the market revolution 1800 - 1860
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The Market Revolution 1800 - 1860. A. Industrialization. Rise of the factory system. Most profound movement of early 19 th c. Take a raw material and turn it into a finished product all in one place Industrialization began in earnest because of Embargos & War Samuel Slater - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Rise of the factory system
• Most profound movement of early 19th c.
– Take a raw material and turn it into a finished product all in one place
• Industrialization began in earnest because of Embargos & War
• Samuel Slater– Father of the Factory System
• Emigrated in 1791• Brought designs
from England
Interchangeable parts• Allowed for mass production of high
quality goods
• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1798
• First used for Rifles
Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
The Textile Industry• Began the IR in the U.S.
• Ideas for machines smuggled out of England
• 1st major factory was owned by the Boston Associates in Waltham, MA– Run by Francis Cabot Lowell
• 1st all in one factory– Spun, wove, dyed, & printed
• 1823 – Lowell, MA establishedEarly Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
• New England was the industrial center– Soil made farming difficult– Dense population for labor
and markets– Shipping and seaports for
transportation of raw materials and finished goods
– Rivers provided an early power source
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
• Americans were willing to try anything
• They were first copiers, then innovators– Stole England’s ideas, then developed their
own
• 1800 41 patents were approved
• 1860 4,357 patents were approved
OliverEvansOliverEvans
First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive
First automated First automated flour millflour mill
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine
Growth of Cities• Urbanization occurred
– people looking for jobs in factories
• 1820: only 12 cities with a pop. over 5,000
• 1860: 150 cities• 1860: 6 million people lived
in urban areas
Developments in the 1820’s & 1830’s
• Protective Tariffs– As more industries develop → more tariffs are created to
protect them from competition
• Transportation Revolution – improvement in the distribution of goods
• Emergence of new general incorporation laws– Makes it easier to start a business
Favorable Supreme Court Decisions
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Secured contracts
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)– Government could not alter contracts/charters
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)– Fed. Government ONLY can control interstate trade
• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)– Monopolies are illegal
Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860
Regional Specialization• Northeast → Industrial
– 1860: had 81% of country’s industrial capacity– Most populous region
• West → Agriculture– Country’s Breadbasket
• South → Cash Crops– Does not industrialize b/c capital is tied up in slavery
• Political Implications:– West and NE tied together– South is isolated
Effects on slavery in the South
Textile mills had a high demand for cotton
Increased Southern reliance on slavery
Factory WorkersWages: paid per hour not on the product they produced
By 1860 40% of the population were “wage slaves”
Working conditions were atrocious:– Low wages, few breaks & long hours– Poor lighting & ventilation, unsanitary conditions– Dangerous machinery– Exploitation of child workers
Labor UnionsLabor Unions are against the law– Seen as conspiracies– Dozens of strikes erupted during the 1830’s & 1840’s– Most lost– Union membership grew to 300,000 by 1830– Panics will hurt union numbers
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842): MA Supreme Court– Ruled that unions are not conspiracies– Union influence very limited until after the Civil War
Women and the EconomyWomen found employment in factories BEFORE they married
The Lowell System:– Offered chaperoned boarding
houses to young female workers
Factory jobs were scarce
Main jobs were nursing, domestic service, and teaching
TurnpikesTurnpikes = Paved Toll Roads
1832: U.S. had 2,400 miles of road
“Shunpikes”– People did not want
to pay the toll– Built detours around
toll booths
Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1839
Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1839Cumberland Road (National Road) completed in
1839
Became vital highway to the west
SteamboatDeveloped by Robert Fulton
1807: sailed the Clermont up the Hudson River
Importance: 2 way transportation on rivers
Increased speed & decreased cost
CanalsErie Canal was 1st
major canal built
Began in 1817 – completed in 1825
Gov. DeWitt Clinton approved financing
Dropped shipping costs from $100 to $5 from Buffalo to NYC
Dropped shipping time from 20 days to 6
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Canal building began in earnest after Erie
By 1837 over 3,000 miles of canals built
NY Harbor becomes more important than New Orleans
Iron HorseMost important transportation improvement was the Railroad
Fast, reliable, easy to construct, didn’t freeze in the winter
1830: 1st RR built by the Baltimore & Ohio Company (B&O)
By 1860: 31,000 miles of RR lines
¾ of the RR lines in the North
TheRailroad
Revolution
TheRailroad
Revolution
Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
Westward Ho!New transportation will open the West
Between 1790-1840 4.5 million people cross the Appalachian mountains
Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Covered Wagons
Immigration• No records kept until 1820
• 1820 → 8,385
• 1830 → 23, 322
• 1854→ 430,000
• Industries welcomed
immigrants– Needed workers– Without them, IR would have been impossible
• Immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
Irish Immigrants• Large numbers began to
immigrate in the 1840’s
– To settle Canada, Britain offered a reduced passage (100 shillings → 5shillings)
– Irish took advantage of it, but hated the British so came to the U.S.
• 1845-1849: Potato Famine– Over 1.5 million emigrated
to the U.S
• Arrived in NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, & Baltimore
• Destitute: stayed in cities because they could not move west
• In Boston – ran into problems– Highly educated, Puritan
Bostonians did not like the illiterate Irish Catholic peasants
– Hung signs “No Irish Need Apply”
– Later hatred towards Irish common in all cities
German Immigrants
• Large numbers began to emigrate in the early 1850’s because of political & economic instability
• Weren’t as poor as the Irish
• Settled mainly in the West in German enclaves
Nativist Reaction• Not happy about the Irish
• Created a political party to show their anti-Catholic beliefs
• Know-Nothing Party
• Believed Catholics in office took orders straight from the Pope and that the Irish were creating violent cities