. 107,
1 2 4 I b i d . --- 1 2 5 Canada , Statutes of Canada, 191 1 Vols. 1-2, Geo-V, Chap, 14, pp. l E + 189,
9 0
- -
CHAP'f'eB PODR
The S o n g h e e s Pos'tion on Relocati n, 1871-1910- 47 P S e t w e e n 1971 an3 1913 t h e Socghees were a p p r o a c h e d o n
n u m z r o u s o c c d s i b n s t o move t h e i r c i t y r e s e r v e . A c c o r l i n q t n t h e
I n d i a n Act, ' t h y S o n g h e e s a g r e e m e r i t t~ a s u r r e n d e r was n e c e s s a r y
to complete 3 r e l c c a t i o n t r a n s a c t i o n , T h e S o n g h e e s c o n s i s t e n t l y
r e f u s e 1 t o m o v e f r o m t h e i r r e s e r v e , T h e y d i d cot w a n t t o t a k e
p a r t i n a n y L a n d n e g o t i a t i o o s u n t i l p r e v i o u s l a n d a g r e e m e n t s
were c o n c l u d e d . R e s i d e s this l o n g s t a n d i n g g r i e v a n c e , t h e
S o n 3 ; h e e s ; i id n o t s a n t t o l e a v e t h e c i t y b e c a u s e of t i i ~ a rnea i t i e s
t h i s l o c a t i o n p r o v i d e d f o r t h e Band.
A: the a d v a n t d g e s o f t h e l o c a t i o n e r o d e d , t h e Songhees
r e s i s t a n c e t o a o v s w a v e r e d , T h e S o n g h e e s e v e n t u a l l y a g r e e d t o .
move i n 1910. T h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t f e d a r a l a n d p r o v i n c i a l
g o v e r n m e n t 3 f f i c i a l s , commercidl i n t e r e s t s a n d V ic to r i a
residents were d e t e r m i n e : l t c r t l o o v e t h e m w i t h or w i t h o u t t h e i r
c o n s . ? r t . The S o n q h e e s c o ~ s e r i t e d t o t h e move on c e r t a i n terms,
n a n e l y a lar3e c a s h s e t t l e m e n t , D e s p i t e the inood o f u r g e n c y
w h i c h p r e v a i l e d , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s set t h e tecms r e q u e s t e d b y t h e
S o n j h e e s . T h r o u g h t k e i r d c t i v e r o l e in l a n d
over a La l f of a c e n t u r y , t h e S o n y h e e s were a b l e t o n e g o t i a t e
t e r a s w h i c h i n s o m e measure r e f l e c t e d t h e i r own c e e d s , T h e
p u r p o s n o f t h i s c h a ~ t e r is t o e x a m i n e t h e Songhees active r o l e
r e g a r d i n g r e l o c a t i o n : t o i d e n t i f y some o f t h e reasons f o r t h e i r
r e s i s t a n c e t o r e l o c a t i o n a s tiell a s t h e c o n d i t i o n s l e a d i n g t o
their f i n a l s u r r e n d e r ,
T h e " S o n g h e e s p o s i t i o nl* a s d e s c r i b e d i n . tiiis c h a p t e r is tr
d e r i v e d f r o m a c r > m S i n a t i o n o f e t h n o , j r a p h i c r i a ta a n d 3 e p a r t m e n t
of I n d i a n A f f a i r s r e c o r d s . A l t h o u g h t h e s e sources a r e , i n a
sense, " s e c o n d h a n d M , if the1 a r e c o n s i d e r e d a t the same time,
& t h e n t h e y p r o v i d e i x r s i g h t s into t h e h i s t o r y of t h e Songt iees po-
sit i o n r 3 g a r d i n g relocation. E v i d e n c e of t h e S o n j h e e s p o s i t i o o
- c o n t a i n e d i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f l n d i a n A g e n t s w r i t i n g t o
D e p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s , r e f l e c t s t h e agen t ' s v i e w a f t e r c c n f e r r i n g
w i t - h t h e C h i e f o r the Band c o u n c i l , 3 i a s e n t i o n a ; a o : l g s t t h e
S o n g ' n e e s was n o t a l w a y s n o t e d , t h e r e f o r e t h e u s e o f the a h r a s e
l 1 S o n g b e e s p o s i t i o n " i s n o t m e a n t t o i m p l y c o n s l s tent u n a n i l n i t y
a m o n g s t t h e g r o u p k u t r a t h e r r e f e r s to t he ' m a j o r i t y of t h e
S o n j h e e s a s r e p r e s e c t e d b y t h e B a n d ' s C h i e L a r d c o u n c i l l o r s ,
T h e S o n g h e e s e n j - ~ y e d a n u m k e r o f g e o g r a p h i c , social and
e c o n o m i c a m e n i t i e s w h i l e l i v i n g i n the center o f V i c t o r i a , T h e
g e o g r a p h i c a l a d v a n t a g e s were r e l a t e d to t h e S o n g h e e s i
r e l a t i o n s h i p v i t h t h e l r e n v i r o n m e n t , a s i t e x i s t e d before F o r t
V i c t o r i a was b u i l t i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . As e x p l a i n e d i n C h a p t e r
one , t h ~ S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e was n o t a n o r i c j r n a l v i Z l a g e s i t e .1 T h e
S o n j h e e s moved r s t t o the e d g e o f the f o r t a n d t h e n i n t h e mid
1 9 5 0 ' ~ ~ u e r e r e d t o t h e s i t e a c r o s s t h e h a r b o u r . B o t h of
these set tleme c c n s t i t u t e d t h e l a r g e s t a m a l g a m a t i o n o f
~ o n ~ h e e s i r ~ 3 permanent v i l l a g e . I
T h e l o c a t i o n bf t h e reserve on t h e h a r b o u r was i n f a m i l i a r --
t e r r i t o r y t c m3ny of t h e 5 o n g h e e s . f o r i c s t a c c e , t h e S w e n g w h u n g
, a n d t h e Kosampsoa g r o h p s , wko u e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e T ~ n e r
F a r b o u r i n D o u g l a s ' s p u r c h a s e agreements, F r o t a b l y knew t h e a rea
v e r y wel l .? earl^ a l l ~ o n ~ h e e z were well a c q u a i o t e d w i t h t h e
r e s e r v e s i Z e 3s i t w a s s i t u a t e d e n r o u t e t o the Gorqe w h e r e many
TJ?\ of t h e Soncjhees c a m ~ e d i n t h e summer,3 '? C T h e r e s e r v e was a d j a c e ~ ~ t t o a s a c r e d s i t e n a m c d P a l l a t s i s .
A t t h i s l o c a t i o n new dance r s ' s t a f f s were p l a c e d . . P a l l a t s i s was
a l s a a site u h e r e S c n g h e ~ s l e f t the c r a d l e s of c h i l 3 r c n who h a d
" r e a c h e d t h e v a l k i n g s t a g e to e n s u r e t h e n : l o n g l i fe ."s A r o t h e r
familiar s i t e near t h e r e s e r v e was t h e caQas root. b e d west o f
t h e i n n e r reaches of J a a 2 s Bay.6 Also ia c i o ' s e ' p r o x i n i t y t o t h e
r e s e r v e was a r e e f n e t t i n g s i t e Fit Y a c a u l a y P o i r t , T h o u g h t h e
o w n e r s h i p o f t h i s s i t e is not- k n o w n , i t was l o c a t e d i n Kosaiopsom
.h t e r r i t o r y , a n d , p r o b a b l y f a c i l i a r t o b o t h . t h e 5 w e n g u h u c g A a d t h e
Komsarnpsom f a m i l i e s . 7
b
T h e t o p o g r a p h y o f t h e r s s e r v e was o p e n a n d r o c k y . The
s u p p l y of f r e s h water a t t h i s l o c a l ? was l i s l i t e d . ~ J n f a v o u r a b l e
g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a p p e a r t o h a v e p e r p l e x e d t h e I n d i a n
A g e n t s more t h a n t h e S o n g h e e s , ~ e i n g ' r o c k y a n d u n c u l t i v a t a b l e ,
L h e area was c o n s i d e r e d u n d e s i r a b l e D y t h e I n d i a n S u p e r i n t e n d e n t - J
for B r i t i s h Columbia, I.%. Powell, who a t t e m p t e d t o f i n d ar.
a r a b l e site f o r t h e Baxd.8 P o w e l l l s a t t e m p t s u e r e c o x s i s t e n t
w i t h t k e f d e ~ n l p o l i c y a i & at 4 v i l i z i e g fdiitftf W-tfewqh aft ,
e m p h a s i s on a n a g r a r i a n l i v e l i h o o d . 9 A l t h o u ~ h the S o n g h e e s
a s s i s t e d S u r o p e a r i s w i t h t h e c u l t i v a t i o n af p o t a t c c r o p s , t h e
a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y on t h e i r cwc reserve was l i m i t e d , T h e
S o n g h . e e s d i 3 n o t s h 3 r e P o w e l l ' s d e s i r e f o r r e l o o a t i o n t o a
f e r t i l e r e s e r v e , 1 0
, , N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e r e s e r v e ' s r u g g e d t e r r 3 i a , i t p o s s e s s e d
o t h e r p h y s i c a l a t t r i b u t e s w h i c h verr p = o b a b l y mare impor t&t t o
t h e S o n g h c e s , T h e s i t e h a d a p r o t e c t e d a r e a f o r h e a c h i n g a n d
l o a d i n g c a n o e s . E v e c t h o u g h t h e outer s h o r e l i n e was s t e e p , there
were a n u l ~ b e r af f a v o u r a b l e b e a c h i n g s i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e
i n n e r reaches of t h e r e s e r v e ' s s h o r e , 11 S i n c e t h e S o n g h e e s
t r a v e l l e 4 a l m o s t e n t i r e l y b y c a n o e , a s h e l t e r e d d o c k r n g a r e a ?as
a n i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n when c h o s i n g a ' v i l l a g e s i t e . .J
Reasona t l e c a n o e -~ccess remained a n i s s u e in r e l o c a t i o n
n e g o t i 3 t i o n s i n t o t h e t r e c t i e t h c e n t u r y - 1 2
N o t only d i d t h e c i t y r e s e r v e s i t e i n c l u d e a s h e l t e r e d
s h o r e l i n e , its t ~ r r a i n acd steel. o u t e r c o a s t l i n e d i s c o u r a g e 3 A -
r a i d s by , n o r t h e r n e n e m i e s . 1 3 D e f e n s e r e q u i r e m e n t s had a l w a y s
f r b e e n a c o n s i d e r a t i p n when c h o o s i n g a v i l l a g e site.14 T h e i n n e r
a r e a o f t h e h a r b o u r w a s g u a r d e d n o t o n l y by t h e t o p o g r a p h y , h u t
a l s o by t h e resefveqs a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h V i c t o r i a ' s own d e f e n s e
s y s t e m , 15 A l t h o u g h d e f e n s e r e q u i r e m e n t S -became less i m p o r t a n t ,
t h e S o n g h e e s c o n t i n u e d t o t r a v e l by c a n ~ e , mair ing t h e p r o t e c t e d
w a t e r f r o n t a r e a f a v o u r a b l e t o r t h e 3 r o u p . T h e c o n s i d e r a + i o r , o f -
a d v m t a g e o u s tjecgra ~ h i c c o n d i t i o n s o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e Songhees
p r i o r t o 1843. T h e . habitation a n d r e s o u r c e e x p l o i t a t i o n p a t t e n
S o n g h e e s t r a d i t i o n a l i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e inner
h a r t o u r f a c i l i t a t e d t h e i r a d a y;ta t i a h t o this a r e a .
6
The r e s e r v e ' s l o c a t i o n ' a l s o a l l o w e d ~ h e S o a g h e e s t o
c o n t i n u e i n t e r t c i ~ o c i a l r e L a t i a n s t i p s . T h e Conghees
r n a i n t a i l w d t r a d i t i o n a i p a t t e r n s o f i n t e m a r r i a g e u i t h t h e i r
C o a s t S a l i s h n e i g h b o u r s , P o u e l ' l i n d i c a t e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e , .
l o c a t i o n of t h e Sunyhees r e s e r v e when h e s t a t e ? " t h 2 S o n y h e e s . -
I n d r a n s were c o t i n f a v o u r af moving f o r ~ o s t of t h e i r f r i e n d s fr
a n d r e l a t i v e s l i v e i n t h e S o u t l i ~ e ~ t . " l 6 A l t h o u g h t h e S o ~ y h e e s
i n t erma rried w i t h t h e i r n o r t h e r n n e i j h b o o r s , t h e S a a n i c a a n d t h e .< -3 b
C o w i c h , 3 n , a s w e l l .=is t h e i r s o u t h e r n n e i g h b o u r s t h e Klallam a n d
Sooke, i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e e a p h a s i s of these r e l a t i o n s was t o
t h e s o u t h . 1 7 W a e t h e r ttis e m p h a s i s e x i s t e l ? p r i o r t o E u r o p e a n
i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r y is u n c l e a r .
a f t e r l b 7 1 , t h e Songliees d i d n o t p e e d t o t r a v e l f o r
s o c i a l A t e r a c t i o n . I n d i a n g r o u p s f rom the n o r t h e r n coas t
c o n t i n u e d t o f r e q g e n t the S c n q h e e s reserve w h i l e t r a 3 i n g i n
~ i c t z r i a . 18 The p e a c e f u l c o h a b i t - a t i o n o t these groups i n d i c a t e d
c h a n g e s in t h e s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i ~ s of the ~ o n ~ h e e s a n d t h e
n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s . P r i o r to t h e e x i s t e u c e of t n e f o r t , t h e +
S o n g h e e s c o n s i d e r e d many of t h e n o r t h e r n I n d i a n g r o u p s a s
enemies. E v e 3 a f t e r the f o r t was b u i l t , a m a l g a m a t i o n s of t h o
n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s a n d Sonyhees were c h a r a c t e r i z e d by v i o l e n c e .
However, l o n g b e f o r e t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y , v i o l e n t o u t b u r s t s
were o n t h e d e c l i n e , The S o n g h e s s i n i t i a l a d a p t a a o n t o t h e i
p r e s e n c e o f t h e n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s , p o i n t s to ,scrae o f t h e c h a n g e s
i n t h e i r i n t e r t r i b a l r e l a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g fGom t h e p r e s e n c e %
the fort.19 - / B Q
T h e ~ r o x i w k t y o f t h e r e s e r v e t o Vic c i t y was an
i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t t o r t h e Bsnd, a n d p e r h a p s t h e most L
i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e o f t h e location. T h e S o n g h e e s s u c c e s s f u l
a d a 2 t a t i o n t~ t h e e x i s t e n c e o f V ic to r i a ' s e c o n o m y u ~ s ,
e m l i s h e d i n t h e e a r l y s e t t l e u i ~ n t era . After 1 8 7 c t h e -
- A-
S$?s 33ees c o - n o w c o , ? t i n T s d t ? b e r e l d t e d t o t h e c i t y a s
economy.20 2 i f f e r e n t members of t h e Band d e p e n d e d o n this
e c o n o m i c r e l a t i c n s h i p i n d i f f e r e n t ways. Manp of t h e S o n g h e e s
e - .
men were e m p l o y e d in n u m e r o u s t r a d e s i n t h e city. These
1 i n d u s t r i a l p u r s u i t s r a n g e d from s t e v e d o r i n g t o r c a d c o n s t r u c -
t i o n . 3 n e S o n g h e e ' s k o r k e d i n a bakery, The S o n g b e e s women w o r k e d
a s d o m e s t i c s and a s l a u n d r y p e r s o n s , T h e o l d p e o p l e r e l i e 3 o n
s e l l i n g shell f i s h a n d salmon.21
T h e e x t e n t t o u h i c h t h e S o n g h e e s were i n v o l v e d i n the c i t y -
e c o n o m y was emphasized o n n u m e r o u s o c c a s i o n s , P o w e l l r e p o r t e d i n db
1883 a n d 1 8 8 4 , t h a t t h e Songhees uould not move t o a n y remote
p l a c e b e c a u s e many of t h e Band memters were e n p l o y e d i n the
c i t y . 2 2 H e n o t e d a g a i n i n 1 8 8 6 , t h a t t h e S o n y h e e s r e f u s e 2 t o
move because t h e jobs they held were i n V i c t o r i a and t h e y v a n t e d
8 ?o b e close t o their p l a c e of e r c p l o y m e n t . 23
The impsrtarce of t h e S o n g h e e s ' e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e city is
i n d i c a t e d by J o h n S . Belmckea, Concerned about t h e p o s s i b l e
r e p e r c u s s i o n s of a move,' h e s t a t e d t h a t g q t h e Songhees h a v e l i v e d
s o long i n the p r o x i m i t y of t h e c i t y , t h a t I Q o u t t v e r y much
whether a n y o n e c o u l d - F r o v e t h a t i t would b e n e f i t t h e w a a t e r i a ' l l y ,
+
e t o b e removed."'2*+ V i c t o r i a c i t y u a s a s o u r c e o f l i v e l i h o o d fst
many S o n j h g e s , a n d Flelmcken was c o n v i n c e d of t h e i r s o b s e s u e n t .' . ? , - ,
d e p e n d e n c e '6n t h e c i t y e c o n o m y . T h e . i m p o r t a n c e o f the S c n q h e e s ,
\ ' \ - > . p a r t i c i p a t i p n i n t h e l a ~ o u r e c o n o m y - r e i t e r a t e d Sy t h e
t '7 . y o u n g e r e f ' a c k e n , ~ i n d 903: Dal las iiellec.ken n o t e d t h a t . t h e - +
m a j o r i t y of S o n g h e e s d i d n o t w a n t t o m o v e - b e c a u s e t h e y n o l o n g e r .
c o u l d s u r v i v e living o t f t h e l a r d a n d t h a t their o c c u p a t i o n s i r .-
were i n t h e c l t y . 2 5 T h e a d a p t a t i o n of the Songhees e c o n o m y was
e x p l a i n e d t y c o u n c i l member , J o e Etience , t o I c d i a n Agent L c ~ a s : D
"me a r e not a s o u r f a t h e r s were, we live l i k e w h i t e m e n - d o e s -
t h e g o v e r n r e n t w a n t u s t o g o b a c k a n d live cc f l s h ' and d @ e r . " 2 6
T h e Sc-nghees c c m ~ i a e d t h e l r clty jobs w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l >
m i g r a t i o n s . T h e n a j c r i t y of S o n g h e e s me; a n d w 0 m e . n t r a v e l l e d i n
B - t h e s u m m e r t o t h e F r a s e r Rixer. T h e r e t h e y 'fished o r w o r k e d i n
c a n n e r i e s , O t h e r Songhees , i n search of e m p l o y s r e c t f r a t h e r t h a n ,
t r a d i t i o n a l f o c d s o u r c e s , t r a v e l l e d t o W a s h i ~ g t o n v f r e r e t h e y .
p i c k e d ' h o p s a n d b e r r i e s . 2 7 R h i l e t h e S o n g h e e s were a b l e t o a,dapt
t h e i r e c o n o m y t o i n c o r p o r a t e o p p o r t u d t i e s f o r new w e a l t h f r o m - t h e c i t y e c a n o n y , t h e y were a b l e , a t t h e s a n e time, t o i n t e g r a t e
t h e i r migrations f o r f o o d and employment,^
T h e g e o g r a p h i c , s o c i a l , a n d econornlc a d v a n t a g e s of t h e D
reserve s i t e , i n d i c a t e s t h e Songhees ~ e l u c t a n c e t o , l e a v e t h e
c i t y l o c a t i o n . I n a sense their r e i a i i o n s h i p w i t h t h e - - - -p - e n v i r o n m e n t h a d c h a n g e d , b u t i t was n o l e s s i m p o r t a n t i n the-
*
Songbees I i v e s , C - e r t d l n p c h a n g e s 6 a T - t a i r e n p p l a c e - d u e t o t h e p A p r e s e n c e of t h e European causing t h emergence of a new a n d
, f' b
. 3
{ - 4
t d r e n o v a t e d r e l a t i c n s h i p w i t h t h e e n v - i r o n m e n t f o c u s e d o n . thelr
f a v o u r a b l e association w i t h t h e i n n e r h a r b c p r . p e r h a p s it was
. t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n t h a t t h e S o n g h e e s d e s c r i b e d a s t h e i r - d * -
n a t t a c h m e n t n t o t h e r e s e r v e . ~ o w e M " r d i c a t e d i n h i s - -
' c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t h a t , t h e S o n g h e e s a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e e e q r v e s i t e 5
.was a aa jor s t u m b l i n g block to a n y r e m o v a l p l a n s . H e u r o t a ' t h a t
the S o n g h e e s e l d e r s e x ~ r e s s e d t h e -v iew t h a t th&y wers " to a man t
d e t e r m i c e d n o t t o vacate the Songhees reserve which was l a n d
h ' e l d and - o & u p i e d b y 'their d o r e f a t h e r s trom time i m m e m o r i a l a n d .-
- c o n s e q u e n t l y d e a r e r t o t h e m than a n y t b i n g t h e y c c u l d p 0 s s e s s - ~ ~ 2 8 , a
. T h e y 4 u n d i t d i s t r e s s i n $ t b b e ' I t a s k e d so marig tines t o l e a v e
the r e s e r v e , a f t e r t h e i q f i r s t u n q u a l i f i e d ref u s 2 1 to d o so, 1929
/r T h e r e l o c a t i o n i s s u e , t h e y said, u a s c a u s i n g "rauch g r i e f a n d
d i s q u i e t u d e among* t h e Band. l130 P
A s o y r c e /of t h e u d i s q u i e t u d e l s i n the b a n d was a difference % \
of o p i n i o n r e g a r d i n g r e l o c a t i o b e t w e e n t h e e l d e r s and t h e y ~ u n g d' " J
men. Powell n o t e d j h e d i v i s i ~ p ~ f l r s t i n 1875 when h e o b s e r v e d 'p
. @
1 t h a t the "young renw f a v o u r e d a move t o Cadboro T k e yo* ' e
.- men were n o t a s a t t a c h e d t o ' t h e 1nne.r H a r b o u r s i t e a s the o l d e r
s o n g b e e s sen. P o w e l l felt c o n f i p n t t h a t t h e young c o u l d b e
4 - c o n v i n c e d of t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f r e l o c a t i n g , whereas t h e c l d e r men
n e e d e d a n i n c e n t i v e . 2 3 ~ 2 1 1 w r o t e , "a Fromise of certain % ,
a n n wit iesx o r c a s h p a y ~ e n ~ s t o t h e l e a d i n g Rex? could,, ,be,, , made r .
Pow211 w a s a g a r o f t h e d i v i s i o n i n t h e B a n d a n d t h a t some - -
of t h e S o n g h e e s prefered a site a t C a d b o r o Bay. -Hhether t h i s
d i v i s i o r , was e n t i r e l y b a s e d on age, or whether i t a l s o r e p r e s L e n -
t e d a 4 i v i s i o T i n - t h e Band a l o n g f a m i l y l i n e s , i s u n c l e a r 2 The >
C h e k o n e i n f a r t i l y , who l i v e d a t Cadbo,ro Bay a n d t h e Swengvhung --
a n d Kosampsom f a m i l i e s , who l i v e d i n t h e h a r b o u r p r i o r t o
c o n t a c t , migh t have p r e f e r r e d d i f f e r e n t v i l l a g e s i tes , Ir, 1 8 8 1 ,
t u e n t y - s i x S o n g h e e s s i g n e d a n dgreement t& move t o C a d b o r o ' " ,
Flay. 3 3 , T h i s was n o t a s u b s t a n t i a l number of s i g n a t n r e s
c o n s i g e r i n g t h e one h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - t w o s i g n a t u r e s w h i c h
a p p e a r e d on t h e " F o r t V i c t o r i a T r e a t i e s n , s i g c e d i n 1850.34
T h o u g h a m i n o r i t y f a v o u r e d a move, a r e l o c a t i o n d i d n o t occur.
. Despite some d i s s e n t i g n , t h e majority of t h e S o n g h e e s , l e d by
- d
t h e e l d e r s , c o n t v u e d t o r e f u s e r e l o c a t i o n , On n u m e r o u s
o c c a s i o n s t h e i r r e f u s a l u a s a t t ~ i b u t ~ e d s o l e l y t o t h a S o n g h e e s f
l l a t t a c h m e n t J J t o t h e lace, "
B e s i d e s their c o n f i r ~ e d a l l e g i a n c e t o t h e s i te , t h e most
p e r s i s t e n t c o n d i t i o n cf t h e S o n g b e e s when n e g o t i a t i n g was a
demand . f o r p a y m e n t of ' p a s t d e b t s . I n d i a n Agents , r e p o r t i n g t h e /
" S o n g h e e s P o s i t i o n w o n r em?va l , c o n s i s t e n t l y r e f e r r e d to their 4
demand f o r the mbnies owe& them oy t h e g o v e r n m e n t . P o w e l l re-
p e a t e d i n 1 8 7 9 a n d 1 8 8 0 t h a t t h e S o n g h e e s v o u l d n o t move u n t i l
t h e m-onies a v e d the= were p a i d . 3 5 I n s u b s e q u e n t a t t e m p t s t o
*
I n 1894 C h i e f c h a r l e g F r e e z i e r e f e r r e d t o t h e o r i g i n s o f ,
" the S o n g b e r s d e m a n d f o r t h e money owed them, H e a l l u d e ? t o t h e . -
r e s ? r v , e a t Kosarnpsom which iias a l l o t t e d t o t h e S c n g h e e s b y James
D o u g l a s , arid s u b s e q u e n t l y , s o l d t o ' t h e g o v e r n m ~ n t , T h e r e s e r v e
a a p p e a r e d o n i h c s u r v e y s mapped p r i o r t o 18g5. ~ r e e z i e s t a t e d i n
I want. y o u a d 1 t c l o o k a r o u n d . t h i s s c h o o l house a n d see w h a t f e w o f t h e o l d men v h o re rnember t h e s a l e and r e n t i n g of c u r r e s e r v e a r e s t i l l l e f t I j v l n g - What b e n e f i t have t h e y e v e r f e l t o f t h e money held by t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r us?37
/ A n o t h e r e l d e r who r e m e m b e r e d the l a n d t r a n s a c t i o n s p o k e o u t a t a v
B a n d m e e t j n g i n 1895, Joe E t i e n n e s t a t e d that f a t h e r s ~ a d e .
a r r a n g e m e n t s w i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t f o r l e a s e and d i s p o s a l o f some
of o u r l a n d s a l w a y s t o l d u s we h a d mdney i n t h e b a n k w w 3 8 o *
S p o t - a l t h a d d e d , " w h e n d i d I see t w e n t y f i v e c e n t s i n c a s h fo r
a l l the l a n d s a n d lots which I a g ' x e e d t h a t -the g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d * .
s e l l apd r e n t f o r us1',39 C l e a r l y , t h e - S o n q h e e s e l d e r s w a n t e d t h e -. reonep o w e d t h e m by t h e g o v e r n m e n t , Lontas- r e l a y e d t h e .el%ersa
views t o h i s f e d e r a l s u p e r i o r b u t , d e s p i t e t h e Songhees p o s i -
t i o n , n o t h i n g was d o n e t o meet t h e i r demands,
# h e n , i n 1897, J,A,J, HcKenna n e g o t i a t e d w i t h t h e S o n g h e e s w
on b e h a l f of t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , h e a l s o fc fund t h a t the
g o v e r r n e n t g s debt to t h e Songhees u6.s a s t u m b l i n g b l o c k , H e 2
argued t h a t a gesture of good f a i t h was r e q u i r e d t o facilitate a Ap
n e g & i a t i o n s becarrsf o f the l a c k cf trust on the p a r t f i t h e --
s o n g h e e Z s , +o 3 c K e n n a ,suggested t h a t a cash scm was necessary to
a m e l i o r a t e S o a j h e e s s u s p i c i o n s engend?ered by p a s t d e a l i n g s - w i t h
gove rnmen ' t o f f i c i a l s , +
T h e money p r o b l e m r e m a i n e d o u t s t a n d i n g when A, M o r e l y , the f %
I i . n e w l y e l e c t e d mayor o f V i c t o r i a , a t t e m p t e d i n 1 9 0 6 t o n e g o t i a t e
a s u r r e n d e r a n d r e l o c a t i o n , I n h i s e l e c t o r a l c a m ~ a i g n , f l o r e l y
p r o m i s e d a s u c c e s s f u l r e s o l u t i o n t o t h e ~ ~ ~ ~ o n ~ h b e s , r e s e r % e q u e s - - - 5
* t i o n . " E e was d i s s a ~ p o i n t e d b y a n o b s t i n a t e refus o n t h e p a r t P 7 of t h e C h i e f f l i c h a e l Cooper .41 L i k e HcKenna, F lo re ly r e q u e s t &
f u n d s f r o m t h e ~ r o v i n c i a l government , , T h i s money, h e e x p l s i d d ,
, wou ld i m p r o v e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i e s a n d would facilitate ' , <
t h e s u c c e s s f u l c a m p l e t i o n o f the removal, P r e m i e r Y c B r i d e '
a - ref used Y o r e l p t s , r e q u e s t , a p d i n r e a c t i o n the ~ o n ~ h e e s r e f u s e d
to n e g o t i a t e . * * Also i n 1,90b, ' F r a n k P e d l y , t h e Uepu ty S u p e r i n t e n d e n t
G e n e r a l o f I n d i a n Affa i r s , t r a v e l l e d west a n d o p e n e d a
o e g o t i r t i o n s w i t h t h e S o n g h e e s . I n a s e r i e s . - o f m e e t i n g s , p 6 d l y -
d e b a t e d - w i t h t h e S o n g h e e s r e g a r d i n g a cash s e t t l e m e n t , T h e
S o n g h e e s a g r e e d ..to te rrns which i n c k u d e d a cash se t t l e r a e n t d o " b l d
. the a m o u n t t h a t P e d l y h a d o f f e r e d o r i g i n a l l y , c o m b i n e d w i t h
-. t h e l r f o r m e r v i l l a g e site a t C a d b c r o Bay.43 Much t o Pedly's
c h a g r i n , t h e C a d b o r o B a y site was n o t f o r s a l e a n d t h e d e a l
c o l l a p s e d ,
- T h e S o n g h e e s a g r e e m e n t t o move on s p e c i f i e d terms, i n 1906,
was t h e f i r s t time t h e y r e s ~ o n d e d p o s i t i v e l y t o r e l o c a t i o n
n e g o t i a t i o n s . T h i s a g r e e m e n t s i g n a l l e d a w a i v e r i n y i n t h e ., w c-' * -
S o n g h e e s r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e rove, A n e r o s i o n o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s
m o t i v a t i n g S o n g h e e s r e s i s t a n c e b e g a n i n the e a r l y fl
B a n : l l s r a t i o n a l e f o r a o v i n g was p a r t l y t h e r e b u l t of thz
d e t e r i o r a t i o n ' i n t h e g e o g r a p h i c , social a n d ' e c o n o ~ i c a g v a n t a g e s r w
o f t h e i r c i t y l o c a t i o n . \\ v
t * 11 t h o u g h t h e reservE r e m a i n e d p a r t o f . f a m i l i a r territdr*, - /
by the t u r n of t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y i t s p h y s i c a l s e t t i n g l a n d -,
s u r r o u n d i n g l a n d s c a ~ e - h a d chant3e.d c o n s i d e r a b l y . T h e reserbrls
a c f u a l s i z e was reduced d r a m a t i c a l l y - A l a r g e lot was n w c a t e d
f o r the f e d e r a l m a e r i n e h o s p i t a l , a n d three l o t s were l e a s e d t o
p r i v a t e p a q t i e s . '~hese 'were r 6 z n a n t s of t h e 1880 l e a s i n g p r o - '
J g r a m . 4 * he major e n c r o a c h e e c t - o n t h e r e s e r v e was t h e r e s u l t of
t h e e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f 6 . 9 acres b y the E s q o i r n a l t and N a n a i m o e
Railway, a n d c h e S o z g h e e s v e r e w h a t t h e Railway was '
- - p e t i t i o n i n g t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t f o r more l a n d f o r r a i 1 , w a y
f a c i l i t i e s . 4 5 T h e s e s e y t i o n s of l a n d c s m b i n e d w i t h t h e areas * -
i n h a b i t e 3 by v i s i t i a g I n d i a n s g r e a t l y r e a u c e d - . t h e s i z e . of t h e
S o n g h e e c r e s e r v e , r
The S o n g h e e s p o s i t i o n r e g a r d i n g e " n c r 5 a c h ~ e n t .on t h e i l r l a n d A .
c r y s t a i i z e d i n 1885 when t h e ~ r o v i n c i a l jo'vernment a t t e m p t e d t o - -
b u i l d i m m i g r a n t s h e d s on t h e i r r e s e r v e w i t h o u t t h e B a n d ' s -
... c o n s e n t . . After a b r i e f c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h Mie D e p a r t m e n t o f - i - .
I n d i a n A f f a i r s i n Ottawa, 3. Trutch a u t h o r i z e d c o n s + r ? l c t i o n of
i m m r g r a n t b ~ i l d i n ~ s . 4 6 H e f a i l e d , h o w e v e r , t o g a i n t h e S o n g h e n s
a p p r o v a l , e 7 T r u t c h u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e S o n g h e e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o -
preserve t h e i n t e g r i t y of their r e s e r v e a n d proceeded w i t h t he
c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t ,
Not u n t i l the l u m b e r was d e l i v e r e d t o t h e s i t e , d i d t h e
S o n g h e e s l ea rn of t h e ~ o r ~ s t r u c t i o n p l a n , A Songhees d e l e g a t i o n - A 6
i m m e d i a t e l y met w i t h P o w e l l , who reassured t h e m t h a t their
c o n s e n t was n e c e s s a r y ' b e f o r e acy l a n d c o u l d ' b e t a k e n . Chief I
S k o m i a x , r e m i n d e 3 P o w e l l of the a g r e e m e n t w h i c h t h e S o n j h e e s
made w i t h James D o u ~ l a s . Skowiax s t a t e d t h a t ' the r e s e r v p was t o o --
smal l d l ~ e a d y , and t h a t t h e Spn-ghees d i d n o t w a n t a o y more l a n d L
t a k e n f r o m t h e m , T h e y f e l t t h a t , t h e marine h o s p i t a l and t h e
leases r e p r e s e n t e d t o o a u c h u s u r p t i o n of t h k i r l a n d : * n T h e
S o n g h e e s t o o k the case t o c o u r t , whe re a J u d g e d e c i d e d i n . t h e i r
f a v o u r , a n d t h e s h ~ d c o n s t r u c t i c n was h a l t e d , 4 9 v
T h e S o n g h e e s were s u c c e s s f u l on t h e i m m i g r a r i t shed i s s u e ,
h u t t h e y were n o t a s s u c c e s s f u l i n p r e v e n t i n g e n c r o a c h m e n t b y s
r a i l w a y s - 5 0 T h e S o n g h e e s o ~ , w s e d the u s e of r e s e r v e l a n d f o r t h e
E s q u i m a l t and N a n a i m o R a i l w a y , but u n l i k e the case of t h e
2. i m m i g r a n t s h e d - , t h e Songhees d i d n o t h a v e a l e g a l a r g u m e n t t o
( r e l y o n to p r o t e c t t h e i r r e s e r v e . 5 1 A c c o r d i n g t o t h l I n d i a n Act, v
a s u r r e n d e r was n e c e s s a r y f o r l a n d t a k e n outtp;lf)f a r e s e r v e b u t C-, r a i l w a y d e v e l o p m e n t Gas e x c l u d e f i f r o m this c o n d i t i o n , T h e r e f o r e
while a S o n g h e e s surrender v a s n e c e s s a r y f o r a c q u i r i n g l a c d f o r
t h e i m r c i j r a n t s h e d s i t was n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r r a i l w a y d e v e l o p m e n t
o n t h e reserve.52
While f e a r f u l of f u r t h e r e x p r o p r i a t i o n b e c a u s e - o f t h e i r
p r i m e c i t y l o c a t r o . n , t h e S o n g h e e s c o n t i n u e d t o ref u s e requests ,
t o lease s e c t i o n s o f t h w e s e r v e . T h e y r e f u s e d t o g r a n t a n y o f ,
t h e r e s e r v e f o r 3 s w i i m i n y ~ o o l o r a p a r k , d e s p i t e the
- possibility of t h e i r own e n j o y m e n t ~f t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s . 5 3 The
Son yhees a l s o r e j e c t e d p r o p o s a l s f o r wa t e r f r o c t ' d e v e l o p m e n t
r e q u e s t e d by t h e Harbour B o a r d . * 4
&J
T h e S o n q h e e s r e s i s t e d piecem~al e n c r o a c h m e n t on t h e i r I
r e s e r v e , b u t b y 1916 t h e r e were r e a l f e a r s of l o s i n g t h e whole
resesve t h r o u g h e x p r o p r i a t i o n , T h e E s q u i m a l t a n d N a n a l m o R a i l w a y
% w a n t e d t o e x p a n d i t s facility, a n d t h e C a n a d i a n P a c i 5 - i " ~ Railway- *
a l s o d e s i r e d s i z e a b l e t r a c t s of l a n d f o r a t e r m i n a l . 5 5 T h e
~ o n ~ h e e s p a s t e x p e r i e a c e s ult,h. o v e r n m e n t ilnd r a i l w a y o f f i c i a l s
a l e r t e d them ' t o t h e possibility o f t h e t o t a l e x p r o p r i a t i o x ? of
t h e r e s e r v e ,
: N o t only h a d t h e r e s e r v e .chdnged i n p h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s , i
b u t t h e s u r r o u n d i n g 1 a n Z s c a F e was a l s c t r a n s r o r m e d . A p o ~ u l o u s
s p o r t city' s u r r J u n d e d t h e S c n ~ h e e s r e s e r v e , V i c t o r i a c i t y h a d
a m a l g a m a t e d w i t h V- ic tcr ia Hest, 3 n d t h e r e s e r v e was s i t u a t e d i n
t h e m i d d l e d f t h i s c i t y , I n d u s t r i a l a n d r e s i i l e n ' k i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
s u r r o u n a e d t h e u r b a n Eeeerve, 5 6
.. T r a d i t i o n a l r e s o u r c e sites were l o s t t o e x p a n d i r t g
s e t t l e m e n t . d e v a s t a t i n g f o o d r e s o u r c e -d
r e s t r i c t i o n f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t began t o c o n -
t r o l t h e f i s h e r i e s , An r n c r e a s i n g aumber o r fishing r e g u l a t i o n s
s l o w l y r e d u c e 3 t h e - S o n g h e e s c a t c h , s 7 Joe E t i e n n e d e s c r i b e d t h e
effect o f these r e y u f a t i o n , s o n t h e S o n g k e e s when h e r e p o r t e d ,
"many now c a n o n l y g e t f i s h t o e a t a n d now Qe a re t o l d we m u s t
h a v e p e r m i s s i o n t o t a k e fish, b u t may n o t sell a n y , " S a
After 1930, some of t h e s o c i a l d y n a m i c s of t h e Sand a l s o - o n d e r w e n t c h a n g e . Z n t e r n a l l y t h e r e l o c a t i o n issue . c o n t i n u e d t o
%, E l i v i d e t h e Band, 5 9 I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e i n t e r a a l . d i f f e r e n c e s ,
t h e s o n g h e e s r e l a t i c n s w i t h the visiting n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s b e g a n
t o d e t e r i o r a t e . T h o u g h t h c s t r a i n e d r e l a t i o u s were n o t m a r k e d b y
v i o l e n c e a s i n t h p a s t , t h e S o n j h e e s r e s e n t e d t.he p r e s e n c e o f
t h e v i s i t - i n g ~ I n d i s n s . T h e y r e d l i z e d t h a t t h e s e I n d i a n s
c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e p o o r i m a g e o f t h e S o n g b e e s i n Victor ia .
Camped i n s a k e - s h i f t d w e l l i n g s , ; h e n o r t h e r n i n d i a n s l i v e d ir, . . yc
q u e s t i o n a b l e s a n i t a r y c o n d i t l o c s o n t h e reserve, I n T89Q t h e
s q u a l l o r o f t h e camp s i t e was a p p a r p n t a n 3 the S o n g h e e s --LJ
r e q u e s t e d t h e r e m o v a l o f t h o n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s - 6 0
After 1893, t h e S o n g h e e s were b a d l y e f f e c t e d b y t h ~
d e p r e s s e d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s i n V i c t o r i a c i t y Zn p a r t i c u l a r ,
a n d X o r t h A m e r i c a i r : g e n e r a l . T h e . edonomicc r e c e s s i o n yas p a r t i c - I
u l a r l y h a r d o n t h e t h e s i c k a n d the e l d e r l y . A t the Band's
s p r i n g m e e t i n g s of 1 8 9 4 a n d 4995 , Songhees leaders expl3ined , t h e
e f f e c t of t h e r e c e s s i o n . , J o e E t i e n n y N t e d t h a t , "times h a v e
been v e r y bad i n , V i c t o r i a a n d n e a r l y a l l ~f u s who u s e d t o g e t
w o r k i n t h e t o w n dannot now g s t a d a p t s wor.ktUdl A slump i n the
e c o c o m g c o m b i n e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d i m m i g r a t i o n made competition f o r
j o b s i n t e n s e . Indians were d i s c r l m i n a t e a against b y e m p l o y e r s ,
e s p e c i a y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y . G e o r g e C h i c t l a n s t a t e d , Hwhen we -'--% a p p l v f o r work people t e l l us we d o not p a y t a x e s a n d s o c a n n o t
/ get w o r k , a s . a l l t h e p u b l i c work i s k e p t f o r the p o o r white men i
just now, Not o n l y were t h e S o n g h e e s of t o n h i r e d l a s t b u t o n
-
some occasions t e y were p a r d less. According t o k-s t
u h i t q u o s u m , "1 y-ould l i ~ e t o , s ee t h e y o u n g men s a v i n g s o m e t h i n g ,
i f i t was only a d o l l a r a w e e k b u t re d c n o t get t h e s a m e w a g e s
as . w h f t e . men, n o t h a l f a s wuch."63
T i l e S o n g h e e s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y - w e r e i m p o v e r i s h e d arid
d e s p e r a t e l y i n n e e d o f a s s i s t a r i c e , i i i t h t h e l o s s o f j o b s
c o m b i n e d w i t h d e p l e t l n y f o o d r e s o u r c e s t h e y requested t h a t t h e
m o n i e s owed t o t h e m b y t h e GovPrErnen t b e p a i d t o the r r o n a P
, r e g u l a r b a s i s . T h e y r e q u e s t e d a s s i s t a n c e aga in ir! 1895, a n d i n
1997 Loinas d e s c r i b e d t h e Songhees a s b e i n g in "the ~ o o r e s t
condition ever a s t h e y once were c.mpl'cyed on t he wharves b u t now
w h i t e men a r e b e i n g h i r e d f i r ~ t . ~ 6 * i i h i l e t h e Songhees c i t y b
l o c a l e f a c i l i t a t e d e m ~ l o p m e n t i n i t i a l l y , t h e y were b e i n g
s q u e e z e d ou t of t h e l a b o u r force by g t h e r s e c t o r s o f ' t h e
p o p u l a t i o n . A t t h e t u r n o i t h e c e n t u r y , a s V i c t o r i a l o s t
e q o n o r o i c p r o r u i n e n c e t o t h c b u r g e o n i n g p o r t o f ~ a n c o u v e r ,
e i n p l o y m c n t ? r o h l e ~ s p e r s i s t e d f o r t h e S o n g h e e s . W h i l e t h e
S o n r j h e e s c o n t i n u e d t h e i r m i g r a t i o n s t o o t h e r p l a c e s of
e m r l o y m e n t t h e decline i n t h e i r wcrk i n t h e c i t y c r e a t e d
e c o n o m i c d i f i i c u l t i e s , - I n t h e mi3st o f t h e s t r a r n e d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s t h e
i e l e c t i o ~ o f a new l e a d e r s i g n a l l e d c h a n g e s i n t h e ScngCees p o s i - /
t i o n of r e s i s t i n g r e l o c a t i o n . A c h a n g e i n l e a d e r s h i p i n d i c a t e d a
b r e a k w i t h v a l u e s a n d a t t i t u d e s p r e v i o u s l y , h ~ l d h y t h e l e a d e r s
of t h e Band, It was t h e S o n g h e e s e l d e r s who r e m e l a b e r e d 'the .. l e a s i n g f i a s c o a n d refused t o n e g o t i a t e w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t .
T h e y were a l s o t h e s e y w n t of t h e p a p u l a t i o h who
e x p r e s s e d a n " a t t a c h m e n t f t t o t h e s i t e , T h e y r e m e m b e r e d c a m p i n g
o n t h e ~ 0 r - g ~ a n 3 t h e e x i s t e r i c e o f t h e " o l d r e g e r ~ e . ~ B y 1894
o n l y t h r e e o f t h e € a n d c o u c c i l c r s r e m e m b e r e d t h e s e t i s t o f i c a l - .
roo t s a n d b y 1<10 $11 of these mer? h3d d i e d . 6 5 a
I r 1894 Eichael Cooper was elected C h i e f , - s b H e ' u a s the
f i rs t S n n g h e e s l e a d e r t o b e e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o the p r o c e d u r e s
o u t l i n e d i n t h e I n d i a n A c t , 47 B e was n o t r e l a t e d t o 3ny p a s t
s o n g h e e s Chlefs,68 his m o t h e r was a S o n g h e e s from S a n J u a n
I s l a n d a n d h i s f a t h e r was a G r e e k s a i l o r . 69 he s p o k e a n d n r o t e
E n g l i s h . D e s p i t e c o m p e t i t i o n f r c n k ' i l l ie J a c k , w h o c l a i m e d t o b e . t h e h e r d i t a r y s u c c e s s o r t o t h e c h i e f s h i p , C o o p e r uon t h ~
e l e c t i o n i n 1894. He was r e e l e c t e d i n 1 8 9 7 , d e s p i t e a n o t h e r
c n a l l e n g e f r o m J a c k . He resigned i n 1 9 0 2 b e c a u s e o f a
c o n t r o v e r s y r e j a r d i n g a v i o l e n t o u r b u r s t with a n o t h e r b a n d ,
member, n e v e r t h e l e s s h e was reelected a s "Chick f o r l i f e w i n
w i l i y j a c k o p p o s e d C o o p e r a s Chief i n e v e r y e l e c t i o n , He
l e a d a s o a l l g r o u p who s u p ~ o c t e d h i m a s the h e r e d i t a r y C h i e f o f
the B a n d - J a c k u a s t h e s o n o f Chief C h a r l e y F r e e z i e a n d
w T s u l l a c e N a n d likely t h e g r e a t g r a n d s o n o f t h e l e g e n d a r y C h i e f
" K i n g F r e e ~ y . " ~ 1 J a c k a n d his s u p ~ o r t e r s o p p o s e d a r e l o c a t i o n ,
T h i s g r o u p b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s l a n d was t h e Band's from time --
i n t r a e n o r i a l a n d c o u l d n o t be s o l d . 7 2 Jack was not o n l y o p p o s e d t o . .
t h e r e l o c a t i o n of the S o n g h e e s , he was c o n c e r n e d a b o n t the
Indian l a n d question i n the p r o v i n c e , I n 1 9 0 9 h e j o i n e d other
C h i e f s i n t h e P r o v i n c e e n t r e a t i n g P r e m i e r flcBride t o a c k n o w l e d g e
. I n d i a n Land c l a i m s , He a n d T h o m a s J a m e s s i g n e d a p e t i t i o n which
s t a t e d t h a t I n d i a n t i t l e t o t h e l a n d i n B r i t i s h c i&lunbia was
n e v e r e x t i n g u i s h e d . 7 3
J Jack a n d C o o p e r d i f f e r e d o n t n e r e l o c a t + i o n i s s u e a n d t h e y
were a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t r e l i g i o u s d e n o m i n a t i o n s .
Wil l ie Jack's f a m i l y were Met h o ? i s t s , while Y i c h a e l C o o p e r t s
were Fomdn C a t h o l i c . ?* J a c k r s p o s i t i o n r e g a r d i n g I n d l a n l a n d
c l a ims was c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e l o s t u r e of o i6er B e t h o d i s t
4";. -
I n d i a n s and m i s s i o n a r i e s a t t h i s time,
J a c k a n d t h e l l d i s s e n t e r s n , a s t h e A g e n t c a l l e d t h e m , were \ advised h y t o e Y e t b c d i s t m i n i s t e r C h a r l e s T a t e , 7 6 who i n f o r n e d
t h e s o n g h e e s t h a t t h e y had a l e q a l r i g h t t o s t a y on $ h e r e s e r v e
a n d - - ~ t n t t n o o n e c o i ~ l d f o r c e t h e m off. 7' Dal l a s H e l m c k e n f o u n d -_ - -- -- ~~
P - --- - -
t h i s host d i s t r e s s i c g a•’ ter a l ~ - F & - r o k k @ a t h a d g o n e i n t o t h e --- -- -- --
--
r e f o c a t i 3 n d e a l . T a t e wanted t o b u i l d d Y e t h o d i s k ' c h u r c h o n t h e - - - -
r e s e r v e , b u t H e l m c k e n i n f o r m e d him t h a t " t h e B a n d dir t n o t w a n t a
second c h u r c h a t t h e new site,1' T h e d i s s e n t e r s were n o t
c o n s u l t e d , t h o u g h t h e y ~ r o b a h l y w o u l d h a v e s u p p o r t e d l a t e ' s
r e q u e s t , '13 - D e s p i t e J a c k ' s c h a l l e n g e s , C o o p e r ' s p o w e r a n d i n f l u e n c e was
n
d e m o n s t r a t e d i n h i s n u m e r o u s r e e l e c t i o n s a s C h r e t , I n t h e
S o n g b e e s s o c i e t y h e p o s s e s e d a new k i n d of wealth a n d a new k i n d
of power. H e was f l n a n c i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l a n d h e d e m o n s t r a t e d 'nis
wealth, 963 p o s s e s s e d t h e l a r g e s t and b e s t f u r n i s h e d h o u s e on the f -
r e s e r v e , 7 9 C o o p e r t s power o v e r t h e S o n g h e e s was extensive, O n . *
o n e o c c a s i o n , w h e n h e l e a r n 4 or a v o z a n who o2posed his p o s l -
t i o n r e g a r d i n g r e l c c a t i o n h e delete4 h e r h a ~ e iron t h e h a n d
l is t , 2nd d e n i e d h e r r i g h t t o c c i l e c t p a p m e r i t when the aand sold
the reserve. 9 0 e3
Cooper also r e c e i v e d a sa l , - i r y f roa the Department o f I n d i a n
A f f a i r s f o r his se rv ices a s a l i a i s o n p e r s o n a n d a s constable
fo r t h e 3and , When r e q u e s t i n g a n i n c r e a s e in s a l a r y fcr C o o p e r ,
D a l l a s H e l m c k e n p o i a t e d t o Cuo~er's v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e t o the
l o c a l Indian Agent, C o o p e r acte'd a s ail i a t e r i n e d i a r y b e t v e e n the
---, D e p 3 r t m e n t o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s and o t h e r I n d i a n g r o u p s . He was
i n f l u e n c i a l a r n p n g s t t h e s e g r o u p s a s well a s t h e S o n g h e e c . 8 1 .In
p , x - - t h e s p r i n g p r i o r t o t h e r e l o c a t i g n d e a l , B e l m c k e n wrote t o Agent
I.A. R o b e r t s o n , '$1 need h a r d l y p c i n t OW to y o u t h e aaay reasons
w h i c h can be p r o p e r l y a d v d n c e d f o r giving t h e C h i e f an incredse
i n s a l a r y a n d i t seems t o me t h a t i n view of t n e c o n t e a p l a t e d
? h a a g e s f t h e r e o would D e g r s a t e r r e s p o n s i s i l i t i e s o n t h e C h i e f ' s
- - - . - s h o u l d e r s t h a n h i t h e r t o h a s S e e n t h e case,, , h e [ Coope r ] is L
c o n s u l t e d b y a f % t h e s u r r o u n d i n g chiefs in a a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g
, t h e i r k e l f a r e . I fa2
C o o p e r r e s i s t ~ d reinoval t h m q h . the 139C)'s a n d i n t o t h e
twentieth c e - n t u r y , H e r e q u e s t e d t h a t , t h e sum owed t h e Soi iyhees \
b y the Esquimalt a n d Nanaimo Railway Be' p a i d . C o o p e r t o l d Lomas
in 1895 that t h e Soncjhees v c u l d not be e x p e r i e n c i n g the grave
economic s i t l r a t i s n i f t h i s f a i l w a y had p a i d them compensation
for l a n d e x p r o p r i a t e d in 1886, f f3 C o o p e r coseplitined agdL~t ie
1897, a n d i n 1910 D a l l a s C e l m c k e n learned t h a t the r a i l way still a
oweJ t h e Songhees moneg.84 C o o p e r r e f u s e d t o n e g o t i a t e a inove i n - I
190 1, 1906, 1937, a n d 1908 u ~ l e s s t h e xoney owgd ' t h e S o n g h e e s
was ? a i d , b
While B i c h a e l Cooper t ook a h a r d line r e g a r d i n g t h e
.. Son 3hees rercov31 h e also a c t e d i n h r s own interests, A t a p u b ' l l c
a c c o u n t s i n q u i r y h e l d in 1915 t o i n v e s t i g a t e a l l e g e J ficancial
i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s r e l a t e d t o t h e S o n g h e e s removal , i t was l e a r n e d
t h a t C o o p e r r e c e i v e d several large s u m s of money b e s i d e s t h e
310,000 g r a n t e d e a c h f a n i i y - 8 s Xhat h e d i a w i t h t h e money was
u n c l e a r . According t o a rc=port i n thk C o l o ~ i s t , Cooper r e c e i v e d
a 1 3 r g e a m o u n t t o p a y t h e n e ~ b e r s o f the b a n d c o o n c i l t o s t a y i n
town ,fgr the r b l a r a t i o n r : eyo t i a t i ons . E v i d e n t l y C o o p e r d i d not
p a y t h e c o u n c i l l o r s , a n d i t appears t h a t h e Kept t h e money. Hhen
the councillors learned of this travesty t h e y v e r P very i r r a t e ,
When C o o p e r r e t c r n ~ c 7 fron, a f i s h i n g t n p , the c o u n c i l l o r s met
him o r t h e shore of t h e t a r l a u r aud th-rough loud and a n g r y
a r g u i n ~ c o n v i n c e d C c o p e r t o pay them "$75 p e r h e a d , n s 6
Cooper also r e c e i v e d a n additional $28,0090.0087 t h rough
t h e s a l e of t h e reserve.88 T h i s was h i s s a l a r y f o r h i s work a s
an 3 r b i t r a t o r i n t h e aea l . Hhether Cooper used t h i s raoney t o
i n f l u e n c e t h e voting members o f the b a n d i s n o t clear. A t t the
i n q u i r y i n an a t t e m ~ t t o c l a r i f y this, &he d z p o s i t s a n d
withdrawals of C o o ~ e r ' s bank a c c o u n t were i n v e s t i g a t e d . Aowever,
t h i s search d i d cot provide a n y i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n ? t h e
d i s p e r z s e e n t & t h e m n e y pax& tcrecqier.%* Deputy rtini-st~r of
J u s t i c e , J. Dl Helean, a . l so r e q u e s t e d t h a t c h a r g e s of Cooper's
t h e Indian A g e n t noted t h a t t h e a l i e g a t i a n s r e j a r d l n j C o o p e r ' s
s u s p e c t e 3 i m p r o p r i e t y cane i ron the d i s s e n t i n g f a c t i o n m- t h e
Band, a d t h a t a s f a r a s was known they c o c l d c o t b e v e r l f l e d - 9 0 v
#
Neither the D e p a r t m e n t c s i n v e s q g a t i o n o r the p u b l i c a c c o u n t s I
~ c q u i r y was a b l e t o s u b s t a r t i a t e any of of the a l l e g a t i c n s 1
, I r e g ~ r d i n g c o o $ e r t s b e h a v i o r . i f h i l e j u s t i c e o f a s o r t was
a d a i n i s t e r e d b y h i s owr? p e e r s on t h e a ' s h o r e o f the h a r b o u r ,
Cooper.-was n o t f o u n d g u i l t y o f n i s u s i n y t h e a o n e y h e was p a i d
t
2 h i l e C o o p e r a p p e a r s to h a v e a c t c d a s t h e governmentas
a.3ent i n t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , a t the same titee, h e held o u t for
w h a t h i s e l d e r s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i a p o r t a n t . C o o p e r s o u g h t a n d ob-
t 3 i n e d a n a g r e e a b l e c a s L se t t le .o&t f o r l a n d s p r e v i o u s l y s o l d .
" ' T h o u g h he r e c e i v e d e x t r a payaent f o r himself, i t was n o t ,
uncommon f o r a chief t o receive f i n a n c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n f o r - - l i a i s o n work. S u c h payment a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e i n d i v i d u a l @ s s t a t u s
a n d p o w e r , T h o u g h ~ o o ~ e r ' a ~ ~ e a r s t o h a v e ac ted i n h i s own
i n t e r e s t s when n e g o t i a t i n g t n e a e a l , i n r e t r o s p e c t p e r h a p s h i s
J decisions were timely. C o o p e r v a s aware o f g r o w i n g i a p h t i e n c e ;h
o v e r t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e reserve, U e was a l s o auare o f t h e .r -
possibility of the e x ~ ~ o p r i a t i o n o f t h e reserve b y t h e C a n a d i a n
Pacific R a i l w a y . H i s d e c i s i o n t o n e q o t i a t e a d e a l a n d p u s h f o r a
S o n g h e e s s u r r e n d e r ~ e r h a p s e n a b l e d t h e S o n g h e e s t o rece'ive a - - - - - - - - -
c a s h p a y s e n t r a t h e r t h a n nothing, a s might h a v b b e e n t h e case if
they d e l a y e d their d e c i s i o n u n t i l t h e reserve was expropriated,
3 y 1910,. t h e g e o g r a p h i c , s-ocial a n d ecouoaic a d v a n t a g e s of
t h e c i t y l o c a t i c o f c r S o n g h e e s h a d d e t e r i o r a t e d , This, c o m b i n e d b
w i t h t h e l e a d e r s h i p of C o o p e r , who f a v o u r e d r e l o c ~ a t i o n ' o n cer-
t a i n terms, l e a d t o 3 ' f o r m a l s u r r e n d e r of their c i t y r e s e r v e , 1
L
& ? h e y a c c e p t e d a c a s h sektlemect xor their l a n d and moved t o a
- new s i t e i p E s q u i m a l t , T h i s locale p o s s e s s e d g e o g r a p h i c , s o c i a l , L
L_
a n d e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e s The new S o n g h e e s reserve was adjace<t , '
t o the w E s q u i r n a l t " Soxighees famllyg s reserve and was w " i t h i n the
p r e c o n t a c t territorg claimed b y t h e B a ~ d . The r e s e r v e p o s s e s s e d e z
f y t o t e c t e d u a t e r , t r o n t a g e a n d was a c c e s s i b l e t o t e a r e a s t o 9 which the S o n g h e e s m i g r a t e d . E m F l o ~ i ! I e n t existed i n a c a n c e r y and
sawmill and E s z ~ u i m a l t i a s linked t o V i c t o r i a c i t y b y r o a d . T h i s
was a n i ~ p o r t a n t f a c t o r f o r t h o s e S o r g h e e s still e m p l o y e d i n t h e
c i t y as well a s f o r P t h o s e w i s h i c g t o b u y a n d sellh g o o d s i n I 4
~ i c to r i a .
T h o u g h t h e &h scrtlement a c c e p t e d b y the ~ k q h - e e s might \
b e judged i n s u f f i c i e n t 8by t o d a y ' s s t a n d a r d s , it was v a s t l y 0
gre3ter t h a n a n y ' p r e v i o u s o f f e r , T h e S o n g h e e s c a s h demands
n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e f e d e r a l gavercaent t o p a s s s p e c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n ,
t h e S o n g h e e s R e s e r v e Bill., t o al low for d i r e c t p a y m e n t of t h e
larje s u ~ t o i n d i v i d u a l ~ o n ~ h e e s f a ~ i l i e s , 9 2 Tse l e g i s l a t i o n is
an e x a i n p i e of g c v e r n m e n t response t o t h e S o n g h e e s a c t i v e role in
t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s for t h e i r c i t y r e s e r v e , T h e Songhees a c t i v e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n l e a d t o a d e a l which i n some s a y s r e p r e s e n t e d
I - lands t h e y h a d s o l d a n d l e a s e d ,
b
1 D e s p i t e t h e d i s c r s p a n c i e s be twben Boas, H i l l - T o u t , a n d Duff ?L s e g a r d i ~ g the number an'd l o c a t i o n of v i t l l a g e sites, t h i s loca-
t i o n was n o t - c i t e d b y a n y of t h e a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s as a v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n . .See t h e map p , x v f o r v i l l a g e sites. - I
2 T h e T c n e r H a r b o u r was a s s 9 c i a t c d w i t h b o t h t h e Kosampscm a n d the swehbwhun~ in t h e Treaties L e t w e e n t h e ' S o n q h e e s and James D o u j l a s . he. r,eserv& site, h : ~ u ~ v e r , was v i t h i n t h e Srennwhung t e r r i t o r y a c c o r d l n q . t o the t r e - a t p s ig 'nei i w i t h t h i $ g r o u p , S e e , Hudson's Bay C o E p a n y . l a n d ~ T f i c e , Y r c t o r i a . B e d i s t e r of
' . P u r c h a s e s g r o g hilLg&s i1950-5!3, ( ~ d 3 : Wss. 772, F i l e # I ) , PABC-
3 D u f f , he f o r t V i c t o r i a ' I r e a t i e s , l l p p 31i-36. Also see i h r p t e r One, pp. 14-16.
4" 3 u f f , p -42 .
5 2f ; id . '
> .
6 T h e 3 v a i l a ~ i l ) i t y of camas a t this s i t e a f t e r E u r o p e a n , penetration i n t o S o n g h e e s t e r r i t o r y i s n n c l e a r , However, b y t h e
t u r n of t h e a f tkie t w e n t i e t h c e 3 t u r y t h e camas r o o t s u p p l y was jrej t l y r e s , t r i c t e d , /-
' 7 See t h e map p.av. ~ l s o , t h e p u r c h a s e a g r e e a e n t signed b y t h e Kosampsom i n , zgqister of L a n d gucrcses, PABC.
8 ' That t h e S o n g h z e s were n o t nece,ssarilp i n t e r e s t e d i n whether a s i t e was a r a b l e o r not 1s r o i n t e d o u t i n , P o w e l l ko l a c d o n a l d , 26 :lay 1879, 3.G. 1 0 , Volume 3688. F t l e 13;8Rh-2, 3 B C I C L .
r-
9 T h i s p o l i c y o r i g i n a i l ? s p ~ l i e d t o the I z d i a n s a n d Netis of t h e N o r t h w e s t . I t was tied t o t h e a i m s of t h e Mat lonal P o l i c y . u h i c h F
r e q u i r e d t h e 'peaceful settlement o f the west- P;R.E. Group . I n d i a n a n d E o r t h e r n A f f a i r s , The Histor i_c& Development I n c ? i a n A c t {Ottawa: T r e a t i e s a r d H i s t o r i c a l R e s ~ a r c h C e n t r e , ----- -- Depar tment of Y o r t h e r u a n d I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 1978) , pp 73-77,
1 0 Powell t o Macdonald, 34 September 1886, R , L 10, Volume 3688, File 13,886-1, UACICL, A t t h i s time t h e P r i a e B i n i s t e r was a l s o the t l i n i s t e r of t h e I n t e r i o r , and acted a s - the S u ~ r i n t e n d e n t General o f I n C i a n ~ffairs,~owell r e i t e r a t e d t h e difficulty of r e l o c a t i n g t h e Songhees i n this l e n g t h y letter t o h i s S u p e r i o r ,
1 1 T h e S o n g h e e s refuged t o c o n s i d e r any a l t e r n a t e site w h i c h d i d f '
"a \
108 -
n o t ~ o s s ~ s s a d e q u a t e d o c k i n q f a c i l i t i e s , The i m p o r t a n c e o f a p r o t e c t e d bay f o r c a n o e s was d e s c r i b e d b y Jalaes D u n s m u i r in J, Dunsrouir t o H, F l o f f a t , I n d i a n O f f i c e , V i c t o r i a , 4 O e t o h e r 1888, R.G. 10, Volume 3688, Y i l e 13 ,8 t?b2t , UBCICL, Also Powell c l e s c r i h e d nJacksonls l and t1 , %i site c o n s i d e r e d by t h e Songhees , a s u n s u i t a b l e , b e c a u s e t h e r e was "no place for. c a c o e s , " P o w e i l t o Bacdonald , 1 0 August 1687, F O G , 10, Volume 3688, P i l e 13,886- 1 , U B C I C L .
1 2 ~fii&i . . A ,
1 3 3unsmui r t o Mof f a t , I ca i a r - Office, V i c t o r i a , 4 O c t o b e r 1888, 9.G. 13, Volume 3688, F i l e 13,886-1, UBCICL,
1 5 B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , L e ? i s l a t i v e Co+os&oad pee Book , 21 J u n e 1855 , ( V i c t o r i a : 3, ' do i i endof i , 1i3'56), -+ ' 6 P o w e l l t o 3 a c d o n a i d , 31 August 1980, X - G , 1 0 , Volume 3658, F i l e 13,668-1, U E C I C L ,
1 7 See C h a p t e r One, p . 6 ,
18 T h e Coloni_s t r epo r t ed s r a l s k i r m i s h e ~ a n d r r u r d e r s on t h e A , S o n g b e e s reserve, Some o f these were- d u e t o the l a r g e numbers o f - ,
n o r t h e r n I n d i a n s camping o n t h o r e s e r v e , J o h n Woolsey d e s c r i b e d h o s t i l i t i e s w h i c h m i g h t h a v e e x i s t e d i n a fictional s t o r y e n t i t l e d , "An Account o f an I n d i a n Battle a t V i c t o r i a H a r b o u r ,
4 1 8 5 9 - " Mss, PABC. After 1871 there were fewer violent s k i r n i s h e s o n t h e reserve,
1 9 J.W. ?lacKay t o Lomas, 16 J a n u a r y 1899, R.G. 1 0 , ' J o l u w 13.41, UDC TC L,
2 0 P o w e l l ' s r e p o r t i n D e p a r t m e n t of I n d i a n Affairs Annual Repor t , 1875, (Ottawa: Q u e e n ' s P r i n t e r , 1876) , p p , 44-50.
2 1 7 3 ~ ~ 1 1 t o Macdonald, 10 Awil 1886, R.G. 10, Volume 3 6 6 8 , F i l e 13,896-2, UBCICL, 1L
L
2 2 P o w e l l t o Hacdona ld , 30 %ay 1883, R . G . 113, Volume 3588, Pile l3,*886- 1, U B C I C L ? o w e l l t o ? I l cdona ld , 16 O c t o b e r 1884, R , G , ' 10, Volume 3688, F i l e 13,886-1, U B C I C L ,
2 3 Powel l t o !lacdonala, 10 A p r i l 1886, R,G, 1 0 , Volome 3 4 8 8 , Pile 13,88b-2, UBCICL. - -
t
2 4 J. S, He1 n c K e n C o r r e s p o n d e n c e Outward a n d N o t e s R e g a r d i n g t h e S o n j h e e s 1ndian5: 7885-91, Is, PABC.
2 5 i l a l l a s HelmckenA t o 2.E. R o b e r t s o n , 21 August 1903, R . G . - 10, Cow i c h a n Agency R e c o r d s , Volume 1348, UBCICL,
2 6 J o ; ~ Z t i e n o c i n Loinas, I I . 4 R e ~ c r t of 3 H e e t i n g -of t h e Songhees h B a n d , " 4 Ray 1.994,. 8.G.. 10, V o l u e ~ e 3688, f i l e 13,886-7, 8BCICL. * 2 7 PI Y c T i e r n a n t o Lomas, 2 6 August 1882, R.G, 10 , Volume 3688, F i l e 13,b96-1, U S C I C L . A l so a r e g u e s t t o r h o p s p i c k e r s gas s e n t t o t h e I n d i a n Agent i n V i c t o r i a , (no d a t e ) 1884, R.G. 10, C o w l a h a n Agency K e c o r d s , Voluae 133 1.
2 8 Yawell t o L, ~ a n ~ o u S h n e t , D e g u t y S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 5 g a y 1890 , R.G. 10, Volune 3688, File 13,886-1, I1 BC I C L . . I
3 1 P ~ w e l l ' s r e p o r t i n , C e p a r t m e n t of Indian Afta i r s P,nnnn_al P e ~ o r t , 1875 ( 0 t t a u a : - Q u e e n ' s P r i n t e r , 1876) , pp- 44-50. -- --- --- -
3 2 P o w e l l .to Ydcdazald, I f ..August l .883, E - G , 10, Y v l u m e 3688 , F i l ? 13,886-7, U B C I C L ,
3 3 *+Agree111ent t o Move tc t a d o o r o Bay1* 'R-G, 10, Volume 3686, F i l e 13,886- 1, UBCICL. A l s o , S o n g h e e s Indjans, Pocueent : A g r e e m e n t t o Yove t o C a d h o r o Bay , 7 F e b r u a r y 1881, B,cI PARC
3 4 T h i s i s the t o t a l number o f s i g n a t u r e s t o r t h e Songhues , f a ~ i l y g r o u p s i n IIlgLster g& &.aq gggchpsgz . 0c1y two of t h e
s i g r r a t u r ? ~ o n the C a d b o r o Fay Agreement a p p a r s i a i l a r i f i
p r o n u n c i a t i o n t o t h o s e on t h e treaties,
7 35 Powell t o l d c d o n a l d 1 5 A p r i l 1879,. R.G. 10, Yoluae 3 8 2 , F i l e ' 13,886-1, UBCICL. Alsc, P o w d l t o H a c d o n a l d , 31 August 1880, R , G . 10, .~o l 'ume 3688, File 13,386-1, UECICL-
&
3 6 2 0 ~ ~ 1 1 t o Macdonald , 1 4 September 1886, R.G. 10, Volurre 3688, "ile. 13,886-1, U3,CICL.
3 7 & a t l e y F r e e z i e i n " B e p o r t l894" , R.G. 10, Volume 3688, F i l e 13,996-1, [JBCICL.
3 8 Joe E t i e n n e i n * ' P f p o r t 1804mt, E.G, 70, Volume 3688, F i l e . 13 , 886- 1, USCICL.
1
39 SpoY-alth i n "i3e~ort 189GH, R.G. 10, Volume 3 6 6 8 , F i l e 13,886- 1, UBCICL.
4
4 0 3,A.J. McRenna t o Premier J I T u r n e r , 2 S e p t e m b e r 1897 , R.G, , Volume 3688 , F i l e 13,886-2, UBCICL,
4 1 A.J. Morely t o !?c3ride,, c o n t a i c e d i n a summary of c o r r e s p o n d e n c e f rom Y c B r i d e t o Y o u e l l , 11 Play 1906, R.G. 1 0 , Volume 3588, F i l e 13,886-3, UBCICL. . .
4 3 7 , D e d l e y , t o F , g l i v e r , 1 7 December 1 9 0 6 , H.G. 1 0 , V o l u m e 3683, F i l e 1 3 , 8 8 6 - 3 , U B C I C L ,
4 4 h memo 3 e s c r i b i o y the l a r d s leased o n t h e S o n q h e e s reserve i n #
P e d l e y to C r r , L a n d s and Tiff iber E r a f i c h , 46 A p r i l 1907-, F.G, 10 , Volume 3 6 8 9 , P i l e 1 3 , 8 8 6 - 3 , UBCICL, 6-
4 5 C a n a d d , D r d e r s in C o u n c i _ l , P.C,'$S, Department of 1 n d i a n A f f a i r s L a n d R e g i s t r y , 'X20987, Also ?iclean t o , V 3 w e l I , 1 4 P la rch , fi.S. 1 0 , ( n o v o l u m e ) , F i l e 1 5 , 4 5 1 , U B C I C L ,
4 6 P o w e l l t o W. S m i t h e , P r ~ m i e r , 16 October 1885, E.G.lCI, Vo lume 3 7 1 3, FiLp 2 2 , 5 6 0 - 2 , UECTCL.
4 7 i?ow;3.13 t o V a n k o u j h n ~ t , 2 0 C c t o k e r 1885, R., i;. 1 6 , V o l u m e 3 7 1 8 , File 22 ,56d -2 , U I ~ C I C L ,
- 4 8 Ib$?_ -7
4 9 D r a k f , J a c k s o n & Zelmckeri, S o l i c i t o r s , t o T r u t c k , 4 N o v ~ m b e r , 1 9 8 5 , F.G. 10, Vo1urr;e 3718, Pile 22,560-2, UBCICL, ,
5 0 If i s unclear w h e t h e r t h e S o n g h e e s T c d i a n s a g r e e d t o a l l o w the ? a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n o n t h e r e s e r v e . T h e y orposed t h e c o u - s t r u c t i o r , b u t i t v e n t a h e a d a n y w a y . M a c d o n a l d t o 1 2 P o w e l l t h a t t h e I n d i a n s v o u l d L E c o m p e n s a t e d f o r e x p r o p r i a t e d l a n d , b u t I h a v e . s o u n d no c v i d e n c e t h a t t h i s c o m p e n s a t i o n uas e v e r p a i d t o t h e S o n g h e e s , ' l a c d o n a l d t o P o w e l l , ' 7 D e c e n b e r 1885 , R,G. 10, V o l u n e 3712, F i l e 2 2 , 5 6 0 - 2 , UBCILL,
51 r ? u e s t l o r , s r e g a r d i n g t h e r i g h t o f t h e E s q u i m a l t . a n d h'anaimo S a i l w a y t o e x p r o p r i a t e p a r t of t h e S o n g h e e s r e s e r v e were a d r 3 r e s s e . I b y D c u u t y P f i n i s t e r or J u s t i c e , 3, Sedgewick. X. S e d j f w i c k t o V a n k o u q h n e t , 31 J d n u a r y 1 8 9 3 , R.G. 1 0 , C o u i c h a n Agency , Volume 1 3 4 2 , UBCICL,
G 5 2 P.R.E.Group , H i s to r ica l Devc+op@pt of the I d d i a n &$, p . 4 4 ,
53 F i t n e s s I n s t r u c t o r t o I n d i a r * A g e n t , V i c t o r i a , A p r i l 1 9 0 9 , P.G. 1 0 , Volumo > 3 6 8 9 , F i l e 1,3,58b-3, UBCICL.
& + 5 4 V i c t c r i a aoa rd o f T r a d e . t o L a u r i e r , 15. F e b r u a r y 1 9 0 5 , Premiersi i a p e r s , # 8 3 5 , PARC.
5 5 The E s q u i i i t a l t a n d Nanaimao Zailwap. p r e s s e d t h e f e d e r a l g o v s r n m e n t for m o r e l a n d o n t h e S o n g h e e s , Reserve t h r o u g h o u t t h e l89CI8s , T h e tirst hints o f total e x p r o p r i a t i o n o c c u r r e d i n 1894, A p r o ~ o s a l for e x p r o p ~ i a t i o n uas p u t f d r w a r d i n the L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e r e b l y a n d repqrted i n t h e C o l o n i s t , 2 F e b r u a r y 1894 , Also, j u s t p r i o r t o t h e S o a g h e e s r e l o c a t i o n , t h e victoria.^^ T i m e s r e p o r t e d that t h e r e was a strong p o s s i b i l i t y of e x p r o p r i a t i o n by
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7 4 i fCensu , r of t h e Scnc jhees B ~ n d , O n S o n g h e e s reserve, Yade Xoveaber 21-25 , 1910 , " I?.;, 1 0 , Volume 3690 , F i l e 13 ,866-4 , VBC ICL,
7 5 T h i s a s s x i a t l o n is e l a b o r a t e d i n Clarence H, 9 0 1 t 8 "Thomas C r o s b y ar!? t h e T s i t p s h i a u or Port S i m p s c n , 1'374-1897,qi Y , A . T h e s i s , Simon 7 r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , 19'31.
? 7 6 T d t ~ w i t n e s s e d J a c k ' s m o t h e r ' s t r a c s f e r oi aer s h a r e of the '
~ a y m e n t for t h e reserve. 9rs, C h . F r e e z i e to the I n d i a n Agent , 1 'I Yay 191 1, E.G. 1 0 , Vol, 3 6 9 d , * ~ i l e 13,886-4, U B C I C L .
7 7 D . H e l m c k e n t o 3 e v . C - Ta te , 2 7 ; l a r c h 1.311, R.G.lg, 7f i1 .734'3 ,
d F i l e 197, UBCICL.
7 9 C o l o n i s t , 1 4 A p r i l 1907, p - 9 .
80 C i r o l i n e t o h e r s i s t e r , 23 b c c e m b e r 1907 , f o r w a r d e d by t h e I n d i a n Agent , 3.2, 10, Vo1-1345, (no f i l e ) , 'JHCZCL. *
8 1 Y . C o o p e r t o I . A . RoDer t som, 2 2 i?;&c:i 1910 , E.G. 10, C o w i c h a n Agpncy, V o l u m e 1 3 4 9 , #127, U d C I C L . . I \'
8 3 ' l i c h a e l C o o p e r i n "Hinutes 1895,f1 F , G . 10, vo l t i ne 3088 , P l l e 13 ,886 - 1, UBC1CL.- '
8 4 V o w ~ f l t o Lomas, 1 9 3 c c e ~ b e r l 8 S 8 , P.G. 16 , C o w i c h a n Agency, V o l u a e 1341 , UBCICL. Also, f i e l m c k e n t o Y c B r i ? e , 7 7 O c t o b e r 1910 , . 18, Voluse 3 6 8 8 , F i l s 13,PSh;-U, UBCICL.
8 s C o l o n i s t , 1 7 Y a r c h 1916 , 2.2.- \
R6 Vic tor& Daily Tines, 3 A p r i l 19 16, *
137 ,,-, C o l o n i s t 8 2 2 Harch 1916,
8 9 victorja Daily !I5ggs, 2 1 , i3arch 1316.
" 9 --- V i c t o r i a --- Dai ly - , I Times 6 A p r i l 1316. -
9 0 d c l B a n t o - D i - t c h b u r n , 28 July 191 1, H 10, V o l u m e 3690, File -
13,986- 4 , U D C I C L .
9 1 V i c t o r i 3 Dala_ll Times, 2 4 3 a r c h 1916 , p -7 -
9 2 3liver t o McBride , 4 November 1910 , E.G. 1 0 , Volume 3638, F i l e 13 ,886-4 , UBCICL,
C o n c l u s i o n
F o r t h e S o n r j h e e s I n d i a r i k , n d t u r e iri a l l its s p l e n d c u r a cd
a d v e r s i t y h a d a p r o f o u n d ef l e c t or, t h e i r w o r l d - v i ew a n d culture,
T h e i r e ~ v i r c n m c n t , ~ specifically t h e la113 arid i t s resources, was
i m p o r t a n t - i n the lives of t h e Sunyhees, T h e fundamental r o l e of
t h e l a n d i n t h e s o n g h e ~ s l i v e s i n t l u e n c e d t h e l r r e g o t i a t i o n s
\ r e g a r d i n g it. T h e S o n g h e a s idere a n e n a b l e t o the i n i t i q l a n d 3 t
d e a l s h u t s u b s e q u e n t l y a c t i v e l y r e s i s t ed d t t e m p t s to
f r o 3 t h e i r c i t y l o c a t i o n . \
T h e S a n g h e e s r e s i s t a n c e r e s u l t e d p a r t l y from t h e i r
s u s p i c i . o n of - t h e goverpment's i n t e g r i t y i n I a n 2 n e c ; o t i a t i o n s , v
T h e c o l o n i a l g o v e r n m e n t h 2 d p r o u i s e d p a y m e n t f o r t h e s a l e a n d
l e a s i n g o f t h e i r l a n d , k u t t a i l e d t o fulfill t h e terms a g r e e d
u p o n , i q h i l e r e l a t i o n s between t h e ' ~ u r o ~ e a n s a n d the S o n g h e e s --i
a p ? e a r e d a m i c a b l e d u r i n g the e o n t a c t a n d e a r l y settlemefit e ra ,
t h e s o n g h e ~ s became suspicious a n d h o s t i l e toward the E u r o p e a n s
r e g a r d i n g t h e i r l a n a ,
The S o o g h e e s r c s i s t s n c e to r e l o c a t i o n was a l s o b a s e d u p o n
t h e a d v a n t a a e s t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n c f f e r e d f o r t h e Band, T h e most
i m p o r t a n t o f t h e s e u a s t h e S o n g h e e s b e n e f i c i a l relationship w i t h i c.
t h e e c o n o q y of t h e f o r t , a n d l a t e r w i t h that of t h e c i t y . The
S o ~ g h e e s were a b l e t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e a d v a n t a g e s of employment
at t h e f o r t w i t h t h e i r traditional m i g r a t i c n s f o r r e s o u r c e s , aud
t h u s c o n t i n u e d t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e environment of
southeastern V ~ X O U V ~ E 1slaid. If t h e y had ~t ~ e s i s t z - 8
r e l o c a t i o n t h e S o n g h e e s m i g h t n a v e b e e n g e n o v e d i n 1880, 1891,
P.
1995,.- 1001, or on n u m e r o u s o c c d s i o c s b e t w e e n . 1931 and 1909 , la -
I t t h e t u r n o f t h e . t w e n t i e t b c e n t u r y , internal a n d e x t e r n a l
c o n d i t i o n s c h a d y e d f o r t h e S o n g h e e s , c a u s i n g t h e m t o r e e v a l u a t e
t - h ~ i r reas&s f o r r e s i s t i n g r e l c c a t i o n . Under new l e a d e r s h i p and > - -
f a c i n g v e r y d i f f e r e n t e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s , t h e S o u g h e e s p o s i t i o n
r e g a r d i c ~ r e l o c a t i o n b e g a n t o waiver , As F r e s s u r e f o r t h e i r
r e m o v a l m o u n t e d from r e s i d e n t a 1, c o m m e r c i a l , m u n i c i p a l , and
governmet i t interest g r o u p s t h e S o n g h e e s c o n s i d e r e d a r e i o c a t i o n .
A l t h o u g h t h e r e was d i s s e n t i o n a r c o n g s t the Pancl members, t h e
m a j o r i t y a g r e e ? . t o s u c r e n d P r t h e reserve. T h e S o n g h e e s Chief,
f i i chae l C o o p e r , r e a l i z e d t h a t e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f the r e s e r v e was ' I
a n i m p e n d l n j p o s s i b i l i t y . While t h e S o n g h e e s r e s i s t e d a s l o n g a s
t h e y c o u l d , t h e y s u r r e n d e r e d t h e i r reserve f o r w h a t t h e y deemed
a r e a s o n a b l e cclsh s e t t l e m e n t a n d a new r e s e r v e i n a m u t u a l l y
a g r e e d uclon l o c a t i o a . T h i s a g r e e m e n t was n o t one of sim~le
c o r n 2 l i a n ' c e w i t h 4e n n A s f o r c e d o n them, T h e Songhees n e g o t i a t e d f a s e t t l e m e n t u h i c h i n sone measure r e f l ec ted t h e i r own n e e d s , A t
the same t i m G , t n a g o v e r n m e n t s r e s p o n d e d , i n p a r t , t o t h e s e
nee 3s.
F o r t h e f e d e r a l a n d p r o v i n c i a l ~ o v e r n m e n t s t h e S o n g h e e s po-
s i t i o n was an i m p e d i n ~ n t t o t h z r e l o c a t i o n t r a r ~ s a c t i o n . T h e
g o v e r n m e ~ t s d e b a t e d terms f o r t h e S o n g h e e s r e l o c a t i o n f o r e
d e c 3 d e s . T h e S o n g h e e s !were c o n s u l t e d when a n a g r e e a e n t k e t w e e n
t h e s e g o v e r n m e n t s was close at h a n d , A c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n d i a n Act
7 a S o n g b e e s surrender w a s a ne-ary step touaras rwmva3, f h e ~
\ t h e S o n g h e e s r e f u s e d t c even con-ider a move, t h e g o v e r a m e n t s ~
own hard p r e s s e d coirprcmises n e g o t i a t e d i n 190 1, 1 9 0 6 , and 1907,
co l l a p s e d . - T h e f i r a l d e a l i n 1910, l i k e those p r e v i c u s l y a r r a n g e d ,
re?rese~ltei l a c c m ~ r c m i s e . The ~ r o v i n c i a l governrne~t uas w i l l i n g
t o r e c o n s i d e r its r e v e r s i o n a r y c l a i a t o t h e o l d a n d new r e s e r v e
b e c d u s s > f r n o u n t i n g p r e s s u r e f ( ~ r t k e S o n g h e e s f e a o v a i . T h e
demand for t h e s o n g h e e s k reservz was p a r t of a p r o v i n c e wide n e e 3
9 fo r l a n d , I n c r e a s e d s e t . t l e m e n t a n d a g r o w i n g r e s o u r c e b a s e d
'--, e c o n o m y a e g e f ~ c t o r s w h i c h p l a b e d pressure on t h e l a n d a n d
resources o f t h e province, T h e S o n g h e e s , l i k e m a n y o t h e r Irdian
B a n d s were u n a b l e tc esczpe the a s s l u l t on t k i r L a n d , D u r i n g
t h e ? r o v l n c e l s d e v e l c ~ m e n t a l j e a r s a t t h e turn of t h e c e n t u r y ,
I n d i a n land was e x p r o p r i a t e d a n d c o n f i s c a t e d , a n d r e s e r v e s were
r e l o c a t e h r ~ d c u t b a c k in T h e S o n y h e e s reserve, l o c a t e d on
rriiae r e a l e s t a t e i n t h e c a p i t a 3 c i t y , was u n d e r a t t a c k from
n u m e r o u s s o u r c e s e s y : e c i a l l y from t h o s e who wisiteci t o revive t h e
w a n i n g f d r t u s o f t h e p o r t o f V i c t o r i a . @. T h e d o m i n i o n i n s i s t e d 'on d e b a t i n g the i n t e r ~ r e t a t i o n of the
T e r m s o f TJcion a n d t h ~ B r i t i s h N o r t h America A c t , a n d t h e s e
a t t e a p t s t o p r e s e r v e i ts own j u r i s d i c t i o n d i d n ~ t 3 i n g t o ~ r o t e c t
t h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a I n d i a n s from t h e a s s a u l t on their l a n d a n d
t h e i r r e s c u r c e s , T h e S o n g h e e s r e l o c a t i o n iz just one example
w h i c h t e s t i f i e s t o thls, T h o federal g o v e r n m e n t like the t
p r o v i n c i a l g u v e r n i u e n t was f a c e d u l t h m o u n t i n g ptessure on +
r e s e r v e s situated i n close p r o x i m i t y t o developing u r b a n
cer, ters. D e p a r t m e n t of I n a i a n A f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s were told t h a t :h5
I n d i a ~ s s t o o d i n t h e uay of p r o g r e s s , To prervart further
c c n f r o n t a t i o n s , a s e x e m p l i f i ~ d ' by the c a s e of t h e S o n g h e e s
reserve, t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n ~ e n t amended t h e Indian Act so t h a t a
s u r r e n d e r was n o t r t e c e s s a r y when a reserve was i n the r a y of a
d e v e l o p i n g c i t y . T h e S o n g h e e s aada n timely s u r r e n d e r b d f o r e the "
p a s s a g o a t t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n , hobever, t h e S ~ n g h e e s resistance t o
re locat ion , c o m b i n e d w i t h t h a t of many other B a n d s o c c u p y i n g . u r b a n reserves i n C a n a d i a r , c i t i e s , ~ r e c i p i t a t e d a h a r s h r e s p o n s e
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