the myers-briggs type indicator: overview, refresher, and update sponsored by the santa clara county...
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Overview,
Refresher, and UpdateSponsored by the Santa Clara County Psychological
Association
Bobbi Emel, MFTPresented by (Bobbi’s type)
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The MBTI® Instrument
was developed by Katharine C. Briggs
and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers
based on the work of Swiss psychologist C. G. Jung, who presented his psychological type theory in his book Psychological Types
(published 1921, translated into English 1923).
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Jung’s Theory
Jung believed that preferences are innate—“inborn predispositions.”
He also recognized that our innate preferences interact with and are shaped by environmental influences: Family Country Education and many others
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About the MBTI® Instrument
An indicator—not a test Looks only at normal behavior Forced-choice questions Takes about 20–40 minutes to complete No right or wrong answers—answer as
you see fit Your results are confidential
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About the MBTI® Instrument (cont.)
There are no good or bad types—all types have some natural strengths and some possible pitfalls or blind spots.
The instrument gives practical results you can use: In teamwork In communication In decision making
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Jung’s Theory
We will look at four pairs of opposites—like our right and left hands. We all use both sides of each pair, but one is our natural preference.
Jung believed that our preferences do not change—they stay the same over our lifetime.
What changes is how we use our preferences and often the accuracy with which we can measure the preferences.
The confounding variable—environment!
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Jungian Theory
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Extraversion or Introversion
The direction in which we focus our attention
and energySource: I. B. Myers, Introduction to Type®, 6th ed. (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 1998), p. 9.
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E–I
People who prefer Extraversion: Focus their energy and attention outward Are interested in the world of people and things Draw energy from being around people
People who prefer Introversion: Focus their energy and attention inward Are interested in the inner world of thoughts and reflections Draw energy from being alone
We all use both preferences, but usuallynot with equal comfort.
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People Who Prefer Extraversion
Are attracted to the outer world of people and events
Are aware of who and what is around them Enjoy meeting and talking with new people Are friendly, often verbally skilled, and easy
to know Tend to speak out easily and often at
meetings May not be as aware of what is going on
inside themselves
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People Who Prefer Introversion
Are attracted to the inner world of thoughts, feelings, and reflections
Are usually very aware of their inner reactions
Prefer to interact with people they know Are often quiet in meetings and seem
uninvolved Are often reserved and harder to get to know May not be as aware of the outer world
around them
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People Who Prefer Extraversion
Do their thinking as they speak May act and/or speak first, then (possibly)
think Tell you about themselves, speaking rapidly Give breadth to life Can get bored and restless if they’re alone
too long Can seem shallow and intruding to Introverts Need Introversion for balance
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People Who Prefer Introversion
Need time to gather their thoughts before speaking
Reflect and think before (possibly) acting Want to know you before self-disclosing Become drained and tired interacting with
people (particularly strangers) Give depth to life Can seem withdrawn and secretive to
Extraverts Need Extraversion for balance
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Extraversion or Introversion
Source: N. J. Barger & L. K. Kirby, Introduction to Type® and Change (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 2004), p. 4.
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Some Key Words Associated with
Extraversion
Action
Outward
People
Interaction
Many
Expressive
Do-Think-Do
Introversion
Reflection
Inward
Privacy
Concentration
Few
Quiet
Think-Do-Think
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Sensing or Intuition
The way we take in information and the kind
of information we like and trustSource: I. B. Myers, Introduction to Type®, 6th ed. (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 1998), p. 9.
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S–N
People who prefer Sensing: Prefer to take in information using their five senses
—sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste
People who prefer Intuition: Go beyond what is real or concrete and focus on
meaning, associations, and relationships
We all use both ways of perceiving, but we typically prefer and trust one more.
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People Who Prefer Sensing
See and collect facts and details Are practical and realistic Start at the beginning and take one step
at a time Are specific and literal when speaking,
writing, and listening Live in the present, dealing with the here
and now Prefer reality to fantasy
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People Who Prefer Intuition
See patterns, possibilities, connections, and meanings in information
Are conceptual and abstract Start anywhere and may leap over basic
steps Speak and write in general, metaphorical
terms Live in the future—the possibilities Prefer imagination and ingenuity to reality
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People Who Prefer Sensing
Like to work with the parts to see the overall design
Like set procedures, established routines Prefer practical, concrete problems and
dislike theoretical or abstract problems Can seem materialistic and too literal to
Intuitive types Need Intuition for balance
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People Who Prefer Intuition
Study the overall design to see how the parts fit
Thrive on change, new ideas, and variety Prefer imaginative new solutions to
problems and become impatient with details
Can seem impractical dreamers to Sensing types
Need Sensing for balance
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Sensing or Intuition
Source: N. J. Barger & L. K. Kirby, Introduction to Type® and Change (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 2004), p. 4.
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Some Key Words Associated with
Sensing
Facts
Realistic
Specific
Present
Keep
Practical
What is
Intuition
Ideas
Imaginative
General
Future
Change
Theoretical
What could be
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Thinking or Feeling
The way we make decisions
Source: I. B. Myers, Introduction to Type®, 6th ed. (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 1998), p. 10.
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T–F
People who prefer Thinking: Make their decisions based on impersonal, objective
logic
People who prefer Feeling: Make their decisions with a person-centered,
values-based process
Both processes are rational and we use both often, but usually not equally easily.
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People Who Prefer Thinking
Use logic to analyze the problem, assess pros and cons
Focus on the facts and the principles Are good at analyzing a situation Focus on problems and tasks—not
relationships May not include the impacts on people or
people’s emotions in their decision making
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People Who Prefer Feeling
Use their personal values to understand the situation
Focus on the values of the group or organization
Are good at understanding people and their viewpoints
Concentrate on relationships and harmony May overlook logical consequences of
individual decisions
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People Who Prefer Thinking
Take a long-term view, seeing things as an onlooker
Are good at spotting flaws and inconsistencies and stating them clearly
When required, can reprimand or fire people Believe fairness, justice, and equitability are
very important May seem cold and detached to Feeling types Need Feeling for balance
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People Who Prefer Feeling
Take an immediate and personal view of situations
Like to show appreciation and caring for others Have difficulty telling people unpleasant things Believe fairness means treating each
individual as a whole person May seem overly emotional and irrational to
Thinking types Need Thinking for balance
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Thinking or Feeling
Source: N. J. Barger & L. K. Kirby, Introduction to Type® and Change (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 2004), p. 4.
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Some Key Words Associated with
Thinking
Head
Distant
Things
Objective
Critique
Analyze
Firm but fair
Feeling
Heart
Personal
People
Subjective
Praise
Understand
Merciful
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Judging or Perceiving
Our attitude toward the external world and how we orient ourselves to it
Source: I. B. Myers, Introduction to Type®, 6th ed. (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 1998), p. 10.
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J–P
People who prefer Judging: Want the external world to be organized and orderly Look at the world and see decisions that need to be
made
People who prefer Perceiving: Seek to experience the world, not organize it Look at the world and see options that need to be
explored
We all use both attitudes, but usually not with equal comfort.
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People Who Prefer Judging
Like to make plans and follow them Like to get things settled and finished Like environments with structure and clear
limits Enjoy being decisive and organizing others Handle deadlines and time limits
comfortably Plan ahead to avoid last-minute rushes
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People Who Prefer Perceiving
Like to respond resourcefully to changing situations
Like to leave things open, gather more information
Like environments that are flexible; dislike rules and limits
May not like making decisions, even when pressed
Tend to think there is plenty of time to do things
Often have to rush to complete things at the last minute
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People Who Prefer Judging
Like rapidly getting to the bottom line and deciding
Dislike being interrupted on a project, even for a more urgent one
May make decisions too quickly, or cling to a plan
May not notice new things that need to be done May seem rigid, demanding and inflexible to
Perceiving types Need Perceiving for balance
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People Who Prefer Perceiving
Want to explore all the options before deciding
May start too many projects and have difficulty finishing them
May have trouble making decisions, or have no plan
May spontaneously change plans May seem disorganized and irresponsible to
Judging types Need Judging for balance
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Judging or Perceiving
Source: N. J. Barger & L. K. Kirby, Introduction to Type® and Change (Mountain View, CA: CPP, 2004), p. 4.
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Some Key Words Associated with
Judging
Organized
Decision
Control
Now
Closure
Deliberate
Plan
Perceiving
Flexible
Information
Experience
Later
Options
Spontaneous
Wait
The Type Table
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
ISTJ11.6%
ISFJ13.8%
INFJ1.5%
INTJ2.1%
ISTP5.4%
ISFP8.8%
INFP4.4%
INTP3.3%
ESTP4.3%
ESFP8.5%
ENFP8.1%
ENTP3.2%
ESTJ8.7%
ESFJ12.3%
ENFJ2.5%
ENTJ1.8%
The Type Table
Understanding the 16 Types
Not necessarily E + S + F + P = Type
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
STs: The “bottom-line” people.“Who, what, where, when, why, just tell me what I need to know.”
SFs: The “customer service” people“Who, what, when, where, why, how can I help everyone?”
NFs: “Possibilities for people”“I see interesting potential for people’s development and growth.”
NTs: “Possibilities for systems”“I can develop strategies for making the system work better.”
Understanding the 16 Types
ISTJ ISFJ
ISTP ISFP
ISs: “Thoughtful realists”Careful, dependable, preserve what is right and what is working. ESTP ESFP
ESTJ ESFJ
ESs: “Action-oriented realists”Readily take action to make things happen in the here and now
INFJ INTJ
INFP INTP
INs: “Thoughtful innovators”Think through the big picture, develop complex understandings.
ENFP ENTP
ENFJ ENTJ
ENs: “Action-oriented innovators”Brainstorm ideas, make connections, see new ways.
Type Dynamics
Value added:
Dynamics . . .
1. Identifies and describes the dominant function – the core of the personality
2. Clarifies what we extravert – how others see us, our communication style
3. Makes clear that every type has a part that is introverted – not seen
Type Dynamics
Dominant – our favorite, most used function
Auxiliary – our second favorite
function Tertiary - not in our type
Inferior - not in our type, the function we are least comfortable using
Type Dynamics
Dominant
Auxiliary
Tertiary
Inferior
E N F PE I
S T
JEI
I
Type Dynamics
Essential things to know:Extraverts extravert their dominant function and introvert their auxiliary function
Introverts introvert their dominant function and extravert their auxiliary function
What this means:With extraverts – what you see is what you get!
With introverts – what you see is not their most preferred function.
Type Dynamics
General = Dominant function
Aide = Auxiliary function
Extraverts: General is out front, Aide is helping
Introverts: General is in the tent, Aide is out front
Type Dynamics
Being “In the Grip”
Moderate stress: Tendency to exaggerate the dominant function
Extreme stress: May cause an eruption of the inferior function
Development of type dynamics through the lifespan
•The focus of the first half of life is on directing energy into the dominant and auxiliary functions, developing self-knowledge and competent ways to be in the world and in relationships.
•Midlife brings confusions and opportunities. The way one has always been becomes less satisfying and identity itself is questioned.
•Finally comes increased access to previously unacknowledged parts of the self, associated with the tertiary and inferior functions – the possibility of integration, wholeness, individuation.
““
Briggs Myers, I. (1985). Introduction to Type, p. 35
MBTI Forms
Form M Self-Scorable
MBTI Forms
Form M - Profile• 2 pages
- Reported type- Clarity of reported preferences- Type description
Form M - Complete• 5 pages
- Profile information- More extensive type description:
descriptors, characteristics of type, type with others, type at work, potential blind spots for type
MBTI Forms
Form M Interpretive Report
• 5 pages- Similar to the Form M Complete, except
has more detail about type description- Information about type dynamics
MBTI Forms
Form Q Step II
Explores 20 facets – 5 for each preference – that gives more information about type. May answer questions like, “Why am I an introvert if I enjoy talking so much?”
Applications in clinical practice
Increase clinician’s information regarding:
• Behavior in the therapeutic setting
• Which preferences may be underdeveloped• Client behaviors when “In the Grip”
• How to help clients become more comfortable with their preferences
• Your own preferences and how they inform your therapeutic style
Other applications
Relationships• Understand and respect differences• Recognize differing styles of focus of attention, where energy is drawn, how information is taken in, how decisions are made, and relationships to the outside worldParenting• Become more aware of child’s own emerging preferences• Recognize that parent’s type may be different than child’s and guards against assumption that what works for the parent will work for the child
Other applications
Learning styles• May help clients understand how they best take in information in a number of different settings: work, school, interests.
Problem-solving• Help clients learn which function they
tend to use in problem-solving. May encourage growth of other, less-used functions.
Other applications
Careers
• May help clients narrow fields of interest to them
Business/teamwork• Handling:
- Conflict- Change- Communication difficulties
• Increase teamwork
Accessing the MBTI forms and reports
CPP, Inc.
• Formerly Consulting Psychologists Press• Sole publisher of the MBTI
Accessing Materials• www.cpp.com• www.capt.org