the middle ages world history sr. mara rose, o.p

The Middle Ages

World HistorySr. Mara Rose, O.P.

Break Down

500

1000

1300

1500

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

Late Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages

• Rise of the Germanic kingdoms• New system of government: Manorialism• Revival of the Eastern Empire• Carolingian dynasty

Seljuk Turks

1000500 600 700 800 900

Birth of the

prophet

Muham

mad

St. B

ened

ict

foun

d mona

stery

525

570

Charlemag

ne

becomes

emperor

Fall of Rome

Otto I

becomes

emperor

962

787

Second

Council of

Nicea

622

Muslim

Calendar

begins

732

Franks

defeat

Musli

ms at

Tours

• Rise in Feudalism• New & better farming techniques• First European universities • Communal enterprises in government

High Middle Ages

William, duke of Normandy,

conquers England

13001000 1100 1150 1200 12501066

Constantinople falls

Early Middle Ages

Acre falls to the

Muslims

1291

1187

Saladin defeats

Crusaders

1163

Begin building

Notre Dame Cathedral

Late Middle

Ages

1095

Pope Urban II calls for the first crusade

1204

1215

King John signs

Magna Carta

Late Middle Ages

• The Black Death/Plague• Rise in Literature and literacy• Threat from the east of the Ottoman Empire • Increase in popular piety and religious ideas

High Middle Ages

Avignon papacy begins

1300 1350 1400 1450 15001305

Constantinople falls for the last time

1417

Great Schism

Ends

1378

Great Schism begins

Rennaisance

1347

Black Death first appears in Italy

1453

Pop-Up QuizWhat were the reasons for the fall of Rome?

A. ChristianityB. A series of events

C. Constantine

CHAPTER 9Regional Rule, Local Views, 500-750

Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750

Question of the day:

What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?


• Power vacuum: who will fill the void?– Barbarian leaders• Small political units• Independent from former Mediterranean rule• Violent and unstable

Three Civilizations, 800

What might be the consequences of the diversity among Rome’s successors?


• Kingship and Rule in Merovingian Gaul– A Father’s Estate

• Consequence: Familial Violence

– Warrior Chieftains

The sword hilts pictured here reveal the high quality of Merovingian crafts. The delicate gold leaf on the handle indicates that the king who wielded these weapons used them for display more than for battle.

Pop-Up Quiz

From your reading: After the Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed, the

a. Emphasis in western Europe was on local rule.b. Gothic tribes formed a political alliance.

c. Former provinces of the Roman Empire were run by legion commanders.d. Church stepped in to rule instead of the imperial senate.

• The Iberian and Italian Peninsulas– Visigothic Rule in Iberia

• Conversion from Arian to Roman Christianity

• Conquest by the Muslims, 718

– Italy and the Lombards• Tensions with the Church

and Pope

– Frankish Protection of the Pope


The conversion of the Visigoths from Arian to Roman Christianity made them more acceptable as rulers to the people of the Iberian Peninsula. What does the fortress-like appearance of this church suggest about the role churches sometimes played in the sixth century?

• The Decline of Trade– Economic Changes

• Decrease in Luxury Goods• Change from Gold to Silver• Heightened Self-Sufficiency

– Fewer Markets• The Decline of Cities– Little Safety in Numbers– Cities in the Italian Peninsula

• The Survival of Roman Infrastructure


Pop-Up Quiz

One of the major problems contributing to warfare in Merovingian Gaul was thatA. All branches of the family were entitled to form their own dynasty

B. All property was divided equally among descendants, instigating fights for powerC. They were on the border with the Vandals

D. There was much intermarriage between clans

• On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?


CHAPTER 8Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650

Question of the Day:

In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?

Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650

Remember: Three Civilizations, 800

Think Back/Look Back

In Chapter 7 on page 209 it discusses the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.Take a minute to look over the text.

Then with your neighbor, take 2 minutes to discuss the differences with the West.


• The Ambitions of Justinian I (r. 527-565)– Reconquest• The Campaigns of Belisarius (505-565)

– Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula

• Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs• The Costs of Empire

– Ceremony• Imperial Dignity• Empress Theodora (497-548)

– The Nika Riot, 532


Justinian’s Empire

What does this map reveal about the challenges that confronted Byzantium in its attempts to maintain Justinian’s ambitious reconquest and his plans to restore imperial glory?


• The Search for Christian Unity– Authority

• The Mystery of the Mass• The Limitations of Laity

– Belief• The Debate over the

Nature of Christ– The Condemnation of

the Monophysites

The asymmetrical eyes of this life-size icon of Jesus Christ are intended to signal Christ’s dual nature.

Pop-Up Quiz

Which was the most costly of Justinian’s economic expenses?A. Building fortifications to fend off the Slavs

B. Maintaining armies against PersiaC. Building the Hagia Sophia cathedral

D. Retaking Italy

Pop-Up Quiz

In Justinian's attempts to strengthen the church, in which he considered his power co-equal, he persecuted all of the following except the

A. MonophysitesB. Nicenes

C. JewsD. Neoplatonics

• The Codification of Roman Law– The Body of Civil Law– Family Law• The Governance of the Patria Potestas

– Commerce• The Regulating Power of Contracts



• Constantinople: The New Rome– The Grandeur of the Hagia

Sophia– The Epicenter of Commerce• Bazaars

– The Ravages of Bubonic Plague

The immense dome of Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia was meant to instill a sense of awe.

The Hagia SophiaJustinian’s Hagia Sophia dominated the urban landscape of sixth-century Constantinople and still stands out in the skyline of modern Istanbul.

• The Empire after Justinian– New Pressures• Lombards in the West• Avars in the East

– Heraclius (r. 610-641)• Reforms and Stabilization• Victory against the Persians



In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?


CHAPTER 9The Western Church, 500-800


How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

The Western Church, 500-800

• The Christianization of Northern Europe– Mission to Britain

• Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604) and Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604) – Aethelbert (r. ca. 593-

631) and Bertha of Kent – Synod of Whitby, 664

– Irish Monks• Columba (521-597)• Columbanus (543-615)• Boniface (ca. 672-754)

Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe and the British Isles. He also wrote theological works that led to his inclusion among the Church Fathers.

• The Bishops– Regional Consultation• Administration: Bishopric/Diocese, Parish, Cathedral• Masses, Tithes, and Dogma• Secular Cooperation

• The Bishop of Rome– A Prestigious Office: the Papacy and Papal States– Far-Reaching Claims• The Donation of Constantine



• Monasticism and Learning– A Way of Life and Prayer

• Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480-543)– Rules, the Divine Office,

and Cloister

– Intellectual Work• Scribes and Illumination• Bede (ca. 673-735)

– Religious Women Monks spent part of their day walking in silent contemplation around the cloister with their prayer books. In all honesty they did more than that!



How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

CHAPTER 9The Rise of Islam, 600-700 & The Expansion of Islam, 700-800

The Rise & Expansion of Islam


How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?

The Rise of Islam, 600-700

• The Setting: the Arabian Peninsula– Trade and the Caravans– The Coastal Plain and

the Towns• Mecca and the

Importance of the Kaaba– The Domination of the

Quraysh Tribe

• The Life of Muhammad (570-632)– Conversion

• The Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran)

• The Spread of Muhammad’s Message

– Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina• The Hejira, 622

– Muhammad’s Leadership and Death


During pre-Islamic times the Kaaba in Mecca served as an important destination for religious pilgrims.

• Religious Beliefs– Submission and Obedience to God’s Will– The Five Pillars of Islam• One God—Allah• Prayer• Fasting During Ramadan• Charity• The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca


• Christians and Jews: People of the Book– Contrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority– Treatment of the Dhimmi

• Muslim Families– The Practice of Polygamy– Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for Women• The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling• Opportunities: Property Management and Moral

Authority


The Expansion of Islam, 700-800

• The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion

• The Umayyad Dynasty– The Schism between

Shi’ites and Sunnis– The New Capital in

Damascus, 661

• Conquest of Persia and Byzantine LandsUnder the leadership of the caliphs,

Islam spread dramatically in the first one hundred years after the death of Muhammad.


• Conquest in the West– The Conversion of the Berbers– Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of

Gibralter– Settlement in Africa and Iberia• Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732

• The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at Baghdad

• The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba


• Islamic Civilization– The Influence of Older

Cultures and Traditions– Art and Literature

• The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca. 747-813)

– Commerce and Urban Life• The Promotion of Trade

– Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language Islamic art and architecture, as depicted in this

mosque in Cordoba, Spain, retained their distinctive features throughout the Muslim world.


How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?


CHAPTER 9Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900

Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900



• From Mayor (Major Domo) to King– The Carolingians

• Charles Martel (686-741), “the Hammer”– Tours, 732

• Pepin (r. 714-768)

– Acting Like a King

• From King to Emperor– Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

• Reviving the Title of Emperor, 800

What might the difference in the size of Charlemagne and his wife signify besides relative height?

Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 800Does the Frankish kingdom seem integrated into the old Mediterranean world or isolated from it?


• Imperial Rule– Ministerial Kingship

• Counts, Missi Dominici, and Cartularies

– A New Capital: Aachen– A Cultural Revival

• Alcuin of York (ca. 732-804)• Liturgy• Seven Liberal Arts

• The Partition of Empire– Louis the Pious– Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne spent nearly his entire reign on military campaign. Late in life, he settled in his capital at Aachen in northern Germany. This bronze statue of Charlemagne on horseback shows him wearing a crown and holding an orb.

CHAPTER 8Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071

Questions of the Day:

• What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?

• What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?


• Losses and Reforms– Territorial Decline in the South and West• The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt

– Military and Administrative Policies• Constans II (630- 668) and the Creation of Themes• Strengthening Defenses

– The Navy and Greek Fire– The Cataphracts

• Creating Dissension


• The Waning of Byzantine Society– Plague and Population

Collapse– The Decline of Education

and Literacy

• The Controversy over Icons– Leo III (r. 717-741) and

the Initiation of Iconoclasm

Icons, like this depiction of Jacob’s ladder from the twelfth century, served as a focus for worship in early Byzantine history, but few survived the period of iconoclasm.


• Irene (ca. 752-803): From Regent to Empress– Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm

• A Reorientation to the North– The Threat of the Rus• Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca. 827-869),

Methodius (ca. 825-885), and the Cyrillic Alphabet

– The Growing Muslim Threat in the South • The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071


• What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?

• What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?


CHAPTER 9Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries


Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?


• Lords and Vassals– Land Grants (Fiefs) and Fealty in Return for

Military Service in Feudal Armies• Peasants and the Manor– Working the Demesne– Serfs: Labor and Limitations– Bailiffs: Peasant Authority on the Manor

The Carolingian WorldMerchants in Europe never ceased to supply slaves to the Byzantines and Muslims. Captives were sold in the major slave markets of Constantinople, Cordoba, Rome, and Alexandria.

In which direction did most trade run? Which regions did the Vikings raid and which did they settle?


• Saracens in the Mediterranean

• Vikings in the North– The Danes and Alfred of

Wessex (r. 871-899)– The Norsemen in France– Viking Society: Sagas

• Beowulf

• Magyars in the East– Defeat at Lechfeld, 955

Seventy feet long and sixteen feet wide, a Viking long ship was capable of navigation over deep-sea water and up shallow river routes. How efficient would a vessel like this have been for carrying crew, provisions, and cargo?


• The Empire Under Otto (r. 936-963)– Religious Authority– Conquest– Provincial

Administration: Dukes

The isolated setting of the monastery at Conques in southwestern France is typical of monasteries seeking refuge from invaders and warlords.


On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?

Work Cited• Making Europe: The Story of the West. Kidner, Bucer, Mathisen McKee, and Weeks.

Cengage Learning. (Boston, 2009).

the middle ages world history sr. mara rose, o.p

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