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The Dark AgesThe Rise of the Franks



Essential Questions

1) Why do they refer to the period of 500-800AD as the

Dark Ages?

2) Where does the legend of King Arthur come from?

3) What important roles did the Franks play in Western

history?

=Terms/Events =Questions =People



By 500 AD, Barbarians had all

but destroyed the urban world

Trade declined, Roman cities

crumbled, education

disappeared

Life reverted to tiny villages and

harkened to an early era

The Dark Ages had arrived

Another term that is also used

is Medieval

It comes from the Latin

“Medium” and “Aevum” Middle

and Time

The transition between ancient

and modern



Roman territories gave way

to several barbarian tribes

Most of the tribes were of

Germanic origin

They were not the only ones

From the east [Russia]

emerged several slavic

tribes

No one knows their exactorigin

Western Slavs settled in

Poland, Czech Republic and

Slovakia



Western Slavs adoptedRoman Catholicism

Southern Slavs moved into

the Balkans

They had close ties withConstantinople and became

Eastern Orthodox Christians

A similar occurrence

happened with Eastern Slavswho settled in the Ukraine and

Russia

The only exception were

Bosnians who accepted Islam



When Rome fell, England wasleft to its own

England still had stationed many

Roman soldiers and cities

It is believed, that right after thefall, a Roman general was

crowned king

His name, according to legend,

was Arthur

He fought off many Barbarian

invaders and established order

Much about this time though

has been lost



In England, tribes were composed

of Romans, Celts, Angles, Picts

and others

The Romans, under constant

pressure to preserver against the

Barbarians, made a radical

decision

They imported a Barbarian tribe to

fight other Barbarians

They hired mercenaries Anglos and

Saxons as mercenaries

Eventually, the Anglo/Saxons won

and then turned upon the Romans

Britain became known as

“ Angland ” or England and spoke a

Germanic language



Of all the many barbarian

tribes, the most powerful onmainland Europe were the

Franks

The Franks were also a

Germanic speaking people

They were known as fierce

warriors who fought with a

great war axe

The first of the Frankishrulers were the Merovingians

In 481 AD a brutal and wily

warrior named Clovis

became king



Clovis was converted to

Christianity

Through his many military

victories many Franks

became Christians

Kings and royal courtsbegan learning Latin

When Latin and German

merged they created French

When Europe’s strongest

tribe Christianized, the

Catholic church began using

them to spread Christianity

and protect the religion



The Merovingian bloodline

began to die out by 700 AD

A new family was quickly

coming to power, the

Carolingians

Charles Martel, rode to

power on military prowess

Since 632 AD, Islam was

sweeping across the Middle

East

The Saracen army,

originating from Syria, was a

force to be reckoned with



In 711 AD, the Visigoths inSpain were embroiled in a

Civil War

The Muslims in Africa

invaded and took hold of Southern Spain

They built a Muslim capital

called Cordoba

Then pushed evernorthward eventually moving

across the Pyrenees and

into France



In 732 AD, Charles Martelmet the Muslim hoard

At risk was all of Europe

The two armies clashed at

the Battle of Tours/Poitiers

The Franks had adopted the

look of the Roman legion

They fought in a heavilyarmored square with pikes

The Saracens attacked from

horseback and with arrows



Charles Martel's menwithstood wave after wave

from the Saracen attackers

Eventually the Saracens

retreated and were pushed

back into Spain

Martel saved Europe from

Islamic expansion

Christianity would remainthe main religion of Europe

However, a military change

was taking place



The stirrup began appearingacross Europe, originating in

Central Asia

Fighting from horseback,

with a stirrup to gain betterfooting, transformed warfare

The Franks were amongst

the first to begin the

transition from foot-soldier

to knight

The Battle of Poitiers would

be the last victory with foot

soldiers until the 1400’s



In 752 AD, Pepin the Short,

son of Charles Martel, becamethe King of the Franks

The pope anointed him making

him a divine ruler

This bloodline would continueto run in the Kings of Europe

for generations

The Pope ended cooperation

with Byzantium and adopted

the Franks as his protectors

This was the beginning of a rift

between Western Catholics

and Eastern Orthodox

Christians



The Dark AgesCharlemagne and Feudalism



Essential Question

1) What three important things did Charlemagne do

that forever changed Europe?




The next great Frankish rulerwas Charlemagne. He ruled

from 768 to 814

Charlemagne expanded the

empire

He was crowned king of the

Franks in 800 AD

He was a massive man

He was very educated and

spoke, Frankish, Latin, and

Greek



Charlemagne unified all of

France, German and Italy

He had the Pope’s support

It looked as though Romewas about to be re-born

He set up schools to

educate his people

Through the church, he keptknowledge of the ancients

alive



In 814, Charlemagne died

His three sons divided his

kingdom into three sections

The dream of Rome’s re-

birth was shatteredCharles the Bald created

France

Louis the German created

Germany

Lothair, became the Holy

Roman Emperor and took

Italy and Switzerland



The Frankish rulers helped

form an interesting type of government

Society was organized into the

Feudal Order [feudalism]

At the top was the Pope, fatherof the church, and Gods

spokesperson on Earth

Under him, power was granted

to kings that administered to

kingdom

This power was granted to

Pepin and Charlemagne from

the Pope [Leader of the

Catholic Church]



Kings were not pleased to

live under the Pope, butearly on they accepted it

Kings like Charlemagne had

vast territories to maintain

They passed some of their

powers to Counts or Lords

[also called vassals]

These were local rulers that

kept peace, raised armies,and minted coins

They swore oaths of

allegiance to the king



These Lords were granted

land called fiefs

They were given servants to

farm and maintain it called

serfs

The original idea was to freeup the lords so they could

train as knights

Becoming a knight was a full

time job

The idea changed though,

soon lords gave up

soldiering and passed that

responsibility to family and

friends



Lords and Ladies did little

Serfs did all the hard labor

and knights protected the

land

Serfs had only a few optionsdue to the nature of Europe

Barbarians roamed the land,

looting, killing and death

was everywhere

1) Join a monastery

2) Become a Serf

3) Risk destruction



Serfs were the key to the

feudal order

Trade had broken down and

they made life possible

In addition to farming the

land, serfs could not leave it

due to their oaths

Few serfs lived beyond the

age of 40

They worked their whole

lives

They lived in dirt huts



Serfs had to huddle together

for warmth in the winter

Many did not bathe, disease

was ever-present

When war broke out,knights would attack the

serfs first

The serfs however accepted

this way of living

It gave them protection in an

era when cruelty and death

were the norm



The Dark AgesCastles, Knights, and Cathedrals



Essential Questions

1) Explain the development and components of castles

in medieval Europe

2) Explain the purpose and development of knights inmedieval Europe

3) Explain the development of and components of

Cathedrals in medieval Europe




Life during the Dark Ageswas difficult

People lived in constant fear

of barbarians

Peace in the Middle Ages

meant living in a fortified city

In about 900 AD, the first

castles of Europe began to

appear

Slowly they developed into

massive structures



The first castles were Motte

and Bailey castles

Kings and Lords wanted a

place from which they could

oversee and rule their land

They ordered their

dependents to dig an earth

trench

This trench was filled with

water and secured with awooden palisade wall

This defense made up the

bailey



The dirt from the trench was

heaped into a high rising

mound

This was the motte

A large wooden toweroffered refuge and a place

for the lord to live

These early structures were

simple in design

By 1100, new siege towers

and catapults called

trebuchets were developed



The motte towers started to

be built of stone and werecalled keeps

At times they were over 100

feet tall

Castle walls also grew

thicker and taller

To guard the walls, new

structures called towers

were built

These had devious defenses

such as arrow slits and

murder holes



Early castles were patterned

after ancient Romanstructures

Much was learned from the

Aurelian Walls of Rome and

the city of Constantinople

These walls [ramparts] were

thick and allowed troop

movement

They were crenelated andoffered archers protection

Early French castles were

inspired by the Roman

fortress of Saguntum, Spain



In the Middle East,

crusaders in Syria took ahilltop fortress

There they built one of the

first modern castles called

Krak des Chevaliers

It was built atop a hill,

setting a new standard

It had double walls so

enemies could be assaultedfrom two sides

It set the blueprint for new

castles in Europe



Carcassonne



Parts of a Castle



Another famed componentof the Middle Ages was the

Knight

The arrival of knights stem

from the late Roman period

and from the stirrup

The Romans had

experimented with heavy

cavalry

The arrival of the stirrup

made mounted fighting a

reality



Charles Martel started the

system of knights in hisdesire for a free standing

army

It became an endeavor for

those of noble blood

The path to knighthood was

not easy

It started at the age of 7

when a student of the artbecame a page

They would care for horses,

do the knights bidding and

train



At 14 they would become a

squire [shield bearer]

Typically, at 21 they could

become full blown knights

Knights protected a lord’s

holdings and could be calledto war by a king

They received training in

multiple weapons

They lived by a code calledchivalry

This meant being loyal,

protecting your lord, land,

and people



In 1066, jousting

tournaments began

They were done to hone

battle skills and for

entertainment

Knights would bear their

coat of arms to display their

titles and family status

Troubadours also emerged

during this period

They were poets who sang

songs, entertained, and

spread the idea of chivalry

and bravery



Parts of a Knight



Many historians have difficultywith the term, Dark Ages

The reason? Many great

churches were built that

surpassed Roman

accomplishments

Early Christian structures were

called basilicas

They were long and rectilinear inshape

By the 800’s new architecture

began to emerge called

Romanesque



The Roman Basilica



Romanesque structures are called

such because they are based

upon the Roman style

They had a new feature called a

barrel vault

This gave architects the capability

to build taller cathedrals

They built greater ceilings and

were more beautiful

Drawback was that the ceilings

were so high, much stone was

required

There was little room for windows



The Romanesque Style



In the 12th century another new

style began to come to light

It was later called the New Style

or Gothic Style

In it, the barrel vault wasreplaced by ribbed pointed

arches

Another feature was the flying

buttress

This transferred the weight to

the buttress rather than the wall

These two achievements

allowed much greater heights

S D i B ili F



San Denis Basilica, France



Gothic Cathedrals were moreopen, allowed more people

Another desirable feature was

the light

More windows were

incorporated into the walls

On the front, great rose

windows of stained glass were

added

One of the greatest cathedrals

built after this new style was

Notre Dame in France

The Gothic Style



The Gothic Style

The Gothic Style



The Gothic Style



Cathedrals were built with great

sacrifice

It took a lot of tithing and work

to build one

Many of them took over 100

years to build

Competitions between cities

began to build the greatest

cathedral

It began to show which city was

the most righteous or richest

It was also an act to move

closer to God



Parts of a Cathedral



The Dark AgesThe Church



Essential Questions

1) Understand how the Catholic Church was organized

2) How did monasticism develop?

3) Why did the Christian church split into two groups?




During the Middle Ages, the

Catholic Church dominated the

affairs of life

Everything a person did was

based around Christianity

The majority of people in

Europe, by 1000 AD, were

Christian

To watch over and care for such

a vast population, the Church

had to make changes

The Church was organized into

a series of levels



Local gatherings of Christians

were called parishes

They were watched over by a

Priest who conducted worship

services

Several parishes formed a

diocese which was overseen by

a Bishop

There were originally five chief

Bishops called Patriarchs

They oversaw the cities of:

Rome, Constantinople,

Alexandria, Antioch, and

Jerusalem



Around 400 AD, the Bishops

began to consider the Bishop of Rome as the head of the

Church

He was known as the Father or

Pope

Christians in the east refused to

acknowledge the Pope as the

head of the church

They felt that power belongedto the Bishops of Alexandria

and Antioch

Eventually these problems led to

a split: Catholic and Orthodox



Greek Orthodox Christians

based their learning off theGreek translation of the

Bible

Western Catholics based

theirs off the Latin

translation

Slowly the gulf between

them grew

Their were issues with theHoly Ghost [from father, son

or both]

Another ordeal was

Iconoclasm



The Catholic Church taught that

the only way to be saved was to

take part in the sacraments of

the Church

These were: Baptism, Eucharist,

Penance, Confirmation,

Matrimony, and Healing of theSick

In the Middle Ages, most had

little understanding of the

Church

Sermons were in Latin, most

could not read or write

Faith came from statues and

stained glass



As the church grew in power

and wealth, some becamecritical of how the church

functioned

They thought the church

was not as it should be,humble

In Egypt, a Christian named

Anthony abandoned all his

possessions and moved into

the desert c. 270 AD

Lived a life of fasting, prayer

and simplicity



St. Anthony helpedestablished a new Christian

order called monasticism

The most famous monk in

the west was Benedict

Like Anthony, he left his life

of worldliness and moved

into a cave in Italy called

Monte Casino

Many flocked to his cause

He created a codified law for

his followers called the Rule

of Benedict



Men who joined monasteries

shaved the backs of their heads

They were called monks and

were led by a Abbot

Women became Nuns, joined

convents and were led by an

Abbess

They lived a life of simplicity

They read the bible, rarelyspoke, sang hymns, and

meditated

Many took up farming, brewing

and needlework



Other branched grew out of

Monasticism

Pope Gregory I adopted the

Benedictine Rule and sought to

spread it

Missionaries were sent forthacross Europe

Francis of Assisi created the

Franciscan friars

They lived a simple life buttraveled and taught as

missionaries

The Dominican friars were similar

but specialized in church doctrine



Other issues over religionbrewed in Britain

As early as 390, Ireland was

Christianized

Patrick , the son of a Romanofficial in England, was

captured in his youth by

pirates

He was carried to CeltishIreland

In time, he made his escape



He sailed back to mainlandEurope where he

encountered a monk

He converted to Christianity

and then sailed back to

Ireland to convert hiscaptors

He allegedly taught the holy

trinity by showing a

shamrock to the king

Christianity quickly spread

through Ireland



Years later, Pope Gregorysent an envoy in England to

preach

Augustine taught and

converted the Saxon kingEthelbert

Christianity spread through

England until it encountered

the Irish Celts of Patrick

The two religions differed

greatly



A council was held in which

some of Patricks teachingswere done away with

It was not an easy thing for

the Christians in Ireland to

accept

The one thing the church

did embrace from the Celts

in Ireland was Illuminated

Manuscript

It became a new standard of

literary art that would endure

during the Middle Ages



The Dark AgesThe Vikings



Essential Question

1) Who were the Vikings and what was their overalleffect on Europe?




The most feared people in

Europe during the 9th to 11th

centuries were the Vikings

The regions of Norway,

Sweden, and Denmark could

not support vast populations

A new wave of invaders swept

across Europe

Some came for land, others for

plunder

They terrorized Europe for

centuries and no one knew how

to stop them



The Vikings had created a

new ship called a longship

It was a slim agile ship with

a large square sail and oars

It could sail in river, lake, and

open sea

With these longships, all of

Europe was under threat

The Vikings would sailupriver and lay waste to

cities

Before a defense could be

formed, they were gone



The Vikings were amongst

the fiercest people known

Some would go into a rage

before battle called a

berserk

They created a new sword

called the Uthbert that was

only equaled by the Samurai

They valued war, heroics,

and bravery

Their way of life was heavily

stepped in Norse Mythology



According the Norse Myth, in

the beginning there was

nothing but Ice, Frost, and Fog

Then came fire from the great

volcanos

When fire touched ice, the

frost giants, called Jotuns,were formed

Ymir was the first and greatest

Fire and Frost also formed the

cow from which the frost giantsfed

The frost giant Borr married

Bestla and gave birth to three

sons



The sons were: Odin, Vili,

and Ve

They differed from the other

giants, they were called the

Aesir

Odin and his brothers killed Ymir

His blood drowned all other

giants save two

From the body of Ymir, Odin

formed the Earth

Blood = oceans, flesh =

land, teeth = rocks, hair =

trees and grass



The brain became the

clouds and the skull the skythat covered the world

The hot sparks from the

great volcano formed the

stars

Then, the Aesir formed their

home Asgard

The Aesir, while walking the

beach one day came acrosstwo logs, one ash and one

oak

From them they created the

first humans



In Norse mythology therewere 9 worlds placed in

three levels

They were bound together

by the great ash tree

Yggdrasil

At the top was Asgard,

home of the Gods

Under it was Midgard, homeof the humans

At the bottom was Hel or

Helheim, land of the dead



In Asgard a place called Valhalla existed

It was paradise were

courageous warriors were

taken in death by the

Valkyries

There they would fight,

wounds would heal

They would feast, foodwould never cease

Only the bravest of warriors

would make it to Valhalla



Odin

-Victory, Happiness

and Wisdom

-Mimir’s well

-Made berserkers

-Could blind enemies

-Gungnir

-Wednesday



Frigg

-Wife of Odin

-Married women

-Child Birth

-Friday



Thor

-Son of Odin

-Strong not smart

-Wielded Mjolnir

-Thursday



Loki

-Father of Hel

-Shapeshifter-Sometimes good,

other times evil

-Will play a major role

in the end of theworld “Ragnarok”



The Vikings were great

explorers

From Norway they sailed

west and settled in Iceland

and Greenland

It is now believed they

settled in Newfoundland

which they called Vinland

From Denmark they sailed

to England

They established permanent

settlements in Scotland and

Ireland [founding Dublin]



They sailed south to Spain

and France

The king of France feared

them so much he gave them

Normandy

From Finland they traveledacross Russia

They traded and attacked

Constantinople

They imported steel from

Damascus

Many settled and integrated

with the Slavs becoming the

first Russians [Rus]



The Viking in the east

founded the city of Kiev andimported Greek Orthodoxy

Slowly the Vikings adopted

Christianity

At first they did so for tradeand then it was fully

embraced

They kept their history alive

by writing the Edda andSagas

Many of them slowly settled

and integrated into

European society



The Middle AgesEuropean Monarchies

Social/Economic Revival

E i l Q i



Essential Questions

1) How did the people of the Middle Ages begin to have

a say in government affairs?2) Explain the difficulties Europe had between Church

and State.




In England, the Anglo-Saxons

enjoyed an era of prosperityunder Alfred the Great

He expelled the Vikings in 886

AD and ushered in a revival

Alfred founded schools, and

wrote down the history of his

people

His sons however were poor

rulers

When the last Anglo-Saxon king

died, Edward, three people

claimed the throne



As Harold marched south, he

encountered a massive

Norman army of Knights

The Battle of Hastings was

about to begin

It was a battle the Saxons

should have won but theshield wall failed

The Saxons lost the battle

and William became king of

both England and Normandy

It would later lead to

problems as the king of

England had control of lands

in England and France



William gave land to the Lords

who fought for him

William and his Lords spoke

French with merged with the

Germanic Saxon language

He also made the Saxons

swear loyalty

Rulers after William set up

courts and systems of law in

England

They established a series of

sheriffs to patrol and keep the

peace [time of Robin Hood]



Henry II of England

constantly fought against

the Bishop of Canterbury

Thomas Becket

Becket in time, with the

Popes approval struck down

Henry's initiative to attack clergyman

In his anger, Henry cursed

out against Becket, wished

he were dead

Knights took it literally and

killed Becket

Gave church power over

English Kings



Henry later married Eleanor of

Aquitaine from France

Eleanor was the most powerful

woman of the Middle Ages

He father died and left her withvast wealth

She married the King of France,

went on the Crusades

She divorced Louis and marriedHenry of England

Eleanor is responsible in part for

courtly love and Lancelot



The son of Henry II and

Eleanor was John

John abused his power and

levied taxes

This lead his barons to force

him to sign a treaty

Called the Magna Carta

Took power from king and

gave it new body called the

parliament

Royal authority was to then

be held in check



Similar systems emerged inFrance and Germany

In France it was called the

Estates General

By 1000 AD, Europe started topick itself up and progress

The first signs of progress

emerged in Agriculture

A heavier plow was invented,

crop rotation emerged, the

collar and harness replaced the

yoke



An increase in food led to a rise

in population

The Roman roads started to be

rebuilt and trade increased

Rare goods made their way into

Europe from the east

With an increase in trade came

better economics

Traders came from all parts of Europe and used different

currencies [Money Economy]

Money changers emerged,

usually Jews



Money changers set up tables

and banks to exchange

currencies

From this comes the work Bank

Banks started to give out loans

Serfs began to take out loans in

order to buy their freedom and

feudalism declined

With and increase in food andtrade, great cities arose

Shops, stores, and great

buildings went up



Many of the cities had no

sanitation and gave rise todisease

Cities hired workers to build

structures

A new group of skilled workersand artists emerged

They formed guilds which

protected their businesses

Guilds created a hierarchy of

masters, apprentices, and

journeyman to learn a craft

Guilds even provided benefits



As towns grew, so did the need

for knowledge and learning

Most education came through

the church

However, by 1150 students and

teachers began meeting outsideof cathedral schools

The first universities began to

appear

Europe was fast approaching anew age of achievement

Before it would get there, it

would experience two major

setbacks



The Middle AgesThe Crusades

Essential Question



Essential Question

1) What were the positive and negative results of thecrusades?




The city of Jerusalem was

regarded as sacred by 3religions

For Jews, it was Zion, the city of

God

For Christians, it was where

Jesus lived and was crucified

For Muslims, it was where

Muhammad ascended to

heaven

Since the fall of Jerusalem to

Rome, Arab Muslims had

gained control of the city



Many people traveled to

Jerusalem on pilgrimages

That all changed in the early

1000’s when the Seljuk Turks

from Turkey seized Jerusalem

Pilgrims encountered greatdangers traveling to Jerusalem

Then, in 1071, the Turks

advanced on Constantinople

The Byzantine army had

deteriorated in strength

The Turks defeated their army at

the Battle of Manzikert



In 1095, the Byzantine emperor

plead for help

Pope Urban II, along with the

leaders of Europe met

They decided to aid

Constantinople and re-take theHoly Land

The launched the crusades, a

word from the latin Crux “cross”

Kings, knights, and peasants all

joined the cause

They sewed red crosses on

their clothes



Kings were motivated by the

prospect of fame

Knights were given an

opportunity to hone battle skills

Peasants could earn freedom

All had the opportunity to gain

loot and wealth

One of the chief motivating

factors however came from the

Church

Pope Urban promised that all

who died fighting would inherit

the kingdom of God



The 1st Crusade was launched

in 1096

Europeans gathered at

Constantinople

From there they set forth on a

campaign of death anddestruction

Jews were rounded up and

slaughtered

City after city fell to thecrusaders

In 1099, the crusaders besieged

the city of Jerusalem for two

months



When the city surrendered theywere met by the sword

Most of the inhabitants of the

city were mercilessly killed

Feudal states of Syria andPalestine popped up

Pilgrims could travel to

Jerusalem in safety

Knights templar protected roads

and pilgrims

They became very powerful



Many churches across Europemade handsome profits off the

crusades

Holy relics were sought after

Many were fakes but most

people did not know

They attracted people from afar

to see them

Visitors often paid to see or

made offerings that enriched

areas



50 years after the 1st crusade,the Turks had recaptured part of

the Holy Land

The 2nd crusade was launched

to take it back

Poor leadership led to its defeat

The Turks were a very advanced

society

They had better math, better

military skill and employed

gunpowder



30 years later, in 1187 the Turkstook Jerusalem back

Europeans were shocked at the

loss

The 3rd crusade was launched

Again poor leadership plagued

the attempt

Only Richard the Lionheart

made any inroads

He was captured and held for

ransom by Saladin



When fighting stalemated,

Saladin allowed Europeanpilgrims access into the city

Jerusalem would remain in

Turkish control but be shared

Other crusades were launchedbut all failed

During the 4th crusade,

crusaders attacked

Constantinople

Libraries and churches were

destroyed

Valuable wealth was taken



This defeat seriouslyweakened the Byzantine

Empire

In later years, the Muslims

would bring the city downWhile the crusades were

largely a failure, it helped

speed Europe's progression

Serfs were freed to fight

Contact with the east brought

technology to the west



Roman and Greek scrolls

returned to Europe

Gunpowder, military strategy,

compass, sateen sail came to

Europe

This things helped spark a

revolution

It would prove one of the key

factors to the renaissance

Europe was destined for recovery

and greatness again



The Dark Ages The Black Death

Essential Question



Essential Question

1) Explain what the plague was, how it spread andwhat its overall effect was on Europe


The Black Death



Since 1000 AD, Europe had been

on the rise

Beginning in 1300, problems

began to emerge

The weather of Europe was

unusually harsh and cold

They experienced a long wet and

cold summer followed by a brutal

winter

Poor crop yields, trade brokedown, buildings fell, quarries filled,

animals died, Baltic froze, top soil

washed away

It was however, only the beginning



The Black Death



10% of the population died in

Europe in what was a mini ice age

Then, rumor spread of mass death

in the east

Traders from China and India told

of countless dead bodies

Few gave it much consideration

The plague entered Europe

through its great trading ports

It hit the Middle East in 1347

Later that year it was In

Constantinople and then Messina

Italy



The Mongols flung plaguebodies over the walls at Kaffa

Descriptions of the plague vary

leading to the belief that it was 3

plagues, not 1

The Pneumonic, Septicemic

and Bubonic plagues

All of them could have in part

occurred due to the unusualcold weather

We do know however that they

came from Asia

The Black Death



The plague came from the GobiDesert in China

It had also decimated that

region

It was brought about byinfected fleas which bit black

rats

These rats then became the

carriersRats traveled along the sea

trade routs and silk road to

Europe

The Black Death



Europeans did not bathe much,

as result many of them had

fleas

The new fleas, carrying the

plague were especially

devastating

Upon being bitten, you would

immediately come down with a

fever

In time, great black boils would

grow on your groin and under

your armpits

The Black Death



Lancing the boils was extremely

painful and only worked to

spread the disease

The plague was very contagious

Most within the area would

come down with it

Death would follow in a few

days

Not all died however

The Black Death



Europeans did not know how to

deal with the plague

Various remedies were prescribed

Many blamed it on the foul air,

miasmas

Canons were fired and bellssounded to scare spirits

Instances was burned

People fled cities

Fathers abandoned families

People were boarded into their

houses

Jews were blamed as were sinners

The Black Death



3/4 of Europe's population diedof the plague

Some cities were laid

completely desolate

Others were untouched

The Flagellates appeared

Scourged themselves in public

to show their forgiveness

It actually helped spread the

plague

The Black Death



The plague would have been a

horrible time to have lived

As terrible as the plague was, it

did have a positive side

It created immense wealth for

those who survived it

It did away with the wealthy

nobility

It helped with the emergence of

a middle class



The Middle AgesThe Mongols/Humanism

Essential Question



Essential Question

1) Explain the roles the Mongols and humanists playedin causing the renaissance.


The Middle Ages



The Plague was not the only

thing that that devastatedEurope in the 1300’s

From 1206 to 1258 pastoral

nomads in northern China

united

Genghis Khan consolidated

power

The great Khan broke through

the Great Wall and destroyedthe Qin Dynasty

From there, the Mongols spread

into Korea, SE Asia and Russia

The Middle Ages



In Russia, the Mongols were

vastly outnumbered

Yet their skill was unmatched

They crossed the frozen

Russian Rivers on horseback

and stormed throughout the

land

They utilized the bow and arrow

and speed of the horse

Often gave the appearance of retreat the encircled enemies

and destroyed them

The Mongols gave Russia its

only winter defeat in history

The Middle Ages



From Russia, the Mongols

spread into India, the Middle

East and Europe

Europe likely would have fallen

were it not for the death of the

great Khan

The Mongols were both a bane

and a blessing to Europeans

While in the Middle East, they

opened the Silk Road which

flooded Europe with eastern

goods

This trade enriched Europeans

greatly

The Middle Ages



Around 1350, a new group of

thinkers began to spread acrossEurope

They were known as humanists

Ancient Greek and Roman texts,

as well as technology from Asiabegan to sweep into Europe

It came from crusaders and

travelers along the silk road

There arose a desire to study thepast and learn from it

Humanism focused on the secular

world and the achievements of

man rather than religion

The Middle Ages



Humanism emphasized the

individual, self worth, art and

talent

One of the first great humanists

was Francesco Petrarch

Petrarch left his professional

studies to study poetry,literature and letters

He had a passion for Rome in

particular

He wrote an epic poem called Africa

Petrarch hated the age in

which he lived, he encouraged

people to wake up and learn

The Middle Ages



Petrarch studied Cicero, Vergil,Horace, and Livy of Rome

He began to glory in the ability

of human achievement

He provoked many to break

from the darkness of former

age and begin anew

This idea became the driving

force behind the renaissance

Humanism pushed mankind to

reach its full potential

The Middle Ages



Others arose following Petrarch

Baldassarre Castiglione wrote

the book of the courtier

It gave advice to men and

taught the importance of skill

and manners

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The

Prince

This justified immoral behavior

in politics

All of these writers and

philosophers inspired a new

age of forward thinkers



Essential Questions



Essential Questions

1) What was the cause of the 100 Years War?

2) What were some positive results of the 100 Years

War?


The 100 Years War



The King of England, as a result

of William, had land holdings inboth France and England

This conflict would soon erupt

into full scale war

The war broke out over thedeath of King Charles IV of

France

Charles left no heir to the throne

His nearest relative was Edward

III of England

For the French, rule by an

English King was not an option

When the French elected Philip

The 100 Years War



When the French elected Philip

VI of the royal Valois family to

become the next King, Edwardinvaded

The event kicked off a series of

battles that would stretch over

100 years

It would come to be known as

the 100 Years War

The War actually was longer

than 100 years

It was not fought continually

At its essence was the right to

rule both France and England

The War had 3 critical phases

The 100 Years War



The War had 3 critical phases

The 1st stage was initiated byEdward III of England

Edward decided to voice

disapproval of Philip’s reign by

embargoing French wool

This caused mass rebellion in

France

Many Flemish cities as a result

claimed Edward III as their kingin order to avoid the embargo

The first battle was an English

victory on sea in the Battle of

Sluys in 1340

The 100 Years War



In 1346, Edward attacked

Normandy and won victory after

victory culminating in the great

Battle of Crecy

While the French had more

money and people, the Englishwere better disciplined

French tactics involved the

calvary charge while the English

relied on the longbow

The longbow was so effective it

could kill at 200 yards and

penetrate steel at 50

In 1356 the English defeated

The 100 Years War



In 1356, the English defeated

the French King John II and

took him captive back toEngland

Disorder and chaos followed

thereafter in France under the

rule of the Estates General A widespread revolt called the

Jaquerie devastated the land

In 1360, France agreed to give

England the French territoriesof: Gascony, Guyenne, Poitou

and Calais

They paid a ransom of 3 million

gold crowns for Johns release

The 100 Years War



France fought back later that

year They surprised and defeated

the English and pushed them

back to the coastal regions of

Bordeaux when Edward died

Then the war entered a second

phase

Edward’s heir was Richard II

His reign concerned severalrebellions at home

As a result, the 100 Years War

slowed

Th W d d

The 100 Years War



The War recommenced under

Henry V

France was surprised when

Henry led the English to victory

over the French at Normandy

From there, he routed theFrench army at Agincourt

The Treaty of Troyes made

Henry’s heir king of both France

and England in 1422

The son of Charles VI went into

retreat and would soon rally

under the leadership of Joan of

Arc

Battle of Agincourt “Henry V”



The 100 Years War



A young Joan of Arc came to

the fleeing French King CharlesII and told him God had told her

to rally the French at Orleans

The king had nothing to lose

and took a chance on the

young girl

The English at the time of

Joan’s arrival were exhausted

from 6 months of siege and

were on the verge of retreat

Joan rallied French troops at

Orleans and later at other

battles

The 100 Years War



While Joan was no military

strategist, she succeeding inuniting the French by giving

them a sense of pride and

nationality

Soon, Charles VII received back his crown and ruled France

When Joan was captured by

the Burgundians, Charles did

nothing to save her from herfate

The English wanted to make an

example of her

Th E li h t J t i l

The 100 Years War



The English put Joan on trial

After 10 weeks of brutalinterrogation Joan broke

She was convicted of heresy

and burned at the stake

It was thought this would break

French moral but it served to

awaken it

The tide changed when the

Burgundians sided with theFrench king

Utilizing superior gunpowder

weapons, the French prevailed

In 1456, the French reopened

J ’ t i l d d l d h

The 100 Years War



Joan’s trial and declared her

innocent

In 1920, the Roman Catholic

Church declared her a Saint

The War had lasting consequences

While it devastated France, itunified both it and England with a

national identity

It also allowed England to develop

its own markets and manufacturing

Gunpowder forever changed

warfare

The peasants who paid for the war

and fought in it would not forget

the in ustices



The Middle AgesThe Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism



The Babylonian Captivity



The hardship of the Black Death,coupled with the 100 Years War

had caused many to draw closer to

the church

The problem was, the church at

this time had no real leaders

The church seemed more focused

on political and material affairs

rather than the spiritual needs of its

people

In this crisis, many turned to new

Christian beliefs that bordered on

heresy

B h l h h




By the early 14th century, the

church came to be dominated bythe French

Unhappy with the chaos and

economic crisis in Rome, Pope

Clement V moved the Papal Court

to Avignon France

The small city remained

independent from French rule

In 1311, Pope Clement made the

temporary move to Avignon thepermanent residence for the

church

The next 7 Popes would rule from

France




This period had come to be known

as the Babylonian Captivity

It heralded to an earlier time when

the Jews were carried captive into

Babylon

Papal authority at this time took acritical hit

Many saw the move as an act of

betrayal

Others felt that France was

interfering in the Church’s affairs

Nevertheless, several poor

decisions were made by the

Avignon Popes

Opposition against the Avignon




Popes grew even more during the

100 Years War

Many viewed the Church as siding

with the French enemy and refused

to pay the Church taxes

This loss of revenue by the Churchled it to resume the practice of

selling indulgences

This allowed Church members the

ability to pay for their sins in order

to limit their stay in purgatory

The Church also accepted bribes

and sold church offices, “Simony”

Such actions created wide spread

dissension

The two great movements against




the Church occurred in England

and Bohemia

In England they were known as the

Lollards

In Bohemia they were the Hussites

The Lollards were the followers of

John Wycliffe

Wycliffe was a graduate from

Oxford and was a theologian and

philosopher

He soon started criticizing the

Catholic Church

It did not take long to gain

followers




Wycliffe and his followers had several

conflicting views against the Church

They thought that religious authority

should be based upon merit and

righteousness rather than rank

This placed many of the laity higherthan priests, bishops and cardinals

Wycliffe was later accused of

Donatism

This was the belief that the churches

sacraments were based upon the

worthiness of the administrator

They also translated the Bible into

vernacular or English




When the teachings of Wycliffe and

the Lollards spawned a peasantrevolt, the church reacted

Lollardy became a capital offense

Wycliffe died of apoplexy

This did not stop the church when

in 1415 he was condemned as a

heretic and his bones were

exhumed and burned

English translations of the Biblewere found and burned

Wycliffe’s rebellion would however

live on

I B h i J h H b




In Bohemia, John Huss began a

movement of his own based onwhat Wycliffe had started

Huss’ followers came to be known

as the Hussites

They too translated the Bible into

vernacular

They questioned the church’s

sacraments and transubstination

Huss was captured and

condemned as a heretic and

burned at the stake in 1415

The rebellion would return later

under Martin Luther




In order to quiet dissenters, the

Catholic Church initiated the

inquisition

Inquisitors investigated and triedpeople who preached or spoke out

against the church

Those who were found guilty

suffered horrible punishments

Many were brutally tortured todeath



At the conclusion of the 14th

century, another pivotal momentbefell the church

Pope Urban VI decided to move

the Papal Court back to Rome

When he did so, rival cardinalsback in Avignon elected a new

Pope, Clement VII cousin of the

French King

The era of two conflicting Catholic

Churches began

It was known as the Great Schism

It lasted from 1378-1417

By the end of the Schism there




By the end of the Schism, there

were actually 4 rival Popes

Some completely lacked spiritual

qualities of any kind

Such was the case of Baldassare

Cosa in Italy

He was a pirate who became

elected Pope

He was later accused of murder,

rape, incest, piracy and sodomy

However, Cosas actions would

greatly motivate the renaissance

with his support of the Medici

family




Eventually, a council was held and

the Great Schism was ended

The consequences of these years

were catastrophic on the church

Many began to question, amid

such chaos, church authority

And its time of greatest need, the

church had failed its people in

many ways

Movements of dissenters grew,

one would forever split Christianity



The Middle AgesThe Causes of the Renaissance

The Crusades



Many Europeans traveled for the 1st time

Constantinople and the Middle East inspired them

Muslims were more advanced, passed technology such

as gunpowder and algebra to Europeans

The 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople. Greek and

Roman writings were carried back to Europe

Agriculture



Better plow created better farms

Horse Collar replaced the yoke

An increase in food led to an increase in population

People did not have to work on farms their entire life

People had more free time to study the arts and

sciences

The Silk Road



The Mongols opened and patrolled the Silk Road

connecting Asia to Europe

New goods arrived in Europe such as pepper,

cinnamon and oranges

This led to an increase in wealth for Europeans which

could be spent on the arts and sciences

Travelers, such as Marco Polo, inspired adventure anda desire for accomplishment

Banking



Towns realized the potential of greater profit through

new trade routs

As the world was connected as never before, therebecame a need for better currency practices

Jews arose as money exchangers and then as money

lenders

Loans put more money in circulation and freed the serfs

Humanism



A new way of thinking began to appear c. 1200 AD

Humanists praised the potential of humankind replacing

the religious view that all were sinners

An interest in the classical world began

People grew more educated and studied the classics

Many sought to mimic and then out do Greek andRoman accomplishments

The Black Death



The Black Death killed roughly 3/4 the population of

Europe

Prior to the Black Death, European society had two

classes, the nobility and the serfs

With so many dead, the class levels became blurred

and a middle class arose

Many acquired greater wealth and invested it in the artsand sciences

The Medici



The Medici were a powerful banking family in Italy

The became the bank of the Catholic Church

Many sought their business and they became wealthy

Cosimo and Lorenzo invested their profits in the arts

Nearly all renaissance artists were backed by the

the middle ages lvhs

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