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AD-AII 905 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS CO-ST

LOUIS MO /S 5/8

THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PILOT PE--ETC(U)

OCT 79 P E GONER. L R BEIDEMAN, S H LEVINE

UNCLASSIFIEg MDCEO 4NL

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copy No. -C*Y~ ? 5

THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC

I ~ECHNIQUES TO .ENHANCEPILOT

I PERFORMANCE DURING TACTICAL MISSIONS.

]1O0CTGBER-79 it.L FMDGI-Efl4/

' I /1"

FINAL REPORT.

FRANK M ER1 A.. RRY./ IDEMAN.SHELDON H.ILEVINE

ITHE RESEARCH DESCRIBED HEREIN WAS SUPPORTED BY THE

DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY.

t MCDONNELL DOUGLASg ASTRONAUTICS COMPANV -, S. LOUIS DVISON

Box 516, Saint Louis, Missouri 63166 1314) 232-0232

11 CO L D. v, I .=,o~~4..3,

-I -• C, OiTi

I BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE51 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x

PREFACE xvi

I SECTION 1.0 ABSTRACT 1

SECTION 2.0 INTRODUCTION 4

SECTION 3.0 AN OVERVIEW OF MISSION TYPES AND PROJECTEDTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR TACTICAL AIRCRAFT 8

I 3.1 Mission Types 12

3.2 Technology Advances 20

3.2.1 Weapons 20

I 3.2.2 Avionics 25

3.2.2.1 Sensors 25

1 3.2.2.2 Electronic Displays 27

* 3.2.2.3 Multifunction ControlUnit 33

3.2.2.4 Voice Actuated Controls 34

3.2.2.5 Joint Tactical Information

. Distribution System 35

1 3.2.2.6 Airborne Warning And

. Control System 36

3 3.2.2.7 Global Positioning

Satellite 36

SECTION-4.0 MISSION REQUIREMENTS 37

SECION 5.0 INFORMATION NEEDS 59

SECTION 6.0 PILOT PERFORMANCE AND BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS 72

6.1 Time Line Analysis of Pilot Tasks 72

6.1.1 Launch 79

ii

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BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

6.1.2 Climb 81

6.1.3 Rendezvous 83

6.1.4 Ingress 85

6.1.5 Medium Range Intercept 87

6.1.6 Surface-To-Air Missile Avoidance 89

6.1.7 Air Combat Maneuvering 91

6.1.8 Air-To-Ground Strike 93

6.1.9 Egress 95

6.1.10 In-Flight Refuel 97

6.1.11 Marshal 99

6.1.12 Prelanding 101

6.1.13 Landing 103

6.2 Real-Time Analysis And InterpretationOf Biological Signals 105

6.2.1 Brain Electrical Activity 109

6.2.2 Peripheral Activity 120

6.2.2.1 Psychophysiological Responses 121

A. 6.2.2.2 Ocular Activity 122

6.3 Biocybernetic Applications 126

SECTION 7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOrIMENDATIONS 144

SECTION 8.0 REFERENCES 147

LIST OF PAGESTitle Page

ii through xvi1 through 150

iii

MCOONMML L DOUOL AU 4*TRONAUTIC3 COPRNPV - WV LO(* IVDWD N

IBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE

1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

LIST OF FIGURESIFIGURE NUMBER TITLE

3.1 Integrated Crew Station Concept For A 1990 TacticalAircraft.

1 3.2 Descriptions Of The Instruments Depicted In Figure 3.1.

3.3 Pictorial Representation Of The Three TACAIR Missions.

3.4 General Mission Requireiients For Pre-Flight, In-Flight,And Post-Flight Phases.

1 3.5 Mission Profile For Close Air Support. e or3.6 Mission Profile For Air Interdiction. STIS C= &I -

13.7 Mission Profile For Counter Air. Jd

3.8 Guidance Systems And Their Characteristics.

3.9 Types Of Air-To-Air Missiles. utj,,/

3.10 Types of Air-To-Surface Ballistic Weapons. r'3des

3.11 Types of Air-To-Surface Missiles.

3.12 Anticipated Avionics Advances.

3.13 Sensor Characteristics.

3.14 Information Formats And Display Coding Schemes.

1 3.15 Comparison Of Display Technologies With Respect Toj Information Foniats And Coding Schemes.

3.16 Evaluation Parai ieters And Corresponding Performances Of* , Selected Display Devices.

4.1 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,- I Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.

4.2 Pre-Flight Mission Requireents (Continued).

4.3 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).

iv

j ,CDOPNILL DOUGLAS AUTrONAUTI0c COMPANY.S7. LOL6WU VUJOW


LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

FIGURE NUMBER TITLE

4.4 Pre-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).

4.5 In-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.

4.6 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).







4.13 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).4.14 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Continued).





4.19 In-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).

4.20 Post-Flight Mission Requirements For Close Air Support,Air Interdiction, and Counter Air.

4.21 Post-Flight Mission Requirements (Concluded).

5.1 Information Requirements For Close Air Support.

5.2 Infonation Requirements For Close Air Support(Conti fnued ).

v

MCDOP^WffLL EOWOL AW ASTAVOPWAUTICS COMPA#V -Nmr. L"U CimmON

II OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)IFIGURE NUIbER TITLE

5.3 Information Requirements For Close Air Support(Continued).

5.4 Information Requirements For Close Air Support(Concluded).

i 5.5 Information Requirements For Air Interdiction.

5.6 Information Requirements For Air Interdiction(Continued).

1 5.7 Information Requireiients For Air Interdiction(Continued).

I 5.8 Information Requirements For Air Interdictiun(Concluded).

I 5.9 Information Requirements For Counter Air.

5.10 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-tinued).

5.11 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-I tinued).

5.12 Information Requirements For Counter Air (Con-cluded).

6.1 Seyments Of A Carrier Launched Escort Mission.

3 6.2 Representative Profile For A Carrier LaunchedI Escort Mission.

u 6.3 Schematic Configuration Of F/A 18 Crew Station.I6.4 Anticipated Task Loadings During Segments Of A Carrier

Launched Escort Mission.

6.5 Dynamic Task Flows For Launch.

6.6 Dynxmic Task Flows For Climb.

!vi

I MCOOOWE LL DOUGLAS ASTONAU tICS COMPANV-ST. LOBES t MIi3PN



FIGURE NUMBER TITLE

6.7 Dynamic Task Flows For Rendezvous.

6.8 Dynamic Task Flows For Ingress.

6.9 Dynaic Task Flows For Medium Range Intercept.

6.10 Dynahiic Task Flows For SAM Avoidance.

6.11 Dynamic Task Flows For Air Combat Maneuvering.

6.12 Dynamic Task Flows For Air-To-Ground Strike.

6.13 Dynamic Task Flows For Egress.

6.14 Dynamic Task Flows For In-Flight Refueling.

6.15 Dynamic Task Flows For Marshal.

6.16 Dynamic Task Flows For Prelanding.

6.17 Dynamic Task Flows For Landing.

6.18 Biological Signals Considered As Inputs For Biocyber-netic Applications.

6.19 Electroencephalogram Of A Normal Huuman Adult.

6.20 Vertex Event-Related Potential Elicited By A MatchingLetter Presentation During An Item Recognition Task.

6.21 Lateral And Superior Views Of International ElectrodePlacement System.

6.22 Typical CNV Waveform Recorded From Vertex ElectrodePlacement.

6.23 (A) The Displayed Scene And (B) The Eye-Scan Pattern AndVertex EEG Of One Subject Before And After Detection OfVehicle.

vii

MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ANIRONAU'rICS COMPANY - WT. LOUI.S bVIOC


1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

IFIGURE N4UMBER TITLEI

6.24 Examples Of Vertex Readiness Potentials Associated WithFinger Presses During A Reaction Timae Task and DuringVoluntary Movements.

1 6.25 Relationship Between Particular Biological Signals AndEither The Determination Of Pilot Status Or ControlFunctions.I

6.26 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Launch.

6.27 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Climb.

6.28 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot Tasks

During Rendezvous.

6.29 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Ingress.

6.30 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring MRI.

6.31 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksIDuring SAM Avoidance.

6.32 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksI During ACM.

6.33 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot Tasksi During A/G Strike.

6.34 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring Egress.

* I

4: viii

I UC0OONE.LL DOUOLA4 AsTmOaAvoCm COAVPANV-0.L04NS MV8mONd



FIGURE NUMBER TITLE

6.35 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function Of Pilot TasksDuring In-Flight Refueling.

6.36 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Marshal.

6.37 Biocyberrietic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Prelanding.

6.38 Biocybernetic Applications As A Function of Pilot TasksDuring Landing.

i xM,0NOrvAILL DOULOLAN 4*TOVAJDcw COMPAAI V*OT. LOUI ENVSDDOC

1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1i OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONSIAAA Anti-Aircraft Artillery

A/A Air-to-Air

AAR Air-to-Air Refueling

A/C Aircraft

ACM Air Combat Maneuvering

ADC Air Data C(mxputer

ADF Automatic Direction Finder

f ADI Attitude Direction Indicator

AFCS Automatic Flight Control System

A/G Air-to-Ground

AGL Altitude above Ground Level

AGM Air-to-Ground Missile

AGR Air-to-Ground Ranging

Al Air Interdiction

AIM Air Intercept Missile

ALCF: Air Launched Cruise Missile

i AOA Angle-of-Attack

APC Arored Personnel Carrier

AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System

j AZ Azimuth

BCIU Bus Control Interface Unit

. BDM Bcober Defense Missilet

i Bingo Level of fuel necessary to return to airfield

BITE Built In Test Equipment

x

M3FCIDOP'JOMEL LDL 0 40A AVMONAurtce COMANV - 3. LaLMS WVr0bCow


LIST UF SYi~bULS AND AEBLREVIATI(JNS (Ccnt'd)

BLU Bowib Live Unit

C3Coi;miaid ,Control and Commi~un icat ion

CA Counter Air

CAS Close Air Support

CBU Cluster Bomb Unit

C/I) Controls and Displays

CET Central European Theatre

CNI Communication, Navigation, Identification

CNV Contingent Negative Variation

COM Communication

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

DAIS Digital Avionics Infoniiation System

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DBS Doppler Beam Sharpened

UME Distance Measuring Equipment

DP Detection Potential

ECG Electrocardiogram

ECM Electronic Countermieasure

EEG Electroencephalograw

EL Elevation

EL Electrolur-iinescence

EMI) Electromechanical Device

EtIG E Iect romyo r ari

EU Electro-optical

xi

hUCDoNNEwLL ochJOL AS AsraMopVAurc TISco~PmmaV- U. LowIs otsfsetoN

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE

1 OCTOBR 1979 LIST OIF SYM~BOLS AND AbbREVIATIONS (Curnt'd) DE24

EOG Electro-oculocyram

I EPI Elemrents Per Inch

ERP Event-Related Potential

F/A Fighter/Attack

FAC Forward Air Controller

FEBA Forward Edye of the Battle Area

IFLIR Forward Looking Infrared

FLR Forward Looking Radar

FOV Field-Of-View

ftL Foot Lamibert

y Gravity

GBU Guided Bomb Unit

GMTI Ground Moving Target Indicator

GPS Global Positioning Satellite

HACQ Horizontal Acquisition

HMD Helmet-Mounted Display

* IHOTAS Hands-On-Throttl e-And-Stick

HR Heart Rate

HSD Horizontal Situation Display

j HUD Head-lip Display

Hz Hertz

IIAS Indicated Airspeed

IFA In-Flight Alignment

1FF Identify - Friend or Foe

IFR Instrumrent Flight Rules

xii

3 ,.WcDooNNLL. 004ULAS ATMOAur ics COAPRANW -OE LOLMSG IVO.O4N


LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Cont'd)

IIR Imaging Infrared

ILS Instrument Landing Systen

IMFK Integrated Multifunction Keyboard

INS Inertial Navigation System

IR Infrared

JTIDS Joint Tactical Inforation Distribution Systm

LC Liquid Crystal

LD Laser Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

LLLTV Low-Light-Level TV

LOAL Lock-On After Launch

LOBL Lock-On Before Launch

LRU Line Replaceable Unit

LSI Large Scale Integration

MFCU Multifunction Control Unit

IIFD Multifunction Display

MLS Microwave Landing System

NMD Master Monitor Display

MMD Multimode Display

,MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor

NPD iultipurpose Display

MRI Medium Range Intercept

MSI Medium Scale Integration

NAV Navigation

xiii

M9CDONWELL DOuGLAS ATMrONAUTICW COMPAN'-ST. LOUIS 9"WwwSION

I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Cont'd)

IiP3 0 0 A late component of an event-related potential

PAL Permissive Action Link

PLD Plasma Device

POL Petroleum, Oil, Lubricant

R Range

I RBGM Real Beam Ground Map

g RHAWS Radar Homing And Warning System

ROE Rules of Engagement

RP Readiness Potential

RTU Remote Terfinal Unit

S/A Surface-to-Air

*SAM Surface-to-Air Missile

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar

SIF Select Identification Feature

SMS Store Management System

I TA Terrain Avoidance

TACAIR Tactical Air Power

TACAN Tactical Air Navigation

I TACS Tactical Air Control System

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

I TERCOM Terrain Contour Matching

TF Terrain Following

TFR Terrain Following Radar

Ixiv

I MCDONEELL DOUOLAS AorRfOPEAUTaC0 COaMPAWV.-*. LOLa OeMISOeN


LIST OF SYMB~OLS AN~D ABEREVIATIUNS (Contad)

TV Television

UFC Up-Front Control

UHF Ultra High Frequency

VACQ Vertical Acquisition

VAS Voice Actuated System

VEL Velocity

Vertex Midline Site For Recording Brain Electrical Activity,Denoted C

VSD Vertical Situation Display

xv

puCOHdMEALL 0O~L AW AWWTNPAETICS COAPANW- *T.L09 z DfrDI~'E

I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE26

PREFACE

I This report presents the results of a study entitled "The Application

of Biocybernetic Techniques to Enhance Pilot Performance During Tactical

Xiissions." The research was conducted by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics

I Company-St. Louis Division for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA) under contract MDA-903-78-C-0181. The preparation of a second

I document - "Proceedings of the DARPA Conference on Biocybernetic Applications

for Military Systems," Chicayo, April 1978 - also was supported by this

contract.

IWe acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Craig I. Fields, Senior Program

Manager, Cybernetics Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency.

I- II

I

II

'I

xvi

MCDONNELL DO0LA0 ASlMOPWAUTCS COMPANV-ST LONS EaO.OO

i .---.


1.0 ABSTRACT

This report describes a rather novel means of enhancing man's perfonmance

in highly complex, crew station environments. Specifically, we have related

the benefits of on-line evaluation of physiological data to projected mission

requirements for a 1990 tactical aircraft.

The salient role that tactical air power must continue to play in the

structure of U.S. defense forces has engendered a sophisticated technological

approach to weapon system development. Therefore, we begin with an overview

of the components of a "high technology" weapon system - real-time command

and control, advanced crew station and avionics design, effective defense

suppression, sensor aided target acquisition, and precision-guided ordnance.

Although a reliance upon advanced technology and a trend toward greater

automation of aircraft functions are clearly evident, the importance of the

human element should not be underestimated. This is especially true if the

system is to retain the capacity to anticipate and respond to unpredictable

threats. Herein lies the present dilemma. Man-in-the-loop assures thattItactical aircraft will have an inherent flexibility. However, if man is

I unable to perform increasingly complex tasks both rapidly ano accurately

under all combat situations, he may severely limit, and perhaps even under-

I mine, the inventive technology of the systerm he controls.

IIt may be possible to solve this problem by taking advantage of the same

I improvements in digital computation and siynal processing that currently

influence hardware development. That is, we iaay enhance the pilot's effec-

i tiveness if we monitor momentdry fluudations in attentiveness and in his

1 /

I MCDONIPERL L OUOLAU ASrOONAUrFCe CORMPANV-M. LOUIS OIVISION

M us t --w -" FI ... IP " I ' T . . . -4". ... . . .. . -. .

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046ability to process information and make appropriate decisions. The report

summarizes research which has demonstrated that these mental activities are

ranifest in distinct electrophysiological signals, and that such signals,

recorded noninvasively and unobtrusively, can be analyzed and interpreted in

real-time. On this basis, we suggest that the central computer onboard the

aircraft may be able to determine:

o when the pilot is inattentive,

o when visual or auditory information has not been processed,

o when the pilot is task-loaded to the extent that he is unable to

accept additional duties,

o when the pilot lacks confidence in a decision he has made.

For a variety of mission segments we then outline the courses of action which

can be taken to unburden or assist the pilot if biological signal processing

has forewarned an imminent deterioration in his capacity to perfon. The

actions include, among others:

o redistributing task responsibilities,

o reducing the complexity of or "decluttering" information displays,

especially the HUD,

o cueing the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target

data,

o displaying adaptive decision aids which present weighted recommen-

dations for mission-related strategies, particularly with respect to

fire control functions,

o furnishing remedial "checklists,"

o optimizing the physical characteristics (e.g., contrast, focus, etc.)

of imagery and symbolic presentations.

2

MCDOPMINLL 0OoIOLA ArWONAUTICS COM#0AJVV-ST. .C N vt vboa

i

1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

The recording and analysis of electrophysiological data also may permit

I a direct coupling of the pilot with aircraft subsystems from a control

I standpoint. At issue is whether it will be possible to interpret bioelectric

patterns related to different thought commands, whereby the pilot can "think"

to activate control surfaces.

I We are aware that a great deal more must be accomplished (in computer

technology, software development, and the design of physiological monitoring

equipment) before it is both feasible and practical to apply biucybernetic

I techniques in dynamic, operational environments. Nonetheless, we have

attempted to clarify important basic research issues and to recx;aihend reason-

able priorities for future investigations.

I

II

*II.I

II

3M CONNIELL DOUOL 4 ATMrONdAUTD'CS COMPANiV * T. LOU e VulaOv


2.0 INTRODUCTION

Generally stated, our purpose has been to assess the impact of applying

1biocybernetic techniques to improve human performance and thus enhance

system effectiveness. We have made several assumptions in undertaking this

assessement.

o The human operator is and will remain an integral component of

evolving computer-based systems.

o These advanced systems will be adaptive, that is, the distribution of

responsibilities between the operator and the system will be modified

as circumstances change.

The computer-based system with which we are concerned is a generic

tactical aircraft, and the human operator in this instance is more commonly

referred to as a pilot. With respect to the data requirements for imple-

menting adaptive procedures, we find that digital avionics programs within

the Air Force and Navy are providing the means for a reliable and efficient

flow of information about the current status of aircraft subsystems. Via

external sensing, the pilot also will be apprised of the changing posture of

the mission.

The term denotes a real-time communication link between a human operator

and the system he controls, that is based upon the physiological activity

which is recorded as the operator performs assigned tasks.

4

MWCDONNELL DOUVLAS ASTMONAUTICM COMPANY - *. L0U D0VIeOr'

I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

Rapidly occurring developments in digital computation, data-busing,

Ielectronic circuitry, display yeneration, and input/output technology havecreated a trend toward greater automation. This will reduce the extent to

which the pilot participates in housekeeping functions (i.e., navigation,

subsystems monitoring, communications, and aircraft control), thereby allow-

ing him to attend more closely to mission-related activities (i.e., detec-

tion, location, identification, decision, execution, and assessmient). The

alerted of a. subsystem failure.

While the communication link from subsystem to computer is impressive

indeed, we may ask whether comparable means are available for the pilot to

convey status information to the computer. Status in this context refers to

momentary fluctuations in attentiveness or in the ability to process infor-

mation and make appropriate decisions. An operator usually co(mmunicates with

a computer via manual responses or perhaps a small vocabulary of verbal

responses. It is unlikely that these inputs are sufficiently sensitive to

the types of momentary fluctuations mentioned above. And even if overt

S I behavioral measures could provide such information, the process of supplying

it on demand might prove extrermely disruptive to critical mission-related

tasks.

The program of biocybernetics research sponsored by DARPA since 1974

I has attempted to alleviate the imbalance in the flow of status infonlation

- by adding a communication channel from the operator to the computer. In

5describing the program, Donchin (1979) states:

5

rWCDONNffLL DOUGL AN AerfraTNLoriAcs como-AWPANY.S. LaaIs Dgow


"A channel carrying psychophysiological data (unobtrusively) acquiredfrom the operator can supply the adaptive controller with at least partof the necessary information. The program thus assumes that mentalactivities manifest themselves in a variety of physiological signals.It further assumes that it is possible to make strong inferences aboutmental activity from such signals." (p. 3)

We believe that the virtue of this communication channel is not limited

to the conveyance of status information for the purpose of effecting ri1ore or

less automation. Rather, we also envisage, among other applications, a

direct coupling of the pilot to aircraft subsystems from a control stand-

point, such as through "thought" commands.

In this report, we examine whether the pilot's ability to satisfy tac-

tical mission requirements can be enhanced if electrophysiological manifes-

tations of brain function are processed by the central computer. We discuss

quick-reaction situations, where the crew member is vulnerable and where

performance accuracy or the speed of response may be improved. While brain

electrical activity is emphasized, we consider other biological signals as

well. These include peripheral psychophysiological responses and aspects

of ocular behavior.

We have concentrated on pilot tasks associated with (a) the extraction

of displayed information and auditory messages, (b) decision-making based

upon subsequent processing of these inputs, and (c) control activation.

Moreover, the pilot tasks we describe in detail were chosen because they are

very difficult and/or are critical to the success of the mission, or because

they occur during periods of high workload.

6

AP.9WOANE.LL 0VOL.A AST'OpiWNAUTyC COPiA'V -S*V. LO.# dVOi8eN

I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

The next section of the report summarizes relevant "ground rules" for

I biocybernetic applications in a 1990 time period. As describea previously

(Goiner and Youngling, 1978), there are significant technical difficulties to

be overcome before closed-loop concepts can be incorporated in operational

settings. We feel that the time frame which has been adopted is reasonable,

in view of the necessity for long-term planning. Sections 4 and 5 compare

Igeneral mission requirements for the principal mission types and outline the

information needs of the pilot, respectively. Three major subsections

comprise Section 6. The first presents time line analyses of pilot tasks

f for a postulated escort mission. This is followed by a discussion of the

particular categories of biological signals which, when interpreted by the

computer, offer the most promise for improving task perforiance. Finally,

biocybernetic applications are presented in a matrix format for each of

thirteen integrated mission segments. Section 7 then offers conclusions and

reco ne ndat ions.

SI

': I

" 7-- I leflMCDOJPEElLL OOU.@L A* A*TMO IdAU TICO COA.iPANV. -r LOUIS OVUOtSIDA


3.0 AN OVERVIEW OF MISSION TYPES AND PROJECTED

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR TACTICAL AIRCRAFT

This summary information is intended to provide a framework for later

discussions of pilot tasks and potential biocybernetic applications.

In general, we have assumed a Central European Theatre (CET), and this

has influenced mission requirements, projected weapons, and aircrew func-

tions. We also have recognized the trend toward one-man aircraft, due to

reduced procurement, operating, and training costs, and the fact that fewer

personnel are exposed to combat. We assume that vehicle characteristics will

be typical of a two engine high performance aircraft (perhaps with direct

force flight control). Ordnance should consist principally of stand-off type

weapons, and command, control, and communication (C 3 ) should encompass:

Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), Global Positioning Satellite

(GPS), and Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS).

We believe that advanced crew stations will be developed with a concern

for efficient information flow between the pilot and the various aircraft

subsystems (cf. Mills et al., 1978). Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrate the

essential elements of such a crew station. Included will be:

(1) Vertical Situation Display (VSD) - presents attitude and position

information in the vertical plane, also predictive or command

symbology for all flight phases,

(2) Horizontal Situation Display (HSD) - provides geographic informationIIin the form of terrain images, computer generated navigational

maps and supporting symbology, and tactics,

8MCDOPNbWLL DOUGLAS ASTMOOAuTiCs COMPANV-Sir. LOUIS 01la#go,

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/(oL' z IO -0 C? Jz:~ _ 0 0) 0 6

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FIGURE 3.1 INTEGRATED CREW STATION CONCEPT FOR A1990 TACTICAL AIRCRAFT.

9

1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24

13 OCT BE 19791

0 1

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.......... ...................19...

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9. Hak Up Display Seet1ael2. Lanin GueSarPtioe Idcao

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11. TakeCHck Lostadprel 28. Luaice istio Indpars(ef12. Spgiae Panel 29. Moe Qaioy Panel(Rf17. CatoR n dioyPnl3.1/H Engine Fir Alert and Extinguisher Button 2.Ciia nieSau Rf

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1. Vercal iUao Displaytactl Dipa 2. Landing Gear Alertio niao10Multimode Di33.ayire.E2tingilher AllSoe mrmec Sw itc n

16. Arametuttion Saecnelctd Jdttsson Panel 34. Masnier CauinAetadEtigihrBto

17. Horizontal Situation Display and Moving Map(Multimode)

FIGURE 3.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INSTRUMENTS DEPICTEDIN FIGURE 3.1.

10

ACOIPHWML DoUOL 4 A3tfiMOOAUTICA COr.PANV -37. LO31S 01VDIOJ


1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046(3) Multipurpose Displays (MPDs) - present system malfunctions auto-

I matically; operator selects via keyboard the information he desires

(e.g., engine parameters, flight checklists, target designations,

weapons status, sensor FOV, etc.),

(4) Head-Up Display (HUD) - presents weapons delivery and flight

information, also limited video,

(5) Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD) - a virtual image display (as is the

HUD) which also presents weapons delivery and flight information;

however, it obviates the usual requireient of a fixed display

location,

(6) Multifunction Control Unit (MFCU) - allows the pilot to sequence

display presentations via keyboard inputs,

(7) Hands-On-Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) Controls - fly-by-wire, with

critical subsystem (particularly weapons) controls integrated

directly into the stick and throttle.

Growing alarm over the task demands imposed on the pilot and severe

space limitations within the crew stations of existing tactical aircraft have

forced engineers to discard a design philosophy which prescribes the use of

I dedicated, single-purpose instruments. An accelerated obsolescence of this

conventional approach to crew station design and a new emphasis on multi-

I purpose displays and keyboards have been brought about by remarkable develop-

ments in two areas: digital avionics and programmable electronic display

devices. Large scale integration (LSI) technology has produced the necessaryI,

I microcircuit/ microprocessor electronics to create an extremely flexible

display generation capability. Raster-scan graphics can be used to generate

5realistic and varied synthetic visual scenes, and they afford an ease of

M9CDOMIELL DOVOLAS A*VO4ALITICS COMPWANY*rT. LOG.MU O1DWOi

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046mixing display symbology with the outputs of imaging sensors such as radar,

low-light-level TV, and forward looking infrared. Display presentations can

be limited (in theory) to those sources of information which are most relevant

at a specific time period in the mission. Moreover, the sequencing of

presentations can be controlled by the particular computer program(s) in

operation and by the crew member's keyboard inputs.

While numerous display developments are in progress that offer great

promise for the 1990 time frame we have adopted, the cathode ray tube (CRT)

in all likelihood will remain preeminent. It has a superb capability for

presenting almost unlimited formats (including video).

3.1 MISSION TYPES

Tactical Air Power (TACAIR) recognizes three primary missions to accom-

plish the objective of successfully waging war. The missions are Close Air

Support (CAS), Air Interdiction (AI), and Counter Air (CA). Although there

are other TACAIR missions, such as Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare,

they generally are conceived to be supportive of offensive air-to-air and

air-to-ground missions. Mission definitions are as follows:

Close Air Support - Air action against hostile ground targets that are

in close proximity to friendly ground forces. This requires detailed

integration of each air mission with the battle activities and movements

of those forces.

12

AC4PDONNWLL DOU@LAS ATMOr ALTICS COMPA&V - ST. LOWU MIfDSONW

:,~~~~~~~~~~~ ."+ ...~ ... ..r .' ..n II - -" .. ..

I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE


Air Interdiction - Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize or

I delay the enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear

against friendly forces. These operations are conducted at such dis-

tances from friendly forces that detailed integration of air and ground

activities is not required.

I Counter Air - Air operations conducted to attain or maintain a desired

degree of air superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy

air forces. Both offensive and defensive air actions are involved.

Offensive actions range throughout enemy territory and generally are

conducted at the initiative of the friendly forces. Defensive operations

are conducted near to or over friendly territory and usually are reactive

to the initiative of the enemy air forces.

Figure 3.3 summarizes the scope of TACAIR's three primary missions.

Obviously, a large number of mission profiles will emerge for each mission

type, given the unpredictable nature of enemy operations and the broad range

of weapons, sensors, and C systems employed by friendly air forces. Conse-

quently, comprehensive yet representative profiles were developed for the

three missions.

. We have chosen to concentrate on the basic elements of each mission and

to avoid excessive concern for mission details that infrequently impact

aircrew tasks. For example, a pilot does not particularly care whether he

I penetrates at 0.85 or 0.92 Mach, at 25,000 or 29,000 ft, or whether he pulls

6.2 or 7.1 g's. These are operational techniques that take advantage of

I particular design features and overall aircraft performance. Once a pilot is

13

WCDONNOLL DOU@LA A4TRfOAUTICS COAWPAW# NV.. LOUW WbU

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PtILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

Air Interdiction

Shallow (Battlefield) I Deep Stirike

\Close Air Support

-00- -

Friendly Land Battlefield Massing and Tactics iBasing and Retupvily

Moving "Engaging"' Semifluid Masaed Fixed, Hard. HighTargets Targets Value TargetsiFESA "Fire Supoort

Coordination Line"'

- Number of Targets

* *~ APC~ Armor/ /

/Q Tactical'*// //

SAM/ Ce ~ /nter /irfield

AAA~ SAM/'/POL/

.....~~D . tad om anoner

FIGURE 3.3 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE THREETACAIR MISSIONS.

AWCOONSALL VUOL AS AsTwopNAUTICcoP~~ C4* S&OY11T. LUAS 4MVIROM

I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046thoroughly familiar with an aircraft he usually develops "rules of thumb" to

cover the situations most commonly encountered. A pilot frequently will fly

mission segments, such as low level routes, at airspeeds which are even

Itenths of a Mach (0.7, 0.8, or 0.9) or multiples of 60 knots (420, 480, 540).

I This is done in lieu of best cruise or other optimum speeds because it

facilitates solving in-flight timing problems, an important parameter in all

offensive air missions.

I The previous example illustrated that mission timing can be more impor-

tant than optimum penetration speed. Many other examples are possible thdt

would further contrast pilot and aircraft design priorities. The mission

I profiles that follow emphasize the pilot priorities, especially in terms of

decision-making functions and information needs.IGeneral mission requirements are identified in Figure 3.4 for pre-flight,

in-flight, and post-flight phases. Representative mission profiles were

, constructed from these requirements and are illustrated in Figures 3.5

through 3.7 for Close Air Support, Air Interdiction, and Counter Air missions,

I respectively. A detailed comparison of mission requirements for the three

rission types is presented in Section 4.0.

j Although we have considered the mission requirements individually, they

overlap significantly in operational situations.

I

15

I MCtOONWLL DOLO*LAS AarnONAsTICS COami# ̂ wV.Sr. Loans f tngabt


1. Pre-Flight - All aircrew functions leading up to and including takeoff.

1.1 Mission Planning1.2 Preflight1.3 Start and System Checks1.4 Taxi1.5 Arming1.6 Takeoff

2. In-Flight - All flight activities beginning with climb and concluding atthe termination of the landing roll.

2.1 Climb to Level-Off2.2 Cruise2.3 Loiter2.4 Rendezvous and Air-to-Air Refueling (AAR)2.5 Coordination2.6 Mission Rendezvous2.7 Penetration2.8 Threat Warning2.9 Detection2.10 Location2.11 Identification2.12 Decision2.13 Execution2.14 Assessment2.15 Termination2.16 Egress2.17 Cruise2.18 Rendezvous and Air-to-Air Refueling (AAR)2.19 Reengage2.20 Return to Base2.21 Descent2.22 Approach2.23 Landing

3. Post-Flight - All mission-related activities beginning after the completionof the landing roll and ending when the aircrew is free to perform otherduties or pursue personal interests.

3.1 De-arm3.2 Taxi3.3 System Checks3.4 Shutdown3.5 Post-Flight3.6 Debrief

FIGURE 3.4 GENERAL MISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR PRE-FLIGHT,IN-FLIGHT, AND POST-FLIGHT PHASES.

16ACOOOML L OUVLAS ASTMOPWAUTUCS COMOANYV- *. LOLOM Onq0#00W

II

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

II

2.20 (2.19) . 2.17

2.21 2.162.22 / / 2.3 2.5 F 2.16

2-2 21 l2l4 12.7b) 2.9 .1

1.6~ 3.1.

Squadron .Operations 36 F FEBAMaintenance NOTES:

I Debriefing 1. Parentheses indicate optional phases.- 2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.

. FIGURE 3.5 MISSION PROFILE FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT.

t,.I

I- I

, I

17

1aCDOOI#WLL DOUGLAS ANTOONAUTICS COAR#APNV.-1. LO MNa

. ... r I



;- 2.8

2.17

.Z16(b)

-2.7 2.9-2.15S2. 7(c

2.20 12.18) 7 2.5"--f / • ~2.5

" 'S /.2.16(a)

(21) 2. 2.7(a) 2.9-2.152 .2 2 2 2 .4 1" W

2.23 -

" .

Opertons1. 6 NOTS1

ll2"

1.5.

{N

'j3j4

L .2J %3.5 3.21.1 '813 \ t

Squadron -F EBAOperations 3. NOTES:

Maintenance 1 . Parentheses indicate optional phases.Debriefing 2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.

FIGURE 3.6 MISSION PROFILE FOR AIR INTERDICTION.

18

iWCDONPNELL OOUOLAS A* f RAU rlCS COM 0WANV - T. LONW D VSOW



II

2.15,1

2.20 _ .8:.7 2.,9 -VOW

12. 19 2.5 2.6 2.7 j

I 2.22 2.21

2.23 As1

Squadron " k FEBI AOperations 3.6

. MaintenanceiDebriefing . Parentheses indicate optional phases.

~2. Numbers refer to phase of flight and mission requirement.

- 14 \.A

1.519

FIGU EP AS A3.7 MISIONPR-OFILE FC ER

Squdrn°EI

Opraios|.

MCDONN~FUEL 3.7LA MISSIONAPROILEFO CONV-TR AOlJIR.I

i i"1 I I II Ii i i


3.2 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

3.2.1 Weapons - The CET's defenses, weather, terrain, and target

characteristics (size, mobility, signature) compromise the effectiveness of

many weapons which currently are operational (cf. Levine, Beideman, and

Youngling, 1978). Therefore, new concepts are needed. Stand-off weapons,

both unitary and dispenser types, with midcourse and terminal guidance offer

one of the most feasible solutions. Figure 3.8 summarizes the characteristics

of various guidance options. These guidance systems also can be used in

combination. For example, midcourse guidance can be inertial while terminal

guidance can be imaging infrared (11R) with data link lock-on.

It is important to emphasize that the key features of future weapons

are that they be stand-off and that they possess accurate guidance and

control. The net results are to increase survivability and effectiveness and

to reduce losses and the resources required to destroy a target.

Figure 3.9 defines the various air-to-air missiles that influence pilot

tasks. The physical characteristics are listed, as are the system components

associated with a successful missile deployment. Important to the crew

station designer are the cockpit components that are required to launch each

missile. The basic purpose of each missile has been provided in the "Remarks"

column.

Figures 3.10 and 3.11 present similar information for air-to-surface

ballistic weapons and air-to-surface missiles, respectively.

20

MCCDOPNELL OJOLAS ATRmONAUTICs COMPANV - ST. LOIS OfV.'gOObp


Characteristics

U*Gednrc Adverse Fixed Moving * .. LaunchGuidnceWeather Targets Targets LOBL'LOAL and

Type Leave

Laser Seeker - V V V v

EQ TrackerI (Edge, Centroid, Correlation)Lock On Before Launch- V V VVData Link Lock On- V V V V

IR TrackerI (Edge, Centroid. Correlation)Lock On Before Launch- V V VVData Link Lock On- V V - V V

I IR/Radiometric Seekers (Passiye) V V VV VRadar

Contrast TrackersV V V V V VSAR Line of SightV V - V -

SAR Azimuthi Range Coincidence v V V - V -

Radar Correlation v V - V V VI ~~IR/Radiometric CorrelatorsV VV V V

Terrain Correlators lTERCOM) V v ___

a Antiradiation V VI ~~Inertialv VV V V

*Lock-on before launch flU-

*Lockc-on after launch

I FIGURE 3.8 GUIDANCE SYSTEMS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.

21I A9COOPJPELL DOUGJLAN AsrsO~mNuvucm COAPAPJV- T. L04101 DMV101orv


h..

0 40

a I 41t o

* cc - 4J r- .0L. c

cc "a7 mu m

41~~3 0 0I '0.006 0 0 4 0. 414 c

-l w1 -4 0.4 0.041 V4 (.0 w m1 uJ . Q

4

2 w0V -1 to m4 .I JVr 0U S. 41;1 0 414 0.- -

S6 41 0 41 6 cu0 w041 w. go 00 (i w.n .

410 x0.

6 .. 6 *0m In14 0UU

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rJ-0 0 f 0 0 00 - 04

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0V C3 w-4~11 ~~41 /741 4- ~41fl . = I41

4P4 4..^Z2 4

w m co wI c

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" Um v 41ml- W *.-2 U1 -

* BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MVDC E2046

0 0 0 m4 -4 03 Pl wC aD V

9 c .OA x0 c 0' 31 c 00

GD GDG 4 0 en 0 000 0 0 D .CN -4 .

800 0w GD 'o. D J~D

QD. 0. CL 0.0 10 to~ L.to0 0 0 0G 3u. w~-

08o co 4 w-4 , I.N0 f~.j

4.4 IWO "I4 WO CL G .0 a) - GD4G GD GDGDA GD 0)D CLA.c -

00 13 GD GD 4) -4'.4 40 a x- Ea

- L ~ ~ 4)4 c 0 0 0. .GN 0. .

OSJ 0 0 GD 0 In G 0 mD 0 G-4 4,D. D GDG DG

-3 ~ 4 - 31 -~ . 4 -4 4 0>

M.G (a CA CA IA 4) (U4

-7 ccD A.4 4:; Aj A 0

1 4 00 3 cc 00 0) 00C 00 cc C. 0Aj 4) 14 '4 ' DZ' 4' 4'

V44 w ~ 0."4ad GD 0 go C 0.4 WD 0.

cc4' E4 a4 'n m 4 tm '4 In '4 '-4 . 3. 3. W. 3. 3. 3 3 33 3

10 G 0r GD 1U0 0 GD 10 0 'A 0cn 4 Gd D .0 GD GD GUD G G DG

5C 0 LL

"4 '4 '4' 4 1'

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A* 80 C

GD Q &4- .Cco -4 4

w4 C4 GDv- GD Ac4

.0 -. C D * .4G

C6C'A -- .4 .4x.

cu A (0.0.; .0i-4 GD -4-t4c- 0 0.4 0 0 vi-t. 44 0 a a . A o C4 00 0% a.

N3 0.0G

* D *..0 12 *- . -4

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:4 80G 01 AAC"6 = 0l .0 0 0 cc 00 0~

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10 -v41

4C -0. 1 41414.40 J9- cc -

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0 04 30 to -41 01 4

0o 41 z4 r- V14 ..- 00 M

w > 1 0A.' 0 '0 cC41 sw 41 0111 ~ 1

41 * ~ ~ 4

w1 co to 0 - ~en 3 0w 0. w~ cc ~ '01 -4 CC4-' cc

41 ~ '4 3' 4 -4- 0 I In.41

2..43 04 wC 0J -.4 14 ~ 4 0.1

.r.U0 .0

41 -4 44 .* ;a 3n .4 4

.4~~a 41 41 . 3 4

41 41U 414 41 U *-L4

41 Cl -441 44 -41 . .. 4-..41 ra1 4 4 411 4 Z

041A0 A 1. 0 a 2.. 41 0a <404 0.4

40. -41 0 E 41 0 1 04 4..

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4124

* .0 NOWIELL OOULA -4rf0A1 TIC CLii&PVS.L0N 0V

I

1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

3.2.2 Avionics - The reduction in the cost of digital circuitry and the

U advantages of expandable memory are responsible for an increase in the use of

i digital computers onboard military aircraft. Most importantly, the avionics

are more integrated, with the various subsystems under the control of higher

level systems which, in turn, are under the control of the pilot. By effec-

tive interconnection of subsystems workload can be reduced, permitting the

I pilot to concentrate on those tasks which the central computer cannot handle

effectively.

The advances in electronics will result in more accurate navigation,

improved night and adverse weather target detection, jam resistant communica-

I tions, and more effective countermeasures. The largest payoff may be in

terms of better command, control and communication (C 3 ) systems. The pro-

grams most likely to affect aircraft systems and crew information require-

ments are the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and the

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). Although not directly a C3

program, the Global Positioning System (GPS) may interface with JTIDS for

navigation and blind navigation bombing purposes.

. I A summary of anticipated avionics improvements is shown in Figure 3.12,

with reference to the Air Force Digital Avionics Information System (DAIS).

3.2.2.1 Sensors - The information which is displayed during various

phases of the mission is derived from two sources: (a) real-time sensors andI,(b) the a priori data base stored in the aircraft computers before takeoff.

P. In general, those data which are retrieved assist the pilot in performing

monitoring, navigation, threat location, and target acquisition functions.

25

MCDOPNELL DOUaLAS ASTWONALrlICS CO*MPAAIV-0T. LO.*N D ItCO


Function Equipment Type Anticipated Advances

HAV Inertial Strapdown; improved gimballed systems

ADC Computations performed in processor

TACAN, ILS, ADF Weight, size, power consumption

GPS, OMEGA Will become operational

Hybrids GPS/inertial available

COm MSI, LSI; Shared Antenna ; Modulationtechniques

JTIDS Will become operational

IFF Improved performance, cost reductions

ECM Power management

Air/Ground Attack Lasers Laser target seekers will becomeoperational

FLIR Reduced costs, weight, size; improved

display

FLR" Improved performance, reliability

C/D Controls & Displays Current displays and controls will bereplaced by computer-driven MPD

plus EMFK

Processing Processors LSI technology and microprocessorswith large central processing capa-bility

BITE contained within microprocessors

MOS (metal oxide semiconductors)Bipolar Schottky transistor-transistorlogic

Power Supply Central power supply core element

Interface Equipment BCIU, RTU Integrated within sensor or processor

FIGURE 3.12 ANTICIPATED AVIONICS ADVANCES (WITH REFERENCE

TO DAIS).

26

PECDOMIEL L DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICB COCMPAI V - er LO4,P DRIVUIONOW


The sensors, on the other hand, provide essential information for all house-

keeping and mission-related functions, particularly navigation, communication,

threat detection/ location, and the execution of air-to-air or air-to-ground

attack.

I Representative sensors onboard the aircraft include:

o multimode radar and forward looking EO or IR sensors for target

I recognition; laser designator/ranger/tracker for attack,

o imaging seekers for missile guidance (see Figure 3.8) (implied is the

dedicated fire control computer for directing these seekers to the

aimpoint coordinates available from the target acquisition sensors),

o navigational sensors for INS, TACAN, and GPS,

o radar and laser threat (ground and air) warning sensors, IFF threat

identification receivers, and data-link receivers (e.g., JTIDS).

We should mention that a more inclusive listing would encompass the feedback

j devices which are used to monitor the status of the various aircraft sub-

systems. By restricting our focus to those baseline sensors listed above,

i however, we can describe their characteristics in greater detail (see Figure

1 3.13).

3.2.2.2 Electronic Displays - In the next two sections (4 and 5) of

this report, the mission requirements and the associated information needs of

I the pilot are described for the reader. These sections demonstrate that

3 flexibility in display generation is essential to satisfy future mission

objectives. The pilot must be able to select, or be provided automatically,

I integrated information which is updated or changed accordingly across specific

time periods in the uission.

* 27&MCDONNIELL DOUOLAS ASTMOOEAUrICs COMPANV - T. LOE.N OEVIIN40I


0 4XCD >J >C

000.4-0

-m 04 0 0 ,C

4- C' A CVS

0c 0, 39 4

o 00OE C0A -C40 , L 0 ''. .v O - - - - , 04w cu.4, A . t i . C - C .+

0 0A-LAL 0 , S . , G 4- 0 " 4-w -a 0' - O ~ .-- 0 . A , , .- 4-C00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c .4-4AC C - .4S . -*~

-Y mCCE E o- - K ' . . E

0..

0 C0 u 0. 0.

0. ~ 0, , -. 4- *..-.0.CD0. . A - 1 A- "44 AOW

CL uJ

0 . _1%

0wvawW L O O AS CtA~r~jAjr (.4-0.fV -Or 4-MA (0IA C

I1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE'1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

We stated earlier that flexibility is afforded, in part, by the incorpor-

I ation of multifunction display techniques. Our purpose in this subsection is

I to present a brief comparison of those electronic display media which will be

competing for inclusion in tactical crew stations during the 199Os. Recall

that Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrated the display units which will present

visual information to the pilot. They consisted of:

I o Multipurpose Displays (MPDs),

Io Horizontal Situation Display (HSD),

o Vertical Situation Display (VSD),

j o Head-Up Display (HUD),

o Helmet-Mounted Display (HMD).

I Presentation media for alpha numerics, symbolic characters, graphics, and

full video should include:

o Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs),

o Liquid Crystals (LCs),

o Plasma Devices (PLDs),

o Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs),

o Electroluminescence Devices (ELs),

o Laser Displays (LDs),

I o Electromechanical Devices (EMDs).

* ITo allow a meaningful comparison of these display devices, consider the

- information formats and coding Fchemes (Figure 3.14) with respect to which

the competing technologies will be assessed (see Figure 3.15). Other factors

3 certainly must be taken into account when establishing evaluation criteria,

and these are illustrated selectively in Figure 3.16.

t Im 29

SMCDONNMELL DOUJGLA AsTROp*AuTICs COMPANV-OS. LOA 06 WOOON


A - On-off: legend

B - Alpha numerics: fixed alphabet

Cl - Characters (symbols and alpha numerics), raster or matrixgenerated: variable alphabet

C2 - Characters, stroke generated: variable alphabet

D - Graphics and characters: fixed format and alphabet

El - Graphics and characters, raster or matrix generated:variable format and alphabet

E2 - Graphics and characters, stroke generated: variable format

and alphabet

F - Full video (or fixed image)

G - Color coding

H - Size coding

I - Depth coding

J - Time coding (typically a software problem)

FIGURE 3.14 INFORMATION FORMATS AND DISPLAY CODING SCHEMES.

30

ACDONMELL DOUGLAS ANTRONAUTOCS COMPAPIV * *E LOWS DNVISIeOI



II

DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

LD EMD EL LED PLD LC CRT

A X X X X X X

B X X X X X X X

Cl x x x x x

DISPLAY D X X X X X XFORMATTYPES Ex x x x x

(SEE FIGURE3.14) E2 X X

F X ? ? X X

1 G X X X ? ? ?

H X ? X X X X X

.I IJd XXI

II* FIGURE 3.15 COMPARISON OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES, WITH RESPECT

TO INFORMATION FORMATS AND CODING SCHEMES.

I

t 31

rMVCDONWfLL DOUOLAS ASVONAVICS COMPANW-.7. LOLW* DlVIOpII!


1AME ELECTRLU[NESCEl(CE LIGHT EM.ITTING LIQUID

PARAMETER PLASMA PANEL DIODES CRYSTAL

Resolution 30-60 epi .20-50 epi. large panels 30-50 epi 10 epi, large panels 120-1600 epi

500 epi, small panels 588 epi, small panels

Brightness -30-50 ft L '30 ft L l00 ft L • Ambient Dependent -30-1000 ft L

Contrast _20:1 Binary '10:1 Full Video 100:1 20:1 Full Video 20:1 Full Vioeo

Oisplay Size '1024 elements Z4O elements, 6 inch 250 elements, 350 elements, 3.5 in. 480-830 elementsT7 inch sq 500 elements, I inch 6 in. sq. 600 elements, 1 in. 1-25 inch sq.(ac driven)

Color Primarily Neon Phosphor Dependent Red; green and Prirary Black/White PhosphorOrange Full Full Color Possible yellow also but Contrasting Dependent,Color Possible available Colors are Available Discrete Colors

Also

Power 200-300W lOW 1.5-2.0W/cm2

Swlcm2

to 1.0 mW/cm2

100 WattsRequirements 01.5-2.0 volts @3-15 volts

Thickness <l inch I1 inch 1 inch 'l inch z12-18 inch

Weignt 50 lbs -Up to SO Lbs.

Environment Rugged Rugged Rugged Rugged but Tempera- Ruggedizedture Limits

Aspect Wide Aspect Uniform, Wide Aspect Slight Gain But Restricted Uniform Wide

Viewing IBasically UniformITime Constants Std. Video Compatible With Std. Compatible With 10-500 ns (with scan 3-1OHHz Std.

(dc driven) Video Std. Video converter LC can Videodisplay std. video)

Storage/ yes (ac driven) Yes, but is config- No Limited Storage None (storageRefresh no (dc driven) uration dependent CRTs are

available)

Reliability/ 100,000 Mrs LRU 1.000 to 10,000 hrs, 10,000 to 100,000 20,000 hrs, LRU 15 to 15,000 hrs,Maintainability LPU [rs, LRU LRU

Status Operational/ Laboratory Demonstra- Commercially Operational/Labor- OperationalCommercially tion Models Available/ atory DemonstrationAvailable Operational Models

FIGURE 3.16 EVALUATION PARAMETERS AND CORRESPONDING

PERFORMANCES OF SELECTED DISPLAY DEVICES.

32MCDONNELL DOUOLAS AOTOrNAVIrC* COM#&4NV -T. LOUL wUoW

I BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

The CRT will probably remain the fundamental display medium in the

I 1990s, because of its versatility in generating data for all display units

listea above (i.e., MPD, HSD, VSD, HUD, HMD). However, as new display media

are developed (e.g., electrophoretic, magnetic particle, and electrochromatic

I devices) the pilot's information needs, which translate to display formats

and codes, rust be considered as the most significant evaluation criterion.Ig 3.2.2.3 Multifunction Control Unit - Multifunction switches, a rela-

tively new concept in control technology (see Figure 3.1), are a counter-

I part of coriputer generated multifunction displays. They may be thought

of as versatile sets of switch contacts which perform different switching

Ioperations.

Each switch within a nultifunction control unit addresses computer

logic, which determines the specific function of that switch and initiates

the desired action when the control surface is activitated. Since the

I function of a particular switch changes, current status of the switch must be

displayed. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:

o rear projecting legends onto pushbutton switches,

I o generating legends remotely and transmitting to switch face with

fiber optics,

o generating legends on an electronic display with switches located in

the periphery,

o generating legends on an electronic display and then activating the

I area which has been designated (touch, light pen, photo-sensitive

detectors, etc.),

o generating legends directly on the switch face.

t. I 33

MCDONNEWLL DOU@LAS ASTONAUTOCS COMPAWV -S. LOUDU CrWISq3.ND



3.2.2.4 Voice Actuated Controls - As modern aircraft become increasingly

wore sophisticated, additional responsibilities are created which add to an

already burdensome pilot workload. The concept of voice actuated systems

(VAS) is one potential solution to this problem. In fact, the applications

can be extended in principle to incorporate "thought" commands, as discussea

in Subsection 6.3.

The purpose of VAS is to permit more direct communication with the

computer, thereby alleviating conventional workload and providing additional

time to perform higher level tasks.

The particularly desirable features of VAS are: a reduction in manual

control procedures (especially during critical flight phases), a reduction in

eye-hand coordination problems, and a reduction in visual demands inside the

cockpit. A representative application may be found in weapons delivery.

During this mission phase, the pilot is concerned with the sequence of events

necessary to properly arm and deliver weapons on a target, to maintain

altitude and airspeed within acceptable limits, to performnrequired communicd-

tions, and to remain alert for enemy threats. With VAS, it may be possible

for the pilot to change radio channels and to arm and deliver weapons by

simple voice commands. Hence, more time and attention can be given to target

acquisition, lock-on, flight control and threat avoidance.

Voice data entry systems are already in use for a number of interactive

command and control functions. However, these systems have a limited vocab-

ulary and dre speaker specific. Vocabularies typically consist of digits and

a small set of control words and phrases.

34

ACDORPrELL DOLOOLA40 AeWROmAUTIC C0MPANV-0T. LOUx0 Dotlooml


3.2.2.5 Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, (JTIDS) - JTIUS

is a digital communication system for secure, redl-tirie colmmand and control

of combat operations. JTIDS will interconnect the tactical defense elements

of all services with surveillance/intellegence centers and with command and

control centers in the theatre of operations. Precise time-of-arrival

r:ieasurements, coupled with the transmission of emitter location, are used to

generate a common grid coordinate system containing the location of all

active net participants. The system uses Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA) to interconnect all users via one common channel for the distribution

of information. Each authorized element is allocated a number of trans-

mnission time slots. When not transmitting, each element monitors the trans-

missions of all other elements and extracts the information as needed.

Although the specific benefits of JTIDS have not been documented,

several generic benefits affect tactical missions. These are:

o jam resistant communications,

1 o intercept enhancement,

o "Beyond Visual Range" threat identification,Io supplementary threat warning,

Io relative nagivation,

o blind NAV bombing capability.

' IJTIDS is a multiphased program which is scheduled to achieve full

. operational status by 1984.

'" I

35- I 9CDO~tPWNELL DOUVLAS ASVTRO#WALTC COaMPANV-ST. LOCIS OS ISlJON..

-' -..- =] 1 ... LII '% 'I' "t' '1 ' I'*,' 1 - ' -- .. ...... n - --,, . . .. .


3.2.2.6 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) - AWACS will

provide air surveillance for command, control and communication functions

throughout the U.S. and overseas. Its radar will detect and track aircraft

at any altitude over land and water.

3.2.2.7 Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) - GPS will provide precise,

three-dimension6l position and velocity information to aircraft, ships, and

ground Forces. The GPS development is currently in the validation phase,

with early results indicating that the system can meet anticipated accuracy

requirements. Full scale development should begin in 1982. Eventually, 24

satellites will be orbited for full global coverage by 1984.

tkt

36WCEPOOMELL 00OL *8 Asrnoow^LTDCS COMPR*N V-Sr T. a00 OuIOMMVa



4.0 MISSION REQUIREMENTS

General mission requirements were listed earlier (see Figure 3.4) for

pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight phases. From these requirelents,

representative mission profiles were illustrated for Close Air Support, Air

Interdiction, and Counter Air missions (see Figures 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7,

respectively).

VOur intent in this section of the report is to describe the mission

I requirements in more detail. This is followed (in Section 5) by an examina-

tion of pilot information needs. After establishing tactical objectives and

I definin, the corresponding information requirements, we present (in Section

6) time line analyses of the specific tasks which must be performed.

IWe have chosen a presentation format (adapted from Mills et al., 1978)

which will facilitate comparison of the requirements for the principal TACAIR

l missions. The numbering scheme used to identify individual mission require-

ments is the same as that used in Figure 3.4. Notes are included whenUfurther clarification or differentiation is necessary. We should emphasize,

I again, that the mission requirements overlap in combat situations.

4 I37

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t. 44

MCoOPIEWLL DOUOL AU A*TWO#NALITUCS COAP'A V - T. LdXA DeVDSPOW

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~~I zCL3L ~ ) tn ,4 CW-~ C~ a,40. 43. L..43> c3 t03- > w w fL

La024)502

U4)4 . 0~-3.)L ~0

-IUR 4.15V INV-FLIGHT MISSION.S REUREET (CNINE)

O (A0NWL 0. 0 V, A 43CAormcpCCA4)>,co4 C M 0 V-rL U Laf~~

Jr0o ~4)4U~a4)4LaL'~4WO 4)m.UL43


&A -. a - v*c 030 CL. LL- )

m 03- L 0m

C tAL ~ .~C 0CC2-E Li03 0 C a ot

CL0 -' S_.2tcc l Cm 3 Ci LCaatc u

I- C .C0- 4 0 J 0-. C:M

Q3 43WEc cmt %Lz S - c 03 C

4-a -z E* 431

CL -C cu s- A 0 3(, 4 - - C4w o -V 033 Ctflt 'A Ea Uc

L4. r_3 Lxn C I _ a a1 I _L

4* o)C 3 0 -U c~ w4*La, S- 0 F. S_ 0 =t cre U

-u- - U LU *LQ 4

- 0 4*L03Ca m wl4 c- 4-)'0 a3*0- 4A 0L 2 LO 8 C 4- C' u L

CCLo - Z* 4 .--- Ex 00. O, 03 -U4 a. 3 40 m0 3

ul 0 U.. ZO 0*- ~ m a

_c C E '" ,o* CtL

t0m 4-4

ex *0C' C1 'Uu ::: m 0 O Strt

CQ. .- Ut. wU UtmC C C4

= r c* Ut 03 l ) ~ m *o 0.j 0" La a0EC c 4ur LL ,.a

C L 3-C at 'U 03 . .U C s tr03L4-*w

10Z 0 a u L m. 4_ c 0 0- 1*a ' Z *-.-E.ILai 0 ot3 4* 'A c C_ d) L ) 430 w* Lt

tA 1o ct.- 0 - v CU 03t S.Ut 03 0m3L .. ll*~~~C cm dL w 3- ~ 3 3Ut'U ~ L 'U t t L'U 4 >'

I. - LA. 0 D 0 C L_ > 0 *4 >,0c33,34*E 200 CC 4*2 ' EL

itj U E * - - - - 4-4 - 4J Go)00303

C,

3 C 4

FIUE41 NFIH LaSIO REUIRMNS(OTNE)

5 N53

tCiNWL 4AOA NWNLTISC0 #AVSTLN 1IPO

Il'I i


Z ~ 0 %

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*20 V' ra) a) 41

'ow

tt54

r.CDONM.2 OOUO 48 AT-'ATC OWAV-*.LUOIDO

1 OCTBE17 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE MDCI 1 OCTOBER 1979 DCE2046

I . o,

41

W 0Ur 4. a

D . m ma

CL cu cli4v. U,

.,. -I .. /

I

-

L. 4.'

55c

U 414 IV . 6

0 41

I 41~~ 41411 > UU'~ C

a U V.- 0

C34

w 4 . VwE u _

0. 4))a)-~~ -V4' , 0 >, 4

04)C-41-, -

CD'I O I C4 1 4 4 "

C4U - 4 00C4.- A) OR) !:a0

-4 0ov c N U -0A -' 41' UC

CL. 0 ) A1 4a o41 .0 C

4- f 41-n 4 E C U4*: 'A 4)10 4 41 41t &-A

Ii cI4-CA 4 c uc

06 4 )> 0 a - 4'A u A V 1 E55'

AWCDONPJELL DOUGL AS ~ ~ ( 47 O VU ,3C PPPY*S~L USD~D


w41

p.-4

c J

0n

0 '3

cJ U UU

U,)'

I* U N 0 w

NL 0 N c C

I-) ~ ~ -' a"L ucuC1

0 , L, C 3 cow olieOJ (U cr;O

Po V E >-V 0 -E . -. 0 .C

0. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0...W . 0C0C G ~

-6 0.,00 * W)L ' ' C C C C

L.J ~ ~ ~ I =J.@., ID-~. a)JO M3 3(3/3 ~cl c~~j~ cE( c .0J J

o -,: Itt- c

FIGURE4.19 -IN-FIGH MISIO REUIEMNT (CONL- E)

'3 0~~ 0)) *-'C 56

MCEPONNIFL 00-CA Aw o ,(wur s c p...3-3( .cm~ mwgs

a BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

I-- 0

I

r_ 3.C - a

*- T I- .1 N L wM- C 4-.

a. 'i c,, 61 cr u ,A J_ 0,- 0- 0 c' .,,.

"a I- w0 06 0 C c4

fa . ,- S4U 4SPO AIR mI A -ONTR 4-R

a 4) AS ~ 43L. U Ca w' cu4

43 '0 0.4' 00 4 0) S_ C

I 03 L.03-...... 4-4.4

o? a 0. ('J ru U4j 05u %- 4m.0'0 m0Jr'a c - a 4 0 Un

0 'u w 10-00L

C7 m44~ tmC 4-00 44343U'0 00

FIUE42 POST-LIGH MISSION00 REUREET FORi'0. CLOSEAI

MCVCWWLL 0VOLA 0r-L'.'00CS COMODAW-S. 004W ~UCft#PK


A 0

o s'

C,, ,.

-- U

,.-~ .'C -,. - o oC. .. C..)O

oZ

,.- .,,,- 0 0" = 3

2 ~25

1,.

MCDONNELL .OUOLA- ACTONATIC COPA%6C . O C lllO

: E'- .. . . ,- . . 4-0

O~01 4-~0 0 --- 0 0m

4) LC4-' z.- - ~--0 ,

= r.

1 4= CL 12C'-'D 1knu s-C 04- 0 w 0

S(4JO., oC C 4-0E

. * .0 0 0 M AC.C .L0uC U

' X0. 0 ) o 0 0U ) .4A W 0u %-.a 4j w- m.a4 0 w

7L-.) E m4v 0v. u t IOLCC, a 1)o =0 ' c w'O .. 4- .o E ='C

_%9 -C 'C IM.-'A -004'U 0 A VWC . C>M = C -' " *0 -

'fl)0 *0' W 4V 1E 1 1U 0 0 ;Z0 - WVo. CfC.0 I 0 '0C'- o -

'o 0,E L JC - % ' "cI 40 x ) m0 0 a-r

n 0 a, w0). " 3u 4"a m4 .

4.).ad.0

In (

FIGURE 4.21 POST-FLIGHT MISSION REQUIREMENTS (CONCLUDED).

58

ACDOWNWdLL 0OUOL AS ASTMONJAUVUco COaMMOAV-S 5. LOUIS 00t'DSUOA

I1 OOBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24

5.0 INFORMATION NEEDSIIt should be obvious, from even a cursory reading of the mission require-

ments, that a combat pilot must spend considerable time processing displayed

information. In Section 3, we reviewed the various display units which will

present visual information during the 1990s (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2). In

I this section, we are concerned with the specific types of information which

must be displayed at different stages of each TACAIR mission. Therefore, we

have provided comprehensive listings of information requirements. We believe

j that the mission and information requirements, coupled with the aircraft

characteristics, determine the assignment and sequencing of pilot tasks.

The tabulations which appear in Figures 5.1 through 5.12 (adapted from

Mills et al., 1978) indicate whether the displayed data are: required (1),

frequently required (2), or merely of additional value (3) at a certain stage

of the mission. Thus, an entry of "2" or "3" signifies that this particular

I information is less essential than information assigned a weight of "I."

I

Ild

I

59

I ,MCDO4EWILL DOUOLAS ASTMOWIALTICS COMOPAPNY - B. LOW DDVIUON


Pr~igIIn-Flght Piisk-Fkiglo

,I~ ii, At

AdossmstrativeI'sumat,oiCalSin 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1Flight Poiti I 1 1 2Anc,aft Ass.9innII

pal kinSpo. I 1 1 2 3SP- ePloce-l-e---- ----------- 2-2-------------------------- - ------ -- - -------A..crati Configuration I11I1 112 2 21 22 12 22 2 1 111 121 1 2211 1 1Fm,,io sc .& 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1IFF /SIF Pcoc~duses 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1

We~hiI 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 2 1 I 1 I IR.ju I 1o I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I1 I I I 1 : I I I I I I I

Anifid StatusA., 11.0d Dinc,.ptron 1 33 11 2 2 211 11 2 1Lanctin- R...ai 1 2 21 I 1 2 21 1Rr..dy Length 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1BAr., mI 2 2 1 2 1 1

Ap1~re 2 2 2 I 1 1M,,,et Approach Instructions 3 1A., I..Id EI.grr1 I 2 1 -2 1 1Os,.-n ftit 32 1Pa, k,ng A, ea I I 1 1 3 1 1 1 1IT..' Ho Ies 1 22 1 13 1 1 111 1A. n. n Area I I 1 2 12D." M-r9gAsror 1 1 3 2 12AIIernaie Arheld 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22

T insBr-d-g T-ne ISta::,, 1Tni. IStar Eng nre Tnm. IIIFI.yirr Cir,ck In T. 1 ITa., Trnse. .__ . . . .I .T.k~otffTrne-------------1A., R.Inelinn Conict Trme 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1T.r.errn T.gei 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11.r :o CIlnrl, I 2 1 2T7meoGO 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

cIwrTanes -1 1 1 1 I 1 I ILI I I I I -j Ij 1 1 -1 I

ToflD.y 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Cautin arid Warning System

C-Io.ru.InsWainrrrgs I I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Frmr~ rrm~r 1 1 1 . . . . . . . - -L 1- 1- L I - t- 11 IJ I J 1 1 1 -1 1 I I -2

O.g~~ar1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2

Aulr~srrioiDnenrgapil 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2A n -~rM.Ilucinor I I I 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 1Ahr1r,,ri. Lo 1 2 2 2 322 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 2 1 1 1AnspgeerlLow 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1I 1 1 1L L L1..2.1L2 1A.1.1

FIGURE 5.1 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT.

60MCEPOPJPJEL 0OVOL AS ASTOIAUTDCS COMrPPANW.Mr 3&MLOI 1199s0(


I 1 OTOBE 197 MDCE204INAI AIo pF a s vsh. 40s NN m v ,N V Vftvtu4, 1

eIFuel Off1 LoadingiCuoss Weiqi ++ 2Autilot Sutnode 1 1 1 223 2 2 1 1 11122 1 1 1 + IAuwilos gunmg . 2. I 2 3 1I _ ___2_ _ __

commncationsCo, Ii .lig Agenicy 1I I 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 . . . . . .Aui.+c, IlSign 1 2 2 2 2 2 . . . 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

IF ,I A'n1 1 2 1 1 111 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

Mi~~i~ini 2 2 2 2 2 2

fhligit AidsNo,,ii:,.ChecI, lshs 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1Erne qiciy Checkthsh, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Eniegency A., fields 1 3 2Peiso.ie Tecdis 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

*Heading 2 2 1 1 I++l 1 l 1111 1 1 11 11 2 1 2F1,1 Pith I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 2

P.Iik Sieinlg 2 1 1 + I I I I IIILI I I IJIJ1J2 2...

GlnAe Slulm 3 2 3 2 11 2Local,ter 3 2 3 2+ 1 1 2

Distaneto Desination 1 2 2 1 11 111111 1+ 1+ ++ 1+1 1 +1 +Be a ;:::g o Destmiiiiot 2 1 ++ 1111+++II1 1++1+I 1l++I 2Desui,,ion Selected 1 2 2 1 1+ III ++I I I ++II +II++I++II+I1+ 2mask., Beacon--------------------------------- - - - - - - .1 --Cleo, i,on~ifuis 1 21 2l+1 1 1 + 1 + +1 1 + 1Majqiieic Vaiiion 1 1 3 I2Coi,i,".iess 1 2 2Nd.g.iw Point 1 12 1 11 11 1 +1 I++1I+++1 1 1 + + 1 I

3PIdnnei Rnuqof Flih 1 1 +2_ 11 11 11 1 11 J-L L- 111111--j 1 -1 -LJJ

Hoai 4 H I Vnr 2 11 2 2- 2-

* FIGURE 5.2 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT, W (CONTINUED).

t 61

1. I AEMC10OIll DOLAL* allTMOIAUIJTCS CCOPIAPIV * UT LOWSavait


0

AigtitueAoe ouqd Level AGLI 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 I 1 IAttiudeAbove MeanSua Leel 2 1 21 1 11 11 11 1 11 12 11 1 1 1111.1.

*Alumel, Selling I I I I I I I ICommand Aimiwi 1 21 1 11 1 1 122 22 12 211 1 2 1 111

M,,m~m .,.iSe lude I I . . . . . . I I I I 1 1 I . I I I

Cl 'a cI' 2 1 2 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 2 2 1 21 1 I I

Valcily

Aoi..n SpeedI ITake.,It Speed 1Chirik Sp-.ls I

I' Spewd ManwlvfrncI3 IMd.r.u~m R~inie Cewse. I 1 1 2 2Mjs.nmum E,.,.Iuianco 1 2 2Ma..,m.m R...,ge Descent 2 2App...ach Si*ed 3 2 1 I

lil-m..m Sat.Spieed 3 2 2 3Mif- . C.,,.iIjlIe Speed 1 2 2 2 2 1 1b~~in . . Ia - 1I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I

T,. ., i1,ed 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3A gi .1 Allack(AOA) A-- - - - - - - - - - - -

G~ow4.,.d Speec 1 2 3 3 23 33233333233f- - 273- 3-2 2 22 2W-1l Veloc, IV and O,,.chmo 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 1Tu.- Rat., 2 22

:., Rate of Climb 2 2 3esm Anyie of Climb 2 2 2

Macli Naml.. 3-3 ~ -1 -3 -j -3 3S, Iec edSliced 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26Em1ency Anspeack 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2

ZOOM .I.&%# Speed% 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2lAs

Fwi.Fiow I 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3F.ulRem~aining I I112 111 1 1111 11 1 11 21 11 11 11 1 1 1222I1 2Fw.l Rtqulfncto Desination 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 3 3 3 3 3

Fuael Maagement 21 2 22 33 33 33 3 333 33 33 3 333 33 33 33 3 33 2

Hylectrical 1 3 3 33 3 3 3 3i 3 3 3 L3 3 2 3 1 3 33 3 3 3TT2T

O.Ygme 21 33 3 33333 3 33 3332 3 333 33 33 33 222

V .FIGURE 5.3 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOSE AIR SUPPORT(CONTINUED).

62

ACPONEJLL DOUVOLAS A*TOW00AUTDC COM4PR4NY-ST. LOIAS11 DflV000

1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE fD 24

Ii

J z? ccJ , 5 -I

Pentisitor Aief

AtWa.ng 1 222.21 1ii 1 11 123 3

ThetA~iinc 2 2 2 2 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3O.1posttlesStatus 1 1 213 33 22 21 1 111 11 11 22 2 2 223 2 2 1IECMSttus--- -- ---- - ---. J 2 -2 -2J -1 LLLL LLL.L. Z Z2 J- - - -ECM Tctic 3l 3 2 222 1 11 1 1 1 12 2 22 223 2 1

tIt: bTpuc.Iro,;I 1 1 3 32 22 1 11 11 11 1122 22 2 22 1

I rp~Enelope I 1 1122 2 2 3 13W.porns Re.dV I i IlIl11 332?2 2 12 IW,.p isReleas I 1 11212332 221 2 1

P~e n___ - - - - - - - L ' L 22Jj 2 1 2 1W,jo Im~pact 2 2 22 22 1 1222

We~,Fu" Sele mpct ~ n 1 2112111112 2 1

ePcins Opin Selected 1I 1 11 1 1 1 2 22 12 1

We I 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1

SAr so 1i Tar1et

Ali,,,,di D.110venialI I I1aw Tn T.-nRate 3 2 2 2 2

IdentuicaltonI 1 1* ~T.Met AllirtoeI

1,, Range 2 1 1 2Ai -t3 I 3

11akawway

At, to Ground Turget AsqiitilsonT:,:: Range 1 1 1 1 1Tag. S earing I I 1 1 11Pots:.. Target 10 1 11 1 111 1 2 IAr.. Po "t 2 1 12 1 3 1Breirk A*.v (PullupI ltl l ~

L~grnd: 2 F-wertifir ,.Q-red .0 sta s e3 Additional trn

FIGURE 5.4 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FO'R CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

(CONCLUDED).

63

ACDOC4PNLL aOUOL AS A111TWOAUJVDC7 C0M-p4 Nv - sT. LOtOM ANu.'uu0v


o lb 11 I I nI

Fwua..Call Signs 1 2 2 2 122 I 121 2 2 21 2 2212 2 22 1Flight Positin I 2 11 11 1 .I l Illl 11112A.,c,alo Atug~nment 1 I 1 I111I1Pa.king Spot I1 1 2 3 2 11 111 1SponePodi.i _ __ 1 2 2 2 2A..c,.i Con.bgwiabw 1 1 7III2 F I 1 1 1 I 2 21

F~ie-s1 2 12 1 12 1 1 21 22 22 2 21 1 1 112 12IF F SIFPixedwas 2 2 ,112 1 12 1 1 .112weilI.., 1 22 22 1 12 1 2122 22 22 22 2 21 1 11 1

Al.dStatus,A,dieI, Does.ploon 1 1 2 1 I 1 2 21 1 1 1 2 1L,,J! R...-ey 2 . . 2 21 III

u o*.ay Length 1 2 2 I 21 1ew:s1 2 2 1 1 I

Atppo.,.hes 1 2 2 2 2 1 11si,ssed Approkdt Instruction$ 2 1 1

D~c.,, He4,qt 2 1 IP k I q 2)e I I

Ti,.. R -teii I I I I I I I1 1 I IAm,,,,9 A,.a I 1 I 2 12Lk.,,-g. A,ea I 1 I 2 12Ali,..nole A,.,heId I 2 22 2 2 222 22 22 22 1 22 2 2 2 2___

B..eI...9 Time ISt.I,.. In",. I 1S., f I... To.@ I I IFightm ch-k, in rime I I I IT... ],.

Ao, Hui.n.dq ContactTom 1 22 22 2 22 t 2 2 21 1,nm.T.,qor 1 22 22 2 22 2 11 2 222 11 1 1 11... .. I b I 2 22

1,n1eg,61,. I1 11 I Il ~ l l l I1111Co,,,,., ines, I- I I I I I - L _ L L LI 1..1jJ* j -1 -1.a .L -t. ,I y .m n. 1 2 2 22

C.,u,.l.nT nn I2 I 12 222

F ,-,,,,,,e i inn,, FailI 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I

1111 1 11 11 11 1 1121212F-1 L..1 1 1 1 1 II I I 1 1111 2

Op...,.,q C~inio Lm,,.t moonW.,n nnq . . .I . .I. I I . . I I .I 1 I1 I 1 1 I . 1 I I I 1 IAlp -1iyS.1 w"ileI 2 221 21 1 1 111 1111111 1 1ll ~ ~ l l 1 111 1

Ait~~lel22221 1 I 11 1 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 1

Ai,bl.,r., 2 11 2 1 11 11 11 1 11 11 1 11 11 I

FIGURE 5.5 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION.

64

OACOONEEL L DOU10ML 4 AS7MOPEWAU 790 COMANW-r.A.LOAJ98 Df'Sgopd

1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE


I

IP,*Flghl la-Fk.I Pat Flih

I / ]

Fuel ojdNn I I I

Gols Weighl I I I I I 2Aut.op.lo Subrnod.I 2 21 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 IA.c.al L.Chng 1 I

9 2

Cofmml r. 1iOStC.,tollng Agency I 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 11 1 1 1112A tiC411IS["n 1 1 2122 I 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Alh r -l-ii 1 2 2 2 2 22 2 222222222222 2 2 223 3 3 2IfF5IF I 2 3 3 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Ce...c.. , i ,12 , , 2 - 1 2 2 2 2 2, 1 2 2 2 2 1 _ 2ZJ_ jS1c,,eCo'ncdo! 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22222222222 2 22 2--

o~ ~s1 2 22 22 2 22222222 2 22 22 2I = Rii- I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2_,__o_.R ____,__ I 2 2 2 2? 2 22 22 2 22 222 2 22 2 22 22 2 2 2

Fivht AidsN~l,, the khslS I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I1 I

EI, , KycheckhH$ 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Aptl., h Ad% J 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1

En.W."VAhrs1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

HehnI 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II 1 1 1 2 1 2Fi.uht I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I 2 2Phs .... q I I I 1I1111 1 II I 1 1 1 2

S."kSli't-1 -. -J J I-J L .L LLLI_.JJJ -1 2Gd" Slope I 3 211 12L -.~e 1 3 2 1 1 1

Wstic It) natlonflon I I 2 222 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 21 1 .1 2be,,q Io Deson 4 ho. Io 1 i I 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 II 1 I 2O eilo1 ecIteu1d 1 I I I 112 1 2 11 1 l II I 1 2M.,Le, 8econ '- 2 IP,- P1hun 2 2 1111 11 I ITI TI -T-I I 1hio OlfftI 11 2 2 2"M ql * V .,l I dO,, I 2

CO l~4eSII I I I I 111111I 111 I 11II II I

Ni.hon P lI P int I 1 1 2 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1I " FPl,, H-le o I I I I I I L L L L 2 -I- -.. .I -I -.l !.1.1d l qd.nq P~iI.t, 2 1 1 I 2 2 2 2M n.,. 0 il Atltude 3 3 2

M,iI Appluah Point 3 3 2 1 1SIFIGURE 5.6 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION

(CONTINUED).

i:

65MCDONNELL DOUQLAS ASTWOP'AUTICU COMPANW-DT. LOLeS ANIvuM21w


Pw.Fhg 2~k2 Pg~kJ

.1E(3 J Z4

AlItitde AbovMe GudLevelIAL 3 2 3 2 3 2 11 1 112121 111 133 1 1l 2

Alt tei Selling I I I ICummand Ali ude 2 222 1 1211 11 1111 1 1 1 1111'u~gei Eleeatwn -___ 1 -..... -. -1-.I ..Minimum Enicoute Safe Alitude 1- -1- - - -TI2II TT TT::::in Altitude 1 2I 1 1 1 1 2 1 lTedn Cledanrce 122 2 1 212112 2 1 11 ___

VeloctyVemtcal1VetfliyI I I 1 1 12 1 1 11 t lR.tioa Spetd1Takeoit#Sp.edIChieck SpeeihClimb Speed (Normal) 2 1 2- - - -Climli Spitd (Mxi3tfeIomaneMaximum Range Crisea 2 2 2Maxmum Eiidur.PwA 3 2 2M...mxm Runge Descent 2 2Appwih Sliced 3 2 119..und.og Spxed 3 - ±

Saiu.atepeed 22 3333333323Mi.nmum Conlroildble Speed I 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I

Ciune, Sped 2 2TruieA.' sned 3 3 33 3 33 3 33 33 33 33 3

Giocind Swed 2 3 2 23 2)2.22 22 22 22 23 23 33 2W. j Vlioc.1V and Drctiont 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1

Best, Ratecil Climb 2 2 3

B.,l Aiiiqte of Climb 2 2MacbN,nL*t Ii~ . .... I _ L 2_3-- 2_.2- J_.Seleced Spetil 21 11 1 2 222 221 11 1 121 2 21 1Emeigency Aitipeeds 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2W.apon, Releas* Speed$ 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2IAS

riuel-, t 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1F i.l Aemaing 1 2 2 2 2 2 I I 1 I 1 I 2 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1F -:Rrequ,ed to Destination 1 1 2 2 2 1 I 2 2 1 I 1 I 1 2 2 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 I 1

C.F.e M..aemet 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2"Va.dli 1 12 22 33 3 33 33 33 33 3 3 233 33 33 33322 2

0,21 2 23 VT3 333 3 3 3 3 3 2 33 3 3 3 3 3 13 3 V21 222133 3 1 3 333 33 33 3 3 233 333 313 33 222

FIGURE 5.7 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION(CONTINUED).

66&*a cP:PPPIErLL L cpo 43.A AermOP4fiALICS CO~3P4P'J V-0T. LOUDU otiviesciN



2 Z

Aide

SAWsnng 2 I t11 12 2 3ThlAtW nsn .1 2 2 2 2 3l1 l 1 2O'spo..bwe. a '12 12 2 2 2 1 1 111111 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1(CAASlam~ _L21. _L .LL L-LLL- 1_2-2.. 2ECU Ta.csc 1 2 2 2 21 11 1 1 1 1 2 2 2M~asu.IS..ppoff 2 22 2 1 . .. .. ..I .:,2 2 3Sp..' Tn,.av 2 22 2 1 11 1 1 2 2 3lwespons W~onialU.,

We4pon,E.Ip 2 2 3 II1I I2 3WW-%Ray112 12 22 1 IIIIIII2I 21 1

W..uo,.Acq., Rel1222 2 2I I I I I 2 211

Wepons Imfpact 1-1-11L111111W..poo Selected I1 1 2 2 II I I I 2 3 3

anil ~iT~.n! mP ua 1on 2 2 2 1 111111I 12 3 3WS vansOopioo Selected 1 2 122 2 2 1 11I1ll1 2 3 3 1 1

Wpn evSeetd1 12 22 2 1IIII I2 3 3 1 11

Ali to A., Tuupt

Bw r ...rn Rag - - -I - - - -

T&,gu, Al,tut.. 2 2Wdell f~cal'un I IT.,vi AIltud. eIn N.g. 2

Ae t o G,owtd Target AawuibsmTa.wl R-nge

I I I ITogwi Bea..,g I I I IPot,., - Ts.'pt 10I l l ~

SLogmnd: 2MOM *. piUy , o PU .. 1.u NeIl i 890caOO S0S

3 Adol'al No petl

I FIGURE 5.8 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR INTERDICTION(CONCLUDED).

67

I MUCHOJJLL VJOL AS ATrMOlAsirTcs COAIPANY -UT. LOCJIS DeVIboW


P,.Fl,o.s In-Fhght PFlt Fhg

h i' Flight.Ac3t As0nn ! I 1 1

I~1 2...J

Foirmahio CalSin 2 2 2 2I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Autod af 1sinmn 1 1 1 2 22 1 112La..duj Spot~a I 1 1 22 2I

ARocfd4t Colnguiah I 2 2 1 2 211TT TF~j .. c~sI I 1 2 2 2 2 21 1IFSI tcdcs2 2 2 1 2 2 2 111 2 2 2 2 21 I

PaW..the 1 1 2 21 2 2 2 11 11

TA., beld0-.lo 1 1211 122221 1 11 21

Auoiwny Lengt1 2 2 , 2 2 1 2ooDe.snAe 1 2 2 1 2 21 2Al 'ge ,,is I 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statoit Apn,.c Iotucin 1

Sta. I n leq .h 2l2 2 1 1P, k,og C,eak 1n Trm 2 1 I IT... Houes1 2 1 I I I

A ... RI... Cna c T . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1_' 2 2~. 2 2 1 1 2 IA I, , An.,1.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2I 1:me l yI I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I

Ca.. In .aina S tn

I~ Re 1 u. Co tc Tim 1 2 2 2 2 2 12 1 2 1I I I I I I I I I

Pn , Ta,gset aI I I 1 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1

E .. ... e. as . t o~ v ' t~ e . .- - - - - - - -- I I I I -I I - IEJt ti - t 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1

A,.. ,,,v S~ ,, ,t,ns Fail I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 2 2 I I

AO-vW-- Lo. 1 -1 1 2-T-T-T-T IT-T1 T Ff-i- -12-11 1 I TC-11olI 1122221111112111 Iann

FIGURE 5.9 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR.

68

OP4C0DOWNSAIEL DooiGLAo ASoP4ooAurtco coNpAv * S. LO-em oovocSIO


I JJ' v

w Off LoadinG~o-J Wingh 2IIuoua ~md

AwG ;.on h 2 2 2I 2 221

gfF F 1atLgl~n 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2

S"~.~.. o-cncah 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 ,..tC~I~i 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

CIA.Wnc __mht 2I2 2 222 21122 222222 2 2 2. 2L 2 2 2 2 2 2.21Re-s1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Emog VChckissI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-eJ " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E__________________ me._______ __________ A,,_____ ________ 2_22__22__22__22_22__22__22__22

Conjse k~l I I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1I I 1 I1 I 1- 1 2 1 1 1 1 1I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2

Ai.p4 , A,1 I 2~h 2 2

l"Ijth ,- 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

O,,i~. Oesnation I2

Be 1 I I 1tio I I 1 I I 1 I I1I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 2 2 I

InSlce I IIII I I I I II II I II I 1I 2Mjok., se-0con I 1 2

I ~~ ---------------T T -1TT T TfF -f-~h i-i-1-1T -1 -11-T 77TW .I,.~.,Wilsl 1 12 22 22 22 2 222 22 22 22 22 22 22 222c W 4t o I I 2

N-q~i~wI PonI IIIII I ~ IlI I II1I II I II I 2

l~~~u~l~,i2 2 22*"'mn Mweo Atituwde 2 2 3 2 1

UMmed A1 ,,n..2 Point, 2 2 312 1 I

* FIGURE 5.10 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR- (CONTINUED).

69UACDOOPOP4ELL 0OLIOLA A4 4OTMONAUTICS C09P4P.WV - Si. Loam gw0poj10

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEO .CTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

Pv.I.uIIn-Fight, Awl Fhof

I ~ ! borIh

A:,,ue Above Gound Level tAGLI 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 47 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1

A ude Aboe Moan SaLevl 1 I 2 1 1 11 11 1 111 1 11 11 1 1 11 1 1

Alf.-.wiSetting I 1 1 222 22 222 22 22 22 '2 2 2 22 11 1

VCo lmir ek~C. Aliud 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

,t7I'~S~.lonI -"' 3 ___ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 2 1 2 2 22 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 3j - F Cit uiae 1~c 22 22 22 2 22 22 22 2

*1t~d 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Sp~ I 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2I ~.S'-d 1 3I1

1l, 3f Ifloni. 1 _2j ?-u -.,tlSI Mxium1p ~fe iad -1 21 2 2 2T 2 2 2' 2- 2-72- 2 -2 2 2 2 2 2 2-2 23-5-

Rw, I~~s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I

Sp.-d 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Sale ~ ~ Spe 2 21T22 2 22 2-2 22 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2COIOll Spe 2 2 2 2 222 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 I

2 ,tcoCInt 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2333

J 31 1 333 L 333 3L33 33 3.J 133

i* A I4, Of 2lm 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 I

A.,sped 12232 2 3333333333333 22 2233332 2110.a2 '.LJ. 12 2I I I L 2~3~ 2J 2J 2.1 21Li. 2 3.11-? 222

Il2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2

O.~.., 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 21

M,-y-rni 21 2 2 2 33 3 3 33 33 33 323 3333 233 3 33 33 212 2

-FIGURE 5.11 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR(CONTINUED).

* 70M*CE1100WELL 0O@L AS ASTMPN4 TICS COONW801 -7 LEJ D 0WO

13COER17 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24

* 1 OCTOBER 1979IMDCillis

A LI

v, k.. J01 1 tii f / ! 4

Penutratio AideAI Wairn~nq 1 1 3122 2221 11 11 11 1 1 122 12 3 33 1SAM Watang 1 1 322 22 2 11 11 11 1 112 2 2 3 33 IT ~aA~oidaroce 1 1 3 2 22 22 1111 1, 1 12 2 12 3 33 1I OspositIStatus I 2 I 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1ECM~agc S1 us22 22 21_1 1I 22_2 21 IEMI AI .pw T 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2

Wpons Retdv 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 I I 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2Wapons elease 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

fWuprnRemns 1 1 23 22 22 2 11 11 1 111 1 12 212 3 33 233 _W apos Imnpact j_ 3 -112T T~rI F~r I- I--l 12-2- -3 -3 -3

Bomb FilTimelimpact Point 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3* &Pons OPwors Selcted I 2 1 1 2 2 21 2 21 1 1 - 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 1 22 22 2 1WeapvonsefiefySelected 1 21 1 2 2 212 21 1 1111 11 11 12 11 22 22 2 21fRange 2 1 21 11 1 11 11 1l

Ie'. 211 1 11 1 11 1 IOwfake I 2 1 11 11 111 .1 1AIl,,de ,It, ta 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I

if faget Tu~n Rate J2 I 2111L11111 IT a~gal Atgttde 1 2 11 11 111 .-1- ---I

*IdenI,hiral'on 1 1 2 1 1111 1 11 1I1-Ta, get Alitude 1 2 111 11 1 11 1 1

in, Range 1 2 11 1 11 111 1I1Ain, Point 1 21 11 1 11 11 1I1efeahaway 1 2 11 1 11 111 1 1

Air to Ground Tarot Assiullate

Bleak Away:::*:.:7-I I Claim"a phoss ----'1Legenld: 2 F,swyenwI ".~.w""t.,o.

I FIGURE 5.12 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR COUNTER AIR(CONCLUDED).

71


6.0 PILOT PERFORMANCE AND

BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

The preceding sections have provided a framework for discussing pilot

tasks. As we noted earlier, the assignment and sequencing of tasks are

dependent upon the aircraft characteristics, the tactical objectives, and the

inforryiation require, ents.

Subsection 6.1 attempts to convey the dynamic, time-varying nature of

pilot tasks. Subsection 6.2 then describes the biological signals which

reflect the pilot's status or which may permit a direct coupling of the pilot

with aircraft subsystems. Finally, Subsection 6.3 examines the manner in

which biocybernetic techniques can be expected to improve pilot perfonmance

and thus enhance weapons system effectiveness.

6.1 TIME LINE ANALYSES OF PILOT TASKS

To avoid the redundancy of presenting detailed task listings for each

mission type, we have generated time lines for those tasks commonly associated

with segments of a carrier launched escort mission. Figure 6.1 shows that

.iost of the miission segments integrate several of the general mission require-

ments illustrated previously in Figure 3.4. Further, we have included both

air-to-air and air-to-ground scenarios, as evident from the representative

miission profile depicted in Figure 6.2.

72

M0CDONEMLL DOUL A ASTRONAUT'ICS COPAW * SFT. LOUJIS DIVDSON I

I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE


III

I MISSION SEGMENT MISSION REQUIREMENT MISSION SEGMENT MISSION REQUIREMENT

Launch 1.6 Takeoff Air-to-Ground (A/G) 2.5 Coordination* Strike 2.7 Penetration

i Climb 2.1 Climb to Level-Off 2.8 Threat Warning" U 2.9 Detection

Rendezvous 2.2 Cruise 2.10 Location2.5 Coordination 2.11 Identification

2.6 Mission Rendezvous 2.12 Decision2.13 Execution

Ingress 2.7 Penetration 2.14 Assessment

2.8 Threat Warning 2.15 Termination

I Medium Range Intercept 2.5 Coordination Egress 2.16 Egress

(MRI) 2.8 Threat Warning 2.5 Coordination

2.9 Detection 2.8 Threat Warning

2.10 Location2.11 Identification In-Flight Refuel 2.17 Cruise

2.12 Decision 2.18 Rendezvous and

2.13 Execution AAR

2.14 Assessment2.15 Termination Marshal 2.20 Return to BaseI2.21 Descent

Surface-to-Air-Missile 2.5 Coordination

(SAM) Avoidance 2.8 Threat Warning Prelanding 2.22 Approach

2.10 LocationI 2.12 Decision Landing 2.23 Landing

2.13 Execution

Air Combat Manuevering 2.5 Coordination(ACM) 2.8 Threat Warning

2.9 Detection2.10 Location2.11 Identification2.12 Decision2.13 Execution2.14 Assessment2.15 TerminationI

FIGURE 6.1 SEGMENTS OF A CARRIER LAUNCHED ESCORT MISSION. (THEFIGURE SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEGMENTS AND

* MISSION REQUIREMENTS PRESENTED PREVIOUSLY IN FIGURE 3.4.ISOME OF THE SEGMENTS (E.G., MRI) ARE COMPRISED OF

SEVERAL MISSION REQUIREMENTS.)

MOMU73* U ,..4cOaPEWdELL OOIJLOOLA ^0MOPEAUT#Ce COMMAPNV - S.L4 L O M VIWOA


D

w- 0;(4-

LLL

IIC -

Iccuu

0cc

ww +zuui

T T

w

-Jz

n

(n

) I

V.. z

r0

FIGURE 6.2 REPRESENTATIVE PROFILE FOR A CARRIER LAUNCHED ESCORTMISSION.

74

M pCDONNELL DOUJOL AS A TONAUFIC* COAPANM -NT. LOVES. DIVUSJOb'd

: , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L 'LIL " l ' I' ,-.r•" r ' , •.--

I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

In the construction of dynaiiic task flows (Figures 6.5 through 6.17), we

I have incorporated existing documentation on the multimission F/A - 18 air-

craft (Wise and Asiala, 1977). The crew station of this aircraft (see Fiyure

6.3) has been designed for both air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, and it

features many of the avionics advances highlighted in Section 3.

We stated in the Introduction that we would restrict the application of

biocybernetic techniques to those pilot tasks which are very difficult, are

critical to the success of the mission, or occur during periods of heavy

workload. In order to eliminate less essential tasks from later consideration

(more inclusive listings of tasks appear in the time line analyses), military

pilots familiar with the F/A - 18 crew station and with the projected wission

requirements rated each task on the basis of difficulty and criticality. The

following factors were taken into account when judging task difficulty:

o amount of information that must be processed,

o degree to which the relevant cues are discernible,

o number of control actions and precision with which they must be

performed,

1 o time available to perform the task (or a cluster of related tasks),

o dependence upon an integrative process in reaching a decision,I

o other variables (such as stress, fear, or fatigue).

I While the relation of the task to the success of the mission was emphasized

in estimating criticality, the pilots also indicated whether performance of

I the task affected flight safety.

II

75- rMCDONEdLL DOUGLAS ASTWONAUTIC COMSPANY.IT. LO6. MD.VOS


1 COE 97 D 24

W0 -

z 2 o

2'L. a o a o

0 0 1 a 4C4

I- -j

CCH

C)

IL-

z 'o 6 ' -j -

V V)

C0

z0

21L. 1 L1

02 Z

00 > 2'a 028-teU - 0 10.

7 i W .6 :: 'a 42 -i -i i

76>2 > '

MCAaiOWE L 404OL S A MOPWA TO S CP 02AN -S 2L0NW MVIPO


We have defined workload in terms of the number of tasks a pilot must

I perform in an arbitrary period of time. For each mission segment, we cuunted

the number of individual tasks, including repetitions of the same task, which

are presumed to occur in a 5 second interval (see Figure 6.4). Tasks which

continue in successive intervals were counted for both time periods. Descrip-

tive statistics were derived from these tabulations. Across the entire

I mission, mean "task load" per 5 second interval was equal to 3.93 tasks, with

i a standard deviation of 1.77 tasks. High task load intervals were assumed to

have task frequencies greater than 7.47 (two standard deviations above the

I mean). The tasks which appear in these intervals and the tasks assigned high

ratings with regard to difficulty or criticality comprise tile row headings of

the biocybernetic matrices in Subsection 6.3.

The time lines which follow are meant to be illustrative, since the

duration of any mission segment will change dramatically as conditions

change. To demonstrate the process of creating dynamic task flows, we have

presented complete time lines for launch, surface-to-air missile (SAM)

avoidance, air combat maneuvering (ACM), and landing. For tile remainder of

" I the mission segments, time lines are provided for only the high task load

j intervals. In general, the task listings should be read from bottom to top.

Further, the reader may find it helpful to refer again to the relevant

Smission and information requirements described in Sections 4 and 5, respec-

tively. A brief narrative introduces each mission segment.

'7I

It. 77

M~CDroPNtVLL DOJ@L A* A*TMOPVlAUTUC8 COMU~PNV - ST. L0U9l DEVIDOON


ix

N 0 0 00 o000o o o o

0 U

o --

0 0 0 O 00oO0 00 -1 c w - ) u U ww

W C 0.-0 0- 0 00- 0 o:CN ( 0- *cLM L C

LL a: cz W ~-L-- V ccu C)C/ =1: -=-

< r CD mN 0 - - WN 0 0 0 <) LLJ C- =- : LUol -n c L L-~~~~L W M~ F- Q- C)~'CO C O o ~~2

LL LI C() V)CO) C LL LL-~'L- -J

~~cv V-C d)C )C4 (DO) 0CF- < LUj Lui=O' U

LU = = V) L = LUF Vc,4 ~ a) COCt - (0 00CO) OD CF LU < C) = V)-)

I- - ci - W) XI: I- U -Lcc _ (D w ) LuL- LU

0~~~ CNI Z- <I CDV)c>cL V 0 J C%4 I C4 -0 W Cr- It -0 0) .) LL t4 V U-

a : L U 2: N(D CNL.-0V) = U) C

- < -- -. r-C- co) *0 (n U0 0

cn Ncy2: I- * 2: I*-m=: -0 : 0 ) - 'Co

CV -l L! F- C/) :LU V)Li.j z V) ~L L0

0j wl t0 V f N u )Q L - = = =2

I--=

Lo LUieLL

< w-- ==F

0. z -

z =a u -jo =

L) Er = V) co

w )C - Lcc < - Mct 78C

AWCDOPINE > OO SATOA ISCAPN T ON ~rSO

z

I

1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

II

6.1.1 Launch - Within this 60 second segment, the pilot catapults from

the carrier, establishes and maintains proper attitude for climb, and retracts

the landiny gear and flaps for normal flight. Throughout the seyiient,

critical flight data are processed and attitude adjustments are perfoned.

Visual search of surrounding airspace is required to monitor the position of

the other escort aircraft (assuming a dual launch).

' I

79I %#OCOOMP*ULL OOUOL A AWTWOOWAUrICS COMANMr. LOLMS Ifr'DS#ON

- A- fl-K 0h- W -XkiiM:

AD-A1OI 905 MCOINELL DOUGLAS ASTRONAUTICS CO-ST LOUIS MO F/S 5/8

THE APPLICATION OF BIOCYBERNETIC TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE PILOT PE-ETC(U)OCT 79 F E GOMER. L R BEIDEMAN, S H LEVINE

UNCLASSIFIED MDC-E2046 NL7. E///EEE IEhE hEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEE-lEIEIIIIEIhEIIIEEIIIIEEEEEIEIIIIIIIIIEEI


00z 220-- --'

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a a IU3

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1.O NAL 4PVO A Aerm iwOro( ecm-A w mr o02mr mo

I1 OOBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

III

mi Ii 6.1.2 Climb - The lead pilot joins with his wingman, and they clinmb

to their assigned altitude. Both pilots are in constant communication with

the air traffic controller and with each other. Climb and level-off checks

are frequent, as is the monitoring of other flight parameters. Once clear

I of the carrier, the pilots establish proper spacing between their aircraft

and then engage the Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS). The flight

monitoring tasks continue throughout the mission segment. Additionally, the

I Identification-Friend or Fue (IFF) system is activated, and preliminary

subsystems checks are perfonred.

I

I

': I

I81

MCaOONNAELL DOUGLAS ASTWOWAU TICS COMPANV- ST. LO(NS OVSbON


1 OCTBER 179 MD E204

0

0 c

z~1~0

ww

oco

o c!___ __ i<_ ___ _ _ '--- ~ - - I~

00 0 0 0 0 00 i u uw0wL U

LL JJJJJ Ji0 -

U L ZLLU ~ <4 4 LL L ZZcXF

(n -. I- 2 U)~ S-ZS) 2.Z Z c~~ZZZU) U)Z 2 2U) z z z z

00>

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z wi 0 -Jw 0 . a:

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> ~ a~ <g.o z w->zoi

0 ~ Oco > za D <0 )0 Qoco- 1 00u Dw zx0.~ ~ <_____ ______ ______ ______ w 9 in

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le LL< ;82r wCOPNL < OO ( A* A*MOiAJTC COA*N - T LI m

I1 O OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

III

6.1.3 Rendezvous - The escort pilots are principally concerned with

joining the strike force. Radar parameters are selected (to assist in the

location process) and then a system check is performed. The pilot also must

achieve UHF communication with the strike force. Since most of the flying is

conducted under AFCS, task load is relatively low. The pilot continuously

monitors displayed flight data and the position of the other escort aircraft.

Once the strike force is joined, the pilot disengages the AFCS to begin

formation flying.

4

83I CE4DONLL 0400JLAS AerON0AUIT800 COMPANYl-ST. LCKAMl gDIVI"kF"


Li.0 . I w

z -U0 _ _ _ _ _.

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0. ~ ~ l ______ >2____ > ____ z____ in < __>_b

cc .V

u CcLu inLu U 84MCOOP4Ez -OGA AVO4VDu COuN -ST Z~a e~g

I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

IIII

6.1.4 Ingress - This segment commences as the aircraft cross the

j forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). Counter-threat and armament sub-

systems are set and checked, and the pilot flies a level weave maneuver until

the strike force reaches the target or until ingress is interrupted. To

reduce the possibility of detection by enemy ground forces, the radar alti-

,eter is deactivated.

II

! I

; 85U Z,4DOrJLL VOLUOA8 ASTrMOAEJTIC COMOPANW-S. LOdXM mvuaW


0

mL a

000 U, I I

LL LU 0 0 0 U0 0 0 uj 0 00 0 L

U L LU LJw LU LW CLL U. Z z z LL z zZ Z ZLLA.U.U.U. L-L LLL U UZ Zz z L.-

c _J L L- L - LL _j _J._j -.J-J-- - C(3 LL E .3 L-LL ILLL ULL LL -0L.

LU

LI-

LU ..

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LUL LU W-J cc (c ~

1: LUD L

cc LU

(n -

L U a) tjb u 0~I L" 3Z ~ ~ L LU< n o

_Z U.: D 6 <. L 0 1-LU L.ZU L<L

0 3 w (D 00 U LU'Ir0 LL.7> _jw 0 c

W < j U w u 0

U LUfl =) oU LU> ..

0- 5Uc ~- &1L OZ 0U o 0 ui<Z 'n WZ Z.~0c~~D 1 -

L :) UCCa. 0 0w LUL L U U. n( uju WU UU

-cnz 0 w' >0 mw U-0f

a)Ur4. a:4 - < < 6 z o U 01LU-Jcr -

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U. x CC x i

4~ 0 00 0 L I LU w Z w LC LW W )LUm 4 ra:: m ~u0> >000 >4cn 0-I

Z I- .a

wC~VIL OULu 43 A8MVOAC i wJC CO4PN -cr Lc t OV bO M

I1 O OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24

6.1.5 Medium Range Intercept (MRI) - Should enemy fighters be encoun-

tered, the escort aircraft must defend the strike force. Therefore, fire

control functions have the highest priority within this segment. Pilot

responsibilities include:

o configuring the aircraft subsystems for the appropriate attack

mode,

o selecting azimuth and elevation coordinates for radar antenna,

o monitoring radar display and IFF evaluator,

o arming and assessing status of selected missile,

o achieving target lock-on,

o maneuvering so that the enemy aircraft is positioned within the

missile launch envelope,

o firing the missile,

o observing flight path of the missile.

The outcome of the engagement is communicated, the master. arm is set to safe,

and navigation data are processed. The pilot then will proceed to rejoin the

strike force.

'"

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I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEi 1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

!

" 6.1.6 Surface-to-Air-Missile (SAM) Avoidance - Should a warning of

possible SAM launch be displayed to the pilot, he must determine the azimuth

5 Iof the SAM site and inform the other pilots of the direction of the threat.

If a SAM launch is confirmed, the pilot must bt-in to search visually for the

missile. He also will dispense chaff and flares to decoy the missile or will

I initiate jamming to confuse the missile's radar. If the missile cannot be

detonated or avoided in this manner, the pilot must perform evasive flight

i maneuvers. He will track the smoke trail of the missile so that he may time

the necessary abrupt changes in altitude, velocity, and direction.I*" i

~I

.1

:2 1

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MOMPNWAFL EPVOw AS4 VNUTISAWS

I1 O E BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE

- !1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

6.1.7 Air Combat M1aneuvering (ACM) - When "beyond visual range" threats

are first encountered, long or wediu, range missiles (Subsection 6.1.5) are

deployed. Should these weapons prove ineffective (due to enemy maneuvering

or an inability to achieve lock-on) or should eneroy aircraft successfully

avoid radar defenses, then close-in combat will result. Consequently, within

this segment we are concerned with those tasks related to either AI[,-9

(Sidewinder) missile or gun attack. It should be noted that crucial flight

ana weapons data are displayed on the HUD in order to maximize the time

available to the pilot for visually tracking the enemy aircraft. A compli-

cating fuctor is the high g environment in which the tasks must be performed,

since violent manuevering is required to properly align the weapons with the

target and to position the target within the missile launch or gun envelope.

-91

1ACDONPNELL DOUOLAS AU TRONAUTCe COMPANV-WT. LOUIS DfV eVSVI

-~~~~QTV -7" ... - ' . . ' - l ,"r , SIM-ON- ' , I "" t ""- ! nffI j '



C- 6 2 s I s I I I I I 1 .F 0 IIJ 1 T rT1T 7T7 e 5 6 6 £

AD DETECT STRIKE FORCE AAE 915 ,0%..... ... 10v 1 1 .3 SE.E CTNAUIGA

T ON MOTE Ml55,11% .0Ev j I ...... ..... :

DETERMINE NETFAHAOITG TO STAFF< FOECE NISSEIl IT DIU ....... . . ...31 SET MASTER ARM TO SAE F.. SAF I. ...... - ....... ....... ... ................ . . .

.. EC ANGLE. ..... ....AC ... .............

AS OBSERVE RETICLE OVR TARGFT ...SSIO M .. ...

A OPTIMIZE RFTICLE TNAMICS MSS MIN M ...

A.. ---- - -S.

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33 C FCKROUNS REMAINING MI SSION . -.. mAD ORSETVE GUN STMRTLAGT -F550 -.0Ev -- ..... -.............31 SELECT GUN M FO T I, M N . I

MISSIONUTIOT. 1,S71O.

R :LAtL- ASSESSISIL SUCCFESS M.SOIT ONITORMISSILE FLIGHT MSSIO

2R GISEALLECERICT MISSILE LAENCR MISSION I. ...........27 REPRESSORIGGEMS'O LOW 4- ---- - - ---- -4 - -. . .. ..6 ERAF RE IN RANGE C TERO LIN

S HEAR MSSILE TEP CRIRT MEUM.N AAINTAIN STEER COT ITRIN ALOWNABLE STEERING-

.. .IO..

23 CEPRES ENCAGE SWITCH MSTISS.O..M..IEM FE RAR MISSILE TONE AROSE THRESROLD N1ISSON MEDIUM TASK --- -AIR COMBAT ...... (ACM).

I..

2T ORSERVE TARGET DETECTION EAT SIREWINT.E CAL L MNS M

ITEE RETRACT SEER RAE ON ON.

JR PESA ROARER. ..ETALS..... ....ON..OT ....

TI ORSERE RARER LACK ON MS'N MTO

FE SE..FCTOISEAL ACTUISITION MORE. RACA. EACA RORESIGHT LESSO .AT..IS ORSERVE SITFWITJCFR SYMPLOOT STATUS MIONl L. ...

II SET MASTER ARM TOTERM MISSION towl

I] SEECTi WIC NDAER MOTE MISSION WT...H.IA RECIGVE COmMMNIUATI'ONMISOUTREMENCT MSSIN ..... ....~

IOCRACC TRGETCVISUAL L C1 FTSAFE~TE .... ....... =FSCANOUTIR ILT SAIET, MEau.IMONI TOR :I TUR MISSION AT1 -

MoNITE A'S.E MSSON .0Ev.S ATTAINDESIRER'-,IST MISION MEUDIUM ----.

SATUS .NU1o SET TING IR SAFE F , OT .I R.CE EGIN PARAME TE RS MINIMA, . ....:MONITOR ATT .UA MISIO MFFM D . ..

I ATTAIN CFERSIR'ER ATT.TIOT MISSION soCH.

FIGURE 6.11 DYNAMIC TASK FLOWS FOR AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING (ACM).

92

ACKOPNELL aOOfOLAS AUFTMONAUTRICS COAWP1ANW -S9t LCKLS cwassCp

206

TASK LOAD PER F IV E SECOPD PERIOD

I- 61~ 9 T 1 4 1 I 6 6.1 I S 5 I

k ----------- ~ - - -- :-- -1- . ] =---- .... ... .....-...

--I- ---J - --- --- ---- -V37 5 0 5 6 0 5 'II . 3 2 0 .. 3 0 2 . 0 45 IS 5 6 '6 ' 7 5 0 7 5 .0.. 00 70..0..5.7 0.5.0.5.. .. S 2 0 5.76..5 ..... 7. 2 5 907.

................. ..........



I

6.1.8 Air-to-Ground (A/G) Strike- Escort aircraft may participate in

attack of ground targets, especially during Air Interdiction. We have

assumed low altitude penetration and that the location of the targets is

stored within the TACAN computer prior to the mission. Moreover, we have

assumed delivery of ballistic weapons and, given consent, that the actual

time of release is computed automatically. The pilot must select the approp-

riate armamient program and determine that he is in the vicinity of the target

area before he initiates "pop-up." When he reaches target-unmask altitude

and acquires the target visually, the pilot will maneuver the aircraft until

the target is observed to be within the HUD field-of-view. He then will

depress the "pickle" (weapons release) button and continue to track the

target until the flashing symbology indicates release of the bomb. This cue

also signals pull-up, and the pilot subsequently will establish heading for

egress from the target area.

93M CDONJNELL DOLIGLA* A*TMOPIAUTICO COMPAMV - ST. LO4,1S DeVIeON


0

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MC~aOWAL DOOOL 0 AomaNssiice 00WRANYST.09NOZW~SLL

1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24

6.1.9 Egress - This segnent commences as the aircraft leave the target

area. The pilot frequently processes flight data, adjusts flight controls,

and monitors surrounding airspace. Further, counter-threat and anaiament

subsysteis are reset and rechecked.

I. II

;I

95

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I1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

IIII

6.1.10 In-Flight Refuel - While in cruise, the pilot will select

altitude, heading and attitude coordinates for the Automatic Flight Control

System (AFCS). He also will designate the approximate location of the

tanker aircraft and will adjust radar parameters for a more precise deter-

mination of the refueling site. Once lock-on is achieved, the pilot will

deactivate the AFCS to maintain close formation during approach to the tanker

fleet. Rendezvous typically will occur at 20,000 ft., at least 50 nru from

* the FEBA. The remainder of the tasks within this segment are associated with

the actual refueling operation (e.g., extension of the probe, activation of

the refueling switches, and retraction of the probe).

. *

97

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IIBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

II

6.1.11 Marshal - Prior to approach for carrier landing, the escort and

strike aircraft will break formation and will descend to establish a holding

f pattern until clearance is received. While in the pattern, the pilot will

engage the AFCS in order to perform various housekeeping checks and to

I configure the subsystems for approach and landing. He also will Lonitor his

position in the pattern to assure proper in-flight alignment (IFA) duriny

approach. In addition, IFF codes are again verified to maximize classifica-

J tion of "beyond visual range" threats. Finally, the Instrument Landing

System (ILS) is set to standby and the proper heading is selected.I

I99

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1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDCE24

I

V

6.1.12 Prelanding - During approach, the pilot's principal objectives

are to arrive at the outer marker:

o in the assigned time slot,

o at the appropriate altitude, attitude, heading and airspeed.

Therefore, housekeeping functions receive the highest priority within this

segment.

I

101WCV:PNfIIELL DOOL AS A mwOEAsiTICe COaPAfWV-T. LOI0M D L'lUOl

1 OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEMDE24

00

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I


I

6.1.13 Landing - The tasks in this segmient are perfor.ed during a fully

coupled approach. A carrier-based system monitors relevant flight parameters

(attitude, altitude, heading, glide slope, vertical velocity, dtI( airspeed)

and, via data link, automatically adjusts tile aircraft's flight controls to

compensate either for deviations from commanded levels or for changes in the

orientation of the flight deck. Essentially, the pilot miust process displayed

flight data and must remain prepared to assume manual control if a system

discrepancy is detected. He also must extend the gear, flaps and arresting

hook. Just before touchdown occurs, the pilot must visually track the glide

path and observe the altitude indicator (meatball) at the end of the runway.

At touchdown, the pilot must apply thrust until the arresting hook catches.

103I MCIDONNELL DOUOLA AS'*TRONtAUllCI COMPANdV * ST. LOIS~ DUViS9ON


. . . . . . . . ... i lPILOT TASES 3 ~

CRITICALI DIFFICULTY J.[27 COMMAND TYRUST FOR BOLTER LT SAFETY" D'ENM .....MM................. ......

I.26 MONITOR MEATBALL FLT SAFET. G.... . ..... ... . ..........25 CROSS CHECK STEERING COMMANDS MISSION MEU,.................. ...Y ENGAGE COUPLER MISSION LO. .. .......... .

22 C O M M U N IC A TE M IN IM A L L O W IN . . ..-- - - - -2 RE C MUNICAT INMINIMAL LOW . . ..... .21 DESELECT INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM STEERING MINIMAL LOW ...... .... ... ..

20 C ECE STANDRY ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR NEEDLES MISSION LO................. ...... ... .......... ..TO CROSS CHECK DATA LINE INSTRUMENT IAND.NG SYSTEM DATA MISSION LOW --- I-- ----- -- -*. ..8 CHECK APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ENGAGED MIIN LOW. . ...................

MONIYDR VERTICAL VELOCITY FLT SAFETY . ..... -lB MONITOR ALTITUDE FL SAFE TY LOW..... f -

IN ENGAGE APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR MISSION: LOW....4B SCAN OUTSIDE EILT SAET MEDIUM -

13 MONITOR ANGLE OP ATTACK fLT SAFETY LOW .-13 POSITION AOS DOWN MISSION LOW .... .. .

II OPT ImIZE DISPLAY MISSION MEDIUM .......

10 ATTAIN DESIRED ATTITUDE FLT SAFETY MEDIUM ...... "

9 SELECT MINIMUM RADAR MAP RANGE MINIMAL LOW ........ .VRIY FLAPSPOSITIONED DOWN FL.,SAFETY LOW .......

TROSIT'ON FLAP SWNITCH FULL I.C SAF ETY LOW.... ........

VERIFY LANDINGEAR DOWN VTSFT low ............- - -

N POSITION LANDING GEAR DOWN FLT SAFETY LOW ..... ...4 ATTAIN DESIRED THRUST MISSION MEDIUM..3 MONITOR AIRSPEED FLT SAFETY LOP. --

2 MONITOR AHEADING MISSION LOW . - -MONITOR ATTITUDE FLTSAFETY LOW.

o 5 'O is m 25 3D 35 4D 4 S S 55 Go R R 71 SE

FIGURE 6.17 DYNAMIC TASK FLOWS FOR LANDING.

o I

•I

104MAICDONNEL L 0OUICLAA AMMTRONAUTICS COMPANW-6r. LOUM* DEVISRuO

MDC E2046

TASK LOAD PER FIVE SECONO PERIOO

2 6 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 2 o 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3j o

.- ..... .... ... .-. .

. ............... .. . .......... ........... ,

---- -------4---- --I----------------------------------------

I-

10 7 0 0, 5 5 I I F F2o F25 130 -35 w6 6 I' so 5 I so 6 S IR 175 I9 SD 185 M 55 210 205 210 215 225225 M0 235 220 245 M51 '55 M5 O l '


1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E20466.2 REAL-TIME ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

Obviously, the pilot is extensively involved in monitoring displays

and operating controls (flght controls and various subsystemi controls).

Overall mission success will be compromiised when individual objectives

cannot be achieved because the inherent requirements for processing infonra-

tion and initiating control actions exceed the capabilities of the pilot. We

stated earlier that programmable, electronic aisplays and multipurpose

keyboards offer one approach to limiting and sequencing display presentdtions

according to the pilot's information needs at a given stage of the mission.

By restricting presentations to essential flight, subsystem, and target

parameters, the possibility that extraneous visual events will vie for the

pilot's attention is minimized. Similarly, by integrating critical subsystem

(e.g., weapons) controls directly into the stick and throttle, the speed of

response is increased and the associated expenditure of physical effort is

reduced.

These and other engineering advances are certainly important. However,

we believe that the pilot's effectiveness could be further enhanced if (a)

his current status as a processor of infonmation and as a decision-maker were

monitored, and (b) he were coupled more directly with the aircraft subsystems

from a control standpoint.

We noted in the Introduction of this report thdt the program of biocyber-

netics research sponsored by DARPA has attempted to develop d communication

channel for biological signals elicited during different mental activities.

105

MCDONPMELL DOUJOLAS AOTROP4AUTOCS COMPAN V-. Z L04U 0U IV#S#I

II


It is assumed that through real-time analysis and interpretation of these

signals the computer will be able to determine (within certain limits):

o when visual or auditory information has not been processed,

o when the pilot is inattentive,

o when the pilot is task-loaded to the extent that he is unable to

perform additional duties,

o when the pilot lacks confidence in a decision he has made.

Subsection 6.3 outlines the courses of action which mdy be taken should it be

necessary to unburden or assist the pilot. They include, among others:

o redistributing task responsibilities by effecting greater automation

of certain housekeeping functions,

o reducing the complexity of or "decluttering" information displays,

especially the HUD,

o cueing the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target

data,

o displaying adaptive decision aids which present weighted recommenda-

tions for mission-related decision strategies, particularly with

respect to fire control functions,

o furnishing remedial "checklists,"

o optimizing the physical characteristics (e.g., contrast, focus, etc.)

of imagery and symbolic presentations.

We also will discuss "thought" commands and eye position sensing as two means

of supplementing manually operated or voice actuated control systems.

In order to justify the recording (noninvasive anid unobtrusive) of

biological data, there are certain a priori conditions which must be satis-

fied. According to Donchin (in press), it first must be shown that clearly

106

MCDONwEL L OOUGL As ArwOmAUTICs COMPAWV -0ST. LOU9 XZ EVO/=

I1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCt:1 OCTOBER 1979MDE24delineated and unique patterns of biological activity are, in fact, associated

with specific mental (cognitive) functions; the signals cannot be ambiguous.

Moreover, the signals must be interpretable in real-time as the pilot perfons

his tasks. Progress has been made in defining patterns of biological activity

that are related to the efficacy of various cognitive functions (cf. Thatcher

and John, 1977; John, 1977). Further, very significant improvements have

been reported regarding the procedures used to extract (from noise) and

classify these "messages" in real-time (John et al., 1978). These advances

notwittistanding, a great deal more must be accomplished (in computer tech-

nology, software development, and the design of physiological monitoring

equipment) before it is both feasible and practical to implement biocybernetic

techniques in dynamic, operational environments. Nonetheless, we assume that

the necessary breakthroughs will continue to occur.

Our intent in this subsection is to briefly review the biological

signals which are most relevant for our purposes. Figure 6.18 distinguishes

the two categories of signals we have considered, that is, brain electrical

activity and peripheral activity. Since our principal concern is with

monitoring brain function, the term "peripheral" denotes biological activity

in response systems other than the central nervous system. The figure also

lists two types of signals within each category, and, at a more molecular

* 1level , presents distinct informational features or components of two of tile

four types.

J Of necessity, we have omitted many important details of the basic

research findings in electrophysiology and biological signal processing which

f provide a foundation for the applications we have suggested. Therefore, we

107

ACDOWNELL DOAUOLAW ASTWONAPTICS C0MP9AV * ST. LCINS z"L*DSOI

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 DE24

> >

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108WCDPiPIfLL WOUGLAS AS*VONALMOTCS COAAW- S.LO*M OMM800

1 EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979MDE24

encourage the reader to consult the Proceedings of the DARPA Conference on

I Biocybernetic Applications for Military Systems (Gomer, in press) arid the

Imany excellent textbooks and chapters (cf. Chapman, 1973; Desmedt, 1979;

John and Schwartz, 1978; McCallum and Knott, 1973, 1976; Otto, 1979; Thompson

and Patterson, 1974) for more complete descriptions of the progress that has

been made in these areas.

I 6.2.1 Brain Electrical Activity - In order to evaluate brain function

while a crew member performs a demanding task, we must rely upon electro-

j physiological techniques to observe the underlying interactions within and

between populations of cortical cells. Donchin (in press), John (1977), and

Thatcher and John (1977) have suggested that cognitive operations can be

conceptualized in terms of coherent patterns of activity within distributed

cell groups. And importantly, orderly neural behavior gives rise to rhythmic

voltage fluctuations in the two types of scalp recorded electrical activity

identified in Figure 6.18.IElectroencephalographic (EEG) activity consists of spontaneous or

on-going voltage fluctuations (see Figure 6.19). Event-related potentials

I (ERPs), on the other hand, are transient voltage fluctuations which are

associated with a critical inducing event (i.e., a sensory stimulus or a

I cognitive operation) and which are imbedded in the EEG activity. Since the

I EEG is generally more pronounced in amplitude, it usually obscures the

waveform of the ERP. However, there are several strategies for extracting

and measuring ERPs (or selected "components") in real-time (John et al.,

1978).!109

Mc-raWCDPELL DOUOLAS ASTWONAUTIC COMPANWV - 0T. LOS DVISDO


FRONTAL - 919

,1 MOTOR

-, -2/ PARIETALI

1 SEC

FIGURE 6.19 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM OF A NORMAL HUMAN ADULT. (ALPHA WAVESt AT ABOUT 10 PER SECOND PREDOMINATE IN ALL REGIONS BUT ARE

LARGEST POSTERIORLY. ONLY A FEW SMALLER AND FASTER BETAWAVES ARE VISIBLE IN THE ANTERIOR REGIONS. (FROM LINDSLEY,1948))

110MCDOMNE~LL 004JOLAS ATMOWNAAUTDC0 CoMAAEV - T.jLoINS mvUSIW

I1 OCTOBER 1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE

1 OCOBER1979MDC E2046

If a discrete visual stiulus is presented to an observer who must

classify it and then signify the decision he has reached with a behavioral

response, the resultant ERP is composed of successive positive and negative

deflections continuing for up to 750 fnsec post stimulus. Figure 6.20 depicts

such a waveform in which the major deflections or components have been

labeled by a character-number designation. The character refers to the

polarity of the component (P = positive, N = negative), while the number

indicates the temporal delay or latency between the eliciting event and the

peak voltage of the component.

The morphology of the components occuring within 200 msec after stimulus

onset is influenced markedly by the physical attributes (e.g., wavelength,

intensity or contrast) of the evoking stimulus (cf. Regan, 1972). Conse-

quently, these so-called early components are referred to as exogenous. If

the input must be processed and a decision reached, the prominence of late or

endogenous component activity, particularly P3 00, is affected. The term

"endogenous" signifies that these components are not affected by the sensory

qualities of external events.

The location of recording electrodes must be given careful consideration

when denoting the amplitude and latency of ERP components. This follows from

the previously stated position that neural representations of information

I processing and decision-making involve the coordinated behavior of disparate

j cell populations. Thus, the spatiotemporal distribution of late component

activity, when referenced to the International Electrode Placement System

I (Figure 6.21), is a most important indicator of cognitive function (cf. Adam

and Collins, 1978; Courchesne, et al., 1975; Goff, et al., 1978; Thatcher,

5' 1976).

i • I' I CONNELL OOUGL AI ASTMORIAUTUCI COAWPNY- ST. LOW 4 ~lOrnee

BIOCYBERN ETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

P300 9-1589

P2 0 0

Pt 0 0

15 Mv

N 1 40

N260

II1I I I I0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

MSEC

FIGURE 6.20 VERTEX EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL ELICITED BY A MATCHINGLETTER PRESENTATION DURING AN ITEM RECOGNITION TASK.(FROM GOMER ET AL., 1976)

112&fC0CON&LL V4L AN ANWOIAUICS COAPMV * SE LoL amDVFUw

I OCOBER1979 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE DE24

VERTEX FRONT 9-1592

20% F

NASION 0R) 3r . A2-3 .

Pg1 10%-~- A~

PHARYNGEAL INION T5 3 PZ P4LEAD EAR LOSE

T

(A) a FROM JASPER (1958) INB)

*(B)FIGURE 6.21 LATERAL AND SUPERIOR VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRODE

PLACEMENT SYSTEM.

113I VdClhDfWWLL D*OaLAS ATOPIA&JfC0 C0OAPPj V * . LOtN Dev~aqoC



One may question whether it will be possible to evaluate some of the ERP

components during tactical missions, since discrete visual events are rarely

presented to the pilot (other than in the foni of check list items). Rather,

alpha numerics, symbolic characters, and sensor imagery are displayed continu-

ously, and they change in content or value dynamically. Donchin (in press)

has shown that discrete probe stimuli (in this case auditory) can be intro-

duced artifically into those situations in which dynamic visual events

predominate. By analyzing "background" responses (principally P3 0 0 ) to

these probes we can infer how well the operator is performing "foreground"

tasks.

"Foreground" activities can be assessed directly however. That is, we

can evaluate the EEG changes which accompany information processing and

decision-making operations that are integral to the housekeeping and mission-

related tasks performed by the pilot. The EEG is categorized with respect to

two basic dimensions, frequency and amplitude. Usual frequency bands are:

o delta (.5 - 4Hz),

o theta (5 - 7Hz),

o alpha (8 - 12Hz),

o beta (18 - 30Hz).

Energy distributions can be measured within these and more restricted fre-

quency bands at each recording site. In fact, energy asymmetries in homo-

logous leads (left vs. right hemisphere) may be quite sensitive to subtle

differences in cognitive function.

114

MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ASTRONAUTICS COMPANV -ST. Loue Oe 01WON

1 OBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

Figure 6.18 lists other endogenous components, two of which are of

additional value for monitoring pilot status. The contingent negative

variation (CNV) is a slow, negative shift in EEG baseline which develops in

the interval between successive presentations of discrete stimulus events

(see Figure 6.22). The time course, amplitude, and scalp distribution of

this waveform provide a general index of attentiveness (Donchin, in press).

Thus, the probe technique which has been used to elicit P3 00 can also be

used to generate CNV responses. The detection potential (DP), in contrast,

is a transient change in EEG activity which is associated with the detection

of dynamic target events (McCallum, in press; Cooper et al., 1977). McCallum

and his colleagues discovered this event-related slow potential during

preliminary studies of extended vigilance perfonance. Operators viewed a

static landscape which was displayed on a television monitor. At random time

periods, one of several vehicular targets would appear in the scene and

traverse the terrain along a prescribed route. These scientists found that a

well defined, positive-going potential reliably preceded behavioral indica-

tions of target detection (see Figure 6.23). Moreover, control experiments

have established that this component is not related to the initiation of

motor responding per se and that it has a predominant centroparietal scalp

distribution. If the scope of these investigations can be expanded to

incorporate more demanding target acquisition requirements, then the pilot's

j participation in a very important fire control function can be monitored

directly.

; I

115MCEPONNML DOIJGLAS ASTROVAUTICS COAMPAAPiV- WT. LOUS OleSOimV


1 OCTOBER 1979 DE24

Si S2 1

CNV AMPLITUDE

5 5~VI SEC +

I FIGURE 6.22 TYPICAL CNV WAVEFORM RECORDED FROM VERTEX ELECTRODE PLACEMENT.(Si AND S2 DENOTE SUCCESSIVE STIMULUS EVENTS.)

116I

*ICDOMEL L 00VGLAS A4STO4AU aCO COMORAN - ST. LOWS MCf0#0#

-. W -71

1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE


F04.=

i:.-'PRESS

FIUE6.23 (O)THE DISPLAYED SCENE AND (BOTTOM) THE EYE-SCAN PATTERN AND VERTEX EEG

• - OF ONE SUBJECT BEFORE AND AFTER DETECTION OF VEHICLE. (THE VEHICLETRAVELED FROM RIGHT TO LEFT ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF THE DISPLAY. AT THE

"1 START OF THIS SECTION OF THE RECORD THE EYES WERE LOOKING AT THE CENTER OF

I THE DISPLAY. AT A THE EYES MOVED TO THE LEFT SIDE AND SCANNED THERE UNTIL

DETAILED MOVEMENTS LEADING TO THE DETECTION POTENTIAL AT F AND TRACKING5- THEREAFTER. ALL SIX VEHICLES ARE SHOWN. (FROM COOPER ET-'AL., 1977))

s 110

MPCO dPJEL L O OUGL AS A*TO~tdAL TICS COM~PA4 P V- S. LOUI 0,IVISION

VEREX

- V_ _ - W -_


We stated earlier that the recording and analysis of brain electrical

activity also may permit a direct coupling of the pilot with aircraft sub-

systems from a control standpoint. At issue is whether it will be possible

to interpret bioelectric manifestations of different thoughts as they occur,

whereby the pilot can "think" to activate switches or guide control actions.

Pinneo and his colleagues at Stanford Research Institute were funded by DARPA

to develop this particular communication link (Pinneo et al., 1975). Their

primary objective was to isolate features in the EEG data that are associated

with specific thoughts. They also attempted to devise computer pattern

recognition programs that would identify these features on-line. For a small

vocabulary of individual commands, they concluded that consistent patterns

are present in that EEG activity which is coincident with the thinking of a

particular word. Further, these patterns can be recognized and classifed by

a computer a statistically significant percentage of the tie. It must be

noted, however, that this process is not yet sufficiently reliable to be used

in a practical system.

There often is a need to increase the speed with which a control action

is initiated, such as in weapons release during air-to-air gun attack.

Researchers have discovered a negative slow potential shift, termed the

"readiness potential" (RP) (see Figure 6.24), which precedes the actual

execution of a voluntary manual response by as much as several hundred

milliseconds (cf., Donchin, 1979; Gaillard, 1978). It is an electrophysio-

logical indication of the intent to commence responding. This negative wave

should not be confused with the CNV that was described previously. Whereas

the RP is movement-related, the CNV is influenced by variables which modulate

118MdCOONOdELL 00OOL A ATrOmaAU roce comapjw .Lans otwoew


R IGHT HAND(R P)_

RT-TASK +1 p

JRP)

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

-3 -2 -1 R +1

time (sec)

FIGURE 6.24 EXAMPLES OF VERTEX READINESS POTENTIALS ASSOCIATED WITHI FINGER PRESSES DURING A REACTION TIME TASK AND DURING

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. (FROM GAILLARD, 1978)

119I rWCVDOPiPdLL OCUOL AS A0TffOPAIDCZ CO*PAEV -ZSE LoUIS oov9SDOA


attentiveness to task demands. Moreover, Gaillard (1978) notes that the RP

is distributed more posteriorly than tile CNV and that the RP is bilaterally

asymmetrical while the CNV is bilaterally symmetrical.

To reiterate, there are certain conditions which must be satisfied

before electrophysiological signals will be valuable in the context of

military applications. With respect to monitoring pilot status, clearly

delineated and unambiguous patterns of brain electrical activity miust be

associated with information processing, attentiveness, and decision-making.

Further, optimal patterns of activity (profiles) must be defined for these

cognitive functions as a pilot successfully performs housekeeping and

mission-related tasks. The profiles must be continuously updated and stored

in computer memory onboard the aircraft. Current electrophysiological data

which are recorded during the various stages of the mission must be evaluated

in comparison with the profiles for deviations from acceptable levels. In

the case of control system applications, we again must identify specific

features of brain electrical activity which, in this instance, correspond

with distinct thoughts and with the intent to initiate a manual response.

And as we stated with regard to pilot status, current electrophysiological

data must be matched, in real-time, with these unique profiles.

6.2.2 Peripheral Activity - While we have deliberately focused on brain

electrical activity and cognitive function, we recognize the importance of

monitoring the pilot's reaction to chronic and acute stress. We are referring

not only to environmental stressors, such as g forces or hypoxia, but also to

psychological stressors, such as workload. If considerable bodily resources

must be mobilized for extended time periods to restore the "status quo," then

120MCOOWNELL OUOLAS ASTOMPAUTICe COMPPANI T. LOLONS 01aorv#

I* BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE

1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046the pilot's proficiency in performing critical tasks will deteriorate.

ITherefore, we assume that sustained increases in certain types of biological

activity (or perhaps in the variability of a particular measure) will reflect

difficulty in coping with stress. We very briefly describe psychophysio-

logical activity in three response systems that have been studied to assess

levels of anxiety, tension, or physical effort.

Within this subsection we also review ocular activity frow two perspec-

tives. We begin by examining the dynamics of eye movements (i.e., timing,

velocity, and pattern) as they relate to information extraction and proces-

sing. Then we discuss the concept of eye control.

6.2.2.1 Psychophysiological Responses - Surface recordings of electro-

myographic (EMG) activity are widely used to evaluate changes in tension and

physical effort (cf. Goldstein, 1972; Johnson, in press). Electrodes are

placed on the skin over various muscle groups, although forehead and neck

leads are usually included when the effects of psychological stressors are

examined. The electrical activity generated in the muscles is frequently

rectified and integrated over an interval of time, the duration of which

' } depends upon the purpose for the recording.

'1I Shifts in cardiovascular activity also occur in response to stress and

changes in physical effort. The parameters of interest to most investigators

have been (a) heart rate and rhythm and (b) blood flow and pressure (Gunn et

al., 1972). Heart rate (HR) has been the preferred datum when evaluating

anxiety or tension, due largely to practical difficulties in acquiring the

I other data during simulation and operational testing. Direct measurement

121

IwCDOPNN4LL DOUGLAS ATrMONAvTIC* COAMPANI#V-0T. LOUIS OIOVVRCW

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1OCTOBER 1979 Mj 24techniques consist of (a) recording the electrical activity generated by

contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle - the electrocardiogram (ECG),

and (b) detecting the corresponding heart sounds - the phonocardiogram.

Indirect techniques usually involve some form of sensing the changes in

peripheral blood flow. There is a question, however, whether fluctuations

in mean HR or in HR variability provide the most sensitive indication of

physical status.

Similarly, both the rate and depth of respiration increase significantly

when subjects are exposed to periods of stress. The most common methods for

measuring these parameters incorporate impedance, strain gauge, or thermistor

techniques. It must be noted that respiratory patterns are disrupted by

speech, thereby limiting the value of rate and amplitude recordings during

certain mission segments.

Our goal, as far as monitoring the pilot is concerned, is to identify

consistent patterns of activity - not only in individual psychophysiological

measures but in a group or groups of measures - that are related to distinct

changes in anxiety, tension, and physical effort.

6.2.2.2 Ocular Activity - It is generally accepted that eye movements

reflect the observer's distribution of attention within visual space (cf.

Krebs et al., 1977). However, the timing and velocity of these movements may

also reveal the effectiveness with which a pilot processes information. We

suggest that ocular measures may supplement electrophysiological measures of

cognitive function during display monitoring tasks. A more detailed discus-

sion of the types of eye movements and their relation to perception and

cognition is presented by Cumming (1978).

122MCDO40ANIWLL VOVOGLAS ASTMONAUJTICS COMPANWI -ST. LOUSS DIVM800

1 OT EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEOCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046Large movements orient the eye so that the high resolution area of the

retina (the fovea) is directed toward the point of interest within the visual

scene. We can define three classes of large eye movements. Saccades are

voluntary, abrupt changes in fixation between points located at the samie

viewing distance. They are characterized by accelerations and decelerations

of up to 40,000 deg/sec 2 and by peak velocities of 480 to 600 deg/sec.

Saccadic eye movements during visual search typically subtend 1 to 40 deg.

Smooth movements, on the other hand, occur when the eyes track an object

which moves vertically, obliquely, or laterally in the range of 1 to 30

deg/sec. These movements are also produced to compensate for head or body

motion as the observer fixates on a stationary object. Finally, vergence

movements allow the eyes to adjust to changes in viewing distance or depth.

Even when an observer carefully attempts to maintain precise fixation,

small movements inevitably persist. These movements are classified as

tremor, microsaccades, and drifts. According to Cumming (1978):

"Tremor is a small, irregular lateral oscillation with frequency comipo-

nents up to 100 Hz and an ampplitude equivalent to a few foveal conediameters. Microsaccades are small, fast, conjugate flicks, taking some20 msec and moving the eyes a few minutes of arc. Between microsaccadesthe eyes drift haphazardly at about 5 min of arc/sec, with tremorsuperimposed on the drifting motion. The two eyes drift independentlyand probably also undergo tremor independently, and so these movementshave usually been attributed to unavoidable residual instability in theocul omotor systemi." (p. 224)

We are most concerned with the dynamics of large eye movements that

occur as the pilot scans displays and the visual scene outside the crew

station. Two-stage models of visual perception hold that events of interest

are located initially via peripheral vision; this leads to fixation and,

123

MCDONNELL DOUOLAS ATWOrVAUrICS CO1PANWV-0T. LOXS DNa OSIaO

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046therefore, more detailed analysis. Many investigators believe that fixation

implies attention. However, the relationships between the velocity and the

amplitude (angular distance) of saccadic eye movements wiay provide additional

insights concerning fluctuations in attentiveness or in decision strategy

(Stern, 1978). Equally as important in this regard are temporal parameters,

such as fixation duration (dwell time), since unusually long or short fix-

ation pauses may reflect periods in which visual information is not beir

processed.

Young and Sheena (1975) have surveyed most of the procedures for meas-

uring eye movements and eye position within the laboratory. Unfortunately, a

major shortcoming of many measurement techniques is that they require varying

degrees of head stabilization to achieve accurate determinations of eye

position. This obviously limits their usefulness in operational crew sta-

tions. Thus, it is noteworthy that the military has developed procedures for

transmitting head position (and, in an indirect manner, line-of-sight)

coordinates to create a close coupling of the pilot with aircraft subsystems

from a control standpoint.

Furness (in press) has reviewed several methods for deriving line-of-isight data in the cockpit to facilitate the aiming of weapons, the designa-

tion of ground targets, or the activation of control surfaces. One system

which has been developed incorporates a tightly fitted helmet and a parabolic

visor. A gunsight reticle is projected via an optical assembly onto the

center of the visor. The reticle appears as a 10 mil ring within a 50 [nil

ring and is collimated. Two lead sulfide photodiodes are located on each

side of the helmet, and, of course, their positions are constant with respect

124

MCDONNELL 0O&IOLAS ASTOWONAUTlIC COMPANY-ST. LOWS DnrmNO

I1 BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE51 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

to the position of the reticle. In principle, as the crew member moves his

head and superimposes the reticle over a target of interest, the relative

positions of these two photodiodes are measured and translated into line-of-

sight information. To accomplish this, an infrared scanning device is

located behind the crew i;iewber on the canopy rail. It generates two parallel

planes of infrared light that rotate throughout the cockpit and illuminate

the two photodiodes. The signals from the photodiodes and the timing signals

from the scanner are transmitted to a special-purpose digital computer. The

computer determines the positions of the photodiodes in three-dimensional

space and resolves the resultant vector into aziiuth and elevation angles.

Once relative azimuth and elevation coordinates are known, they are combined

with information about aircraft boresight to specify, in an absolute sense,

precisely where the crew mei;iber is aiming his head (and thus directing his

gaze).

Electro-oculographic (EOG) and, to a lesser extent, oculometer tech-

niques permit the recording of eye movements without placing restraints on

allowable head movements. Merchant (in press) has recently described the

development of a helmet-mounted oculometer, the design of which is based on

the visor-projected reticle system used to infer line-of-sight in the cock-

pit. In this adaptation, the reticle generator on the side of the helmet is

replaced with miniaturized versions of the oculometer sensor and the infrared

illumination source. The latter projects light rays off the parabolic visor,

- while the former views a reflected image of the eye. Not only can the dynam-

ics of large eye movements be studied in this manner, but eye position can be

determined directly by measurement of the distance between the corneal reflec-

; tion (of the light rays from the illumination source) and the pupil center.

125

I MCDONNELL DOIOLA ASWTAR r#ATIC COMPANW-S. LOGA OMSSRboV#

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 IDC E20466.3 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

Our prelise has been that system effectiveness can be improved drama-

tically if the central computer is made aware of momentary shifts in operator

status. In addition to monitoring transient aspects of cognitive function,

we also believe it worthwhile to assess more long term or general status, as

influenced by such factors as fatigue, anxiety, and physical well-being.

The previous subsection (6.2) documented that mental activities are

indeed manifest in a variety of biological signals. Subsequent to computer

analysis of the informational content (both phasic and tonic) of these

signals, we suggested that it would be possible to unburden or assist the

pilot through:

o redistribution of task responsibilities by effecting greater automa-

tion of certain housekeeping functions,

o reduction in the complexity of information displays, especially the

HUD,

o cues for the pilot to attend to critical flight, weapons, and target

data,

o presentation of adaptive decision aids which recommend mission-related

strategies for fire control functions,

o recall of checklist items,

o more optimal adjustments of the physical characteristics (e.g.,

contrast, focus, etc.) of imagery and symbolic displays.

126

MCDO4NELL DOUtOLAS ASTROPATICS COMPAMV -0T. LOUL0 OMo

I1 O E 1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCE_ I1OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046Moreover, we noted that (a) pattern analysis of brain electrical activity

associateu with either distinct "thought" commands or the intent to initiate

movement and (b) eye position sensing, provided separate means of augwenting

(especially in terns of speed) manually operated and voice actuated controls.

Figure 6.25 presents the biological signals listed earlier in Figure

6.18, but now links them to specific applications. With respect to electro-

encephalographic activity, we presume that distinctive features are sensitive

to continual as well as sudden cognitive. demands. Remember that "features"

refer to energy distributions within restricteG frequency bands and to

possible asymmetries in these distributions across standard recording sites.

Other features of EEG activity may emerge as trained pilots "think" particular

commands, thereby creating the necessary inputs to initiate and guide control

actions. As evident from the figure and the text of Subsection 6.2, exogenous

and endogenous components of event-related potentials are also valuable

sources of pilot information. For example, by referencing the time course,

amplitude, and locus of maximal response for exogenous components of visual

ERPs (since each of these attributes change as image quality and contrast dre

manipulated (cf. Gomer and Bish, 1978)), display settings can be adjusted

automatically to achieve criterion levels of display performance. Regan (in

press) recently has proposed such a "feedback loop" for a form of exoge-

nous activity labelled steady-state.

Returning to Figure 6.25, the suggested applications for endogenous

components of ERPs require no further explanation. However, we should review

the information-bearing properties of the different types of peripheral

C. I activity, as well as some of the headings we have employed to depict their

127

MCDOP L L DOUOLAS AUTrONAUTICs COMPA I ST. LMOIS DnVgSIAo


N0O1V001 31Vl)AdO8ddV 0L (13103810N338SV 3ZVD kl3Hi3HM 3NIVYH130~

z0

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II


usage. Previously, we described psychophysiological activity in three

response systems that have been monitored extensively to assess tension and

physical effort, particularly following the onset of stress. Therefore, we

* have grouped these response systeis together and assumed that the principal

virtue of recording from them will be to denote changes in "physical status."

Again, sustained increases in the behavior of these response systems, if

caused by prolonged exposure to stress, should forewarn an imminent deter-

ioration in pilot proficiency. Finally, the dynamics of eye movements

(i.e., timing, velocity, and pattern) should serve as an additional indica-

tion of the effectiveness with which a pilot extracts and processes displayed

i nformati on.

In taking the process to its logical conclusion, Figures 6.26 through

6.38 present biocybernetic applications as a function of individual pilot

tasks. These are tasks which occur within the various segments of the escort

mission we described before in Subsection 6.1. For each of the tasks which

must be performed, we have indicated whether we are seeking status inform-

ation of some sort, or whether we intend to supplewent conventional mmethods

* of control system activation.

• I• - We recommended earlier that biocybernetic applications be restricted to

those pilot tasks which are very difficult, are critical to the success of

the mission, or occur during periods of heavy workload. Whereas the original

. II task listings in Figures 6.6 through 6.17 are quite complete, we now have

" I eliminated less essential tasks (with respect to difficulty, criticality, or

129

3 C00PNL L 0OUJOL AS ASTMONAUICS COMANJV-0T. LO4LN0 S 0


workload considerations) in constructing the biocybernetic matrices which

follow. Moreover, to avoid unnecessary redundancy in the format of succes-

sive figures, we show just those tasks which have not appeared in any of the

preceding iatrices (starting with Figure 6.26). For example, although the

pilot must determine altitude during launch as well as climb, this task is

entered as a row heading only in the matrix devoted to launch.

.

ip;

42:

t'

130

MCDONWIELL DOUOLAS AeTROPAUTICi COM#PA0WV T. LOl. ONVIDON


1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046I

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIG

BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY

EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS

COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

P300 DETECTION READINESS

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL


4 z- 0 1,-0

-4 - -0 w Fa

- ,

0 cc

O C.) Z M

25-0 3OL 0 ~

a: 0 > - a CC

u (o.< cc,.2 0~ >2

PILOT TASKS < w I < 0

CH EC K F LA PS U P ........................ ................................................................... ................. ................-----------

CHECK LANDING GEAR UP....... .................................. ................. .................................. ................ ................

RETRACT FLAPS ................................................................... X

RETRACT LANDING GEAR ............... .......................................... X

MONITOR RATE OF CLIMB ...... .................. X X X

-MONITOR ALTITUDE ............................. X X X

MONITOR AIRSPEED ----------------------------- X X X

SCAN FXTRNAL .............................. X X X

MONITOR ATTITUOE ........................... X X X

ATTAIN PROPER ATTITUDE ............................... ................ ............... . . . .... .................... . .

MIONITOR FORWARD ACCELERATION .... X X X

FIGURE 6.26 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING LAUNCH.

'I 131*" r COOiiEL L DOUJOLAN ATrONAUTICs COMPANV-Z T. LOU* MwVoo

X&A

LOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-IASPHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENTS EYE EYECONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION

REAOIINES NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL VARIATION

APPLICATIONS

z 2

> 04

00 CC04 0 -,

0 Z

zz OW

o 4x

4 0

x x x

x x x


CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL$


LECIIROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY

EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS COMPONENTS

P300 DETECTION READINESSPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL,

BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATI0

z :n z

t 0 12z <o a: 0 I--

PILTTAKS 0 I 0Oa

a: t -4D

GIVE~~~~~~ 1-N LEEzE INL

CHECK~~~~~~ CAU ALIUE- - - -- C

CHECKOCAGNUANTIT Y - - - - - --..............X X x

MONITOR VERTICAL VELOCITY- - - - --..........X x x

RECEIVE COMMUNICATION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --................... .... X

COMMUNICATE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --............. ...... .... X

UNLOCK SHOULDER HARNESS .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CLEAR ISUALAIRSPA--WINMAN-POITION------ ----- ---------- ----------

MONITOR NAVIGATION- - - - - - --..............X x x

IMNITOR HEAOIN(- - - - - - - --.......... .... X X XI

FIGURE 6.27 BIOCYBERMETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING CLIMB.

132

p.C0OWNWEL L 00UOL A ANTMOM1AULICS COMI-APE - S. L0EMS DfIVI*CON

E2046

ES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-LATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENDOGENOUS

COMPONENTS EYE EYE

CONTINGENT MOVEMENTS POSITION

TECTION READINESS NEGATIVE

TENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION

BERNETIC APPLICATIONS

_z z Zo

Oxtx

x x-

0 0

x0 1 x4r 0 0 O

- x 0 U0

zU 0 1

-z I-p.

< x

x0 Q

x x

xxx

-----------------..... a.....x x x

................ ................. ...... xx x

W-x X


CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICJV


I E( TH(E NCEHAI (),,HAP,,IC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS

AI:TIVIT

E XOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS


P300 DETECTION REAINI

POTENTIAL POTENT-

BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICAT

<2

< z

PIO-AK - Oa % --

>0

00

RETURN RADAR TO SEARCH MODE ....................

VISUALLY MONITOR STRIKE FORCE ................................... ................... ............. . ......... .. ................ --------.......... ...........

S•CHECK RADAR ELEVATION COVERAGE ....................... X X Ii x

CHECK RADAR AZIMUTH SCAN ............................... X X I x

CHECK RADAR RANGE SCALE -----------------------. ---- .... XX r x

0 -0O. -0h

.o..o .u~..,0, ...... x t

SE E(T AIJTONA71C DIRECTION FINDER...................................... ....... . .. . .X

C FIGURE 6.28 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT

C"CDURING RENDEZVOUS.

MCDaONELL 4OUpoL A e l rmOivAU'riCs COMPmA Iw-wr'. Louis noVIIsNmm

i

E2046

IRIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO--RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE E"E


DETECTION I READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION

OCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

z zz

0 (

4 00

zz z -

z >.

0

}-0

>

0

................. .. .................................. X xx

x

xx



CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALSBRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

lENT ..I Tf :1 OTET.-A I,...

T _ _

TII'T N TIC APPICA7 IOINS__ _L_ _ _

PIL.OT TASK.S -2-____ ____A_

-O T DA. DISPLAY .... ................ .... I

C..ECK EEL STATUS ............... .......... X x

%-0%.3A ENGINE INSTRUMENTS .................... ... x

SIAITD ' 1I U SU.EILL N E. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .........E -- -- -- - --x-- - -- -- - - --

-EI IR TO AIR ARMAMENT STATUS .............. X x

.EE. SPA-RO fiISSI, E SE LECTED -.................. K X____ ..SELECT AIR TO AIR MOOET....................................K-------------

.EIMODE SYE.E PROG.AMI ........................ K

IRYCY 1AMTER O.IEESE COUNTER . ----............ K x x

R.ECK FLARE DISPENSE COUNjTER. ...... -------------- -- Xx

,ECT CHAEF ')ISPENSE CIIjNTER . . . . ..---- ----- .. K

A k ATI)MATIC CATE DISPEN1SE CNATLIT . . .---------- K---

'.ERIFE CHAFF DISPENSE ENABTLE........... K

A)J1UST BRIGRHTNESS 1 T.RE AT I)SE LAY....... . . .. K

SET RADI-1I'llEINTS ................... .................... ....... - -

IERIYIP ELECTRONIC COUENTERMEASURE SELECTED .... K .... K

.ER1ISAM RECE1I. ---R_... ..................... ........ .............................. ...............

*t QNRRDRA1

TIMETEROIF ............... ------.......... .. . x

TURN TAICTIIRIt AIR NAVIGATIONI TO RECEIVE ............. ............... K

TOjRN DOENYTIFEY.EIENO OR I OE TO STANDB'Y.... .. .. . . . . . .------

FYP.RI)SS.I;EIP TRE EI)RAROTE0OF lIPATTIE UREA. K x x

FIGURE 6.29 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING INGRESS.

1 34

MCCOPNPIELL 0OLIOL A AsTwoP.ALvrCs COMAP4V- CT. LOU# 01W~ORWv

E2046

ALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

5 DICAL .LAR AL T,-d

QIW NT SaIT SIE

c *sT n~n sr SI EM+eNTS 5), st

x-

x

xxx

....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

x

x

x

x x xV

V

x

---- ---- ----

V

V

x

V V V

V

1 OCTBE 1BIOCYBERNETICS AND PI L -LkrE RFORMANCEE 1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

BRAIN ELECTRICAL ACTI'VITY

S

I I CTRIEN(CfP-TALOURAPIC E.EN.T RELATEDOPOTENTIALS e SIo



0 DETECTON READ'NESS %E,!Ar s

E_ ~POTENTIAL POTENTIAL AdTO

I I ,~BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

C V,

, ,-

- S

PILOT TASKS --

CHECK NAVIGATION DATA .. . . . . . . ........ X x x

SET MASTER ARM TO SAFE .........................................................- . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... X

OBSERVE FLASHING BREAKAWAY CUE .......... .............................................................................................. X

OBSERVE MISSILE TIME OF FLIGHT ..... . . . . ......... X X X

VERIF Y M ISSILE LAIUN4CH -............................................ ... -........... ................ . 2 .............. 4.... I........... . ... ........ .. .......... .. ....................... ............... .DE RESS TRIGGER N..............- -. --. -----------------............... ........................... . ....... x x

SERVE..................... ....... . .......................................... .......

OBSERVE LAUNCV LIMITS STEERING, ALLOWABLE STEERING ERROR. x

FLHSTEERINGDO CO MANOS ....................................................................................................................................... .. ........... ............ x

JETTISON FUEL TANKS .......................... X

CHECK SPARROWN MISSILE STATUS ........ .. ....... X x X

SCAN EARLT WARNING DISPLAY TARGET STROBE BEARING ................. X X x

NOTE AIR INTERCEPT WNARNING LIGHT.. ........................................ ........ .............................. ........................ x

OBSERVE RADA TRACKING TARGET ASSESS DAT ................... X K

E,- I LOC ON ................. X

:EPPESS T. OTTE F DFSCGNAT R CONTROL TO LOCK ON ....................................... .. ....... X

S5 T §', ,S S-6TAO.......................................... .- K

i , , , , ,e CG F T . . . . . . ....... ............................. ..... ...... ................ .......... . .... ..... ........... ................ ................. .. .............. ...... x

......................................... . . .. ..-1ATE AM TO,,.~ AR ................... ..... ..... Kx

I VrE. A I 1,........... .... ... ........ . .. ..... x

I., ' V .'..I,. ................... I.......................K.

FIGURE 6.30 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING MEDIUM RANGE INTERCEPT.

I135

SMCDONNELL DOUOLAS ATMONAoTC COMPAI4v - s. LO wasoN

CE2046

SIGNALSPERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

P.'SIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES

COTI.NGET MOV EMENTS POSITION

IONS 2

V 0

x x

x

.................... ....... x x

Sx x

.........- .x -7x

xcS

Scx


CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL


I L ECTROENCEPHAL (GRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSACTIVITY



P300 DETECTION READINU

POTENTIAL POTENTII

BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATO

-, Z <z a:

S z=5 <z, ---

- 42 -r<

0 2 4 2 Z

0 Z40 z

< 0 -

PILOT TASKS < x 44 05_ DI S.-

PERFORM EVASIVE MANEUVERS ............................ X x x X x

TRACK SAM VISUALLY ................................................ ................ ...................................................... .........

ACTIVATE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES CHAFF ................-.........................- X

DETECT SAM LAUNCH ON THREAT LIGHT ---------....------------------------------.....................------------- --- x

MONITOR THREAT DISPLAY ISAM SITE AZIMUTH) ............ X X X

DETECT ENEMY RADAR LOCK ON ........................-..........-.................. ............... . ............. ................ ....... X

CHECK ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES MODE ------------- X X

CHECK DEFENSE ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES --- X x

FIGURE 6.31 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKS

DURING SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE AVOIDANCE.

136

ACDONNELL DOUOLAS ASTMONAU TICS COMPANV-ST. LOUIS Or VNWRO

-DC E2046

GORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-

INT RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES

ENDOGENOuS

COMPOE %TS EYE EYE


DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION


0 zzO0

i4

uJu

0 4

-- :o "I-0 -u 0 a

4o

- I

.................................... ....... X X X X

.... X X

x

x x x

x x x

4'/




ENvCR0-'~ I". R ........ f .INI H VIAIIUVIIY NTIA.UV..SO

A1

1 - ESP

;LloNNT)s C'OMPOENfNTS

BIOCYBE RNE TIC APPL ICATIONS

PI OT TASKS z

DETECT STRIKE FORCE RADAR----. ....-------- ---------- _ - - --- _----------------------------J -----

SELECT NAVIGATION MODE _---------- x.................................... X X X x

DETERMINE NEW HEADING TO STRIKE FORCE ................. - - -............ X X

CHECK ANG LE OF ATTACE

OBSERVE RETICLE OVER TARGET _ ............ . . ...... . X X x X

OPTIMIZE RETICLE DYNAMICS ......................... .......... ................... ..................... X x

CHECK ROUNDS REMAINING ........................................... ......

OBSERVE GUN SYMBOLOGY ..........---------------- --... ...... X X K

SELECT GUN MODE ........... .................. .......... .......... X X x

VISUALLY ASSESS MISSILE SUCCESS ..............V I U A L Y M O I T R.IS I L.F I.T. ........ ......................................... - - - - - -- ........ ................ ...... .... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ....... . .... . ..I - - - -- - - -x

OBSERVE IN ANGE CUE SHOOT LIGHT ..... . ....... X X X

SA LR IS OILE TO R CMI P ...... .................. ........ . ............. ........... .. .. . . .. .................... .. XOBEVEI ANECE HOTLGY. . . ... TMAINTAIN STEER DOT WITHIN ALLOWABLE STEERING EROR ............ X

DEPRESS UNCAGE SWITCH ............................................. . .. .. ... x

HE MISSILE TDNE ABOVE TR -SHOLD ...... --- -------.............. _ _....K.... .

S -.BSERVE TARGET FTCT % BA SIDEWIDE -. ASLE ALIGNMET ...... _ X X

, FASH .UDE. PEDALS ................. .......................... x

ERTENO RETRAVPTEONBRARE R ....-------...................

R UETETCTIONOERTARGET . ........ ................................................................................................ x

SE>E.T .S.L ACo.SIYON% E -OO ACQ CO HOQESIGHT .. ... ............... X

RSTRGE SI-EWIO S RIIODG STATS X X.... K K

'I 'TE%DE H *MODE X

T RACK TARIGET .' I ALL¥ .......... ............................... .......... ....... ................ ........... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .R ......... E........ ...... L......................

ECK FE'l STAT'S BINGOl SE TNG -. ................................. . X X X

FIGURE 6.32 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING.

137j IMWCOWNRELL DOUGLAS ASTNONAUTICu COMWPANV-* T. LOCJUSl DWVWONt

E2046

IL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

P. SIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

VE SPONSES

LYE EYE

<'1 Y.GIY MOVEMIENTS POSIT{ON

IAL

MIONS

i0x0

K

. . . . . ....... ...... .......... ............. ..... .... .... ......... .. ....... x

x x

x

x

K x

------. .... ..... . ... .... X X x

K Xx x XXx

: xx

x x x

x

X

x

x

x

.. . .. . . . . . ... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .


!

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNI


E CTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSAcl t v IT IT



P300 DETECTION READINESSPOTENTIAL POTENTIALI OTE


<a

Dz

0 0

i i

0 z

PILOT TASKS < Z

OBSERVE FLASHING SYMBOLOGY .......... ................. ................. . . . . ... -- - - -- - - ------ ----- ---------- . . .. X

DEPRESS PICKLE BUTTON ------------------..--------------------.................... X x

SELECT HUD SYMBOL-OG ................. ................. ....................... x

2TRACK TARGET IN HUD FIELD OF VIEW ........... X X X

OBSERVE DELIVERY MODE SYMBOL --------........ X X

•MODIFY ARM PROGRAM AS REQUIRED ....................... ................ ....... X

4.CHECK DELIVERY MODE ........................... X X

•CHECK ARMAMENT PRGGRAM --------------------- X X

?'fSE LECT AIR GROUND MASTER MODE ....... ........... ...... ................ ....... x

%L

FIGURE 6.33 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING AIR-TO-GROUND STRIKE.

-,-,'0.0

OBSERE MLI OELL -OLA A r-O A --C - -CMPANY--.LO -- x o#VfS#4ON

DERSfIKEBTON - - - - - - - -

E2046

OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO"D POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

R SPONSES

ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE EYE


.ION READINESS j NEGATIVEITAL POTENTiAL VARIATION

RNETIC APPLICATIONS

z

2 220

- -

z xx

0x<x

>x

zx

>>

> Z ~

x x

2 z -

-x -- 20

2 -z 0 -

x x


CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGIC


FLECTROENCEPHALOL;RAPHIC EVENT REL ATED POTENTIALSACTiviT,

PDT

_________ IOCYBERNETIC APPLICA

Z z

- 02

- 0<-d<2 4 < 4

00

Z

02- 0 Ou0< <A2

DIPESECHF ............................... ... ...............a

PERFRM AM VASIE M NEUER -------------------- x x-

SESE CHAFF-SEN- ------- - --...............------------------- x

CHECK THREAT DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.......... ............... xVERIF YELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES SELECTED -X X

VERIFY El ECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES ON- - --........X X

FIGURE 6.34 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING EGRESS.

* 139AUCO4OWEELL DOL4aL AS AerfNAu TICS COMPrAM . LMcUS Cu VISIcn

E2046

ORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-T RELATED PoTENTlALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

E %DOGENOUS

)'MPONLNTS EYE EYE


DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION


zz 20 0

00 0

0 u 0

> 00LI

Sz

x

.. . ....................... ................ . ...... X X X

X

X

X

i 4IA IL) i ,. 1 , .. "-i

l- I-




ELECTVO NCEIPYALOIVA IC EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS - SIOLO

ACTI I I IHE

VxOGE NOUSE 11,SlS

COMPONENTS COMPONE NTS

P3W0 DETECTION R AEI"INESS LOSTS.I

OTENTIAL PLTTI AL A

RIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

Z

z<

o0z-V - V =; :-;

'001- 0

CONFIRM POSITION OF ECHELON .................................... I...... X X

CHECK INDICATOR FOR CORRECT AMOUNT .......................... . . . . . . . .-----------------.. . .. .. i.. . .. .. .. .. ---------------- -- - - -- - - - ----------------- -- - - -- - - - --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- -- ----------------.. ..........

NOTE TANKER STANDBY GREEN OFF . ............................................................................................ ----- -------- xXCHECK TANKER STANDBY GREEN ON ........ ........................................ -......

OBSE V TRANSFER LIH OFF.... ---------------------------------------------------.------------ I:::------------------::[ ::::::: : I ....... x xCHECK TRANSFER LIGHT ON --------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - --------------_........................................ x x

CHECK TANKER READY LIGHT ON T........................................................................................................ X

CHECK DROGUE XTENDED.... ............................................ X Xx x

SET REFUELING GITCHES ..--------------------------------------------------------- --................ x

CHECKPROBE FULLY EXTENDED ........................................... X X

POSITION PROBE TO EXTEND .. ............................................ X X X

SET EXTERNAL LIGHTS TO STANDBY BRIGHT. ......................... ........ .

DESELECT AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER - - -....... ................ ......................................... X

DEACTIVATE AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM- - --.................................................K

FLA TFORMATION HRUS- --- ............................................................--- --------------

ELY FORMATION~' --T----H- - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - -

CHLY FO MA TERN A TTITUDEF ......................................... ................................................. ....................................................... ...... .. ............... ..........CHANGE TO REFUEL F ENC -.-........... . . . . . . . .....................................................

CE K M AST AU R S IN ................................. . ................ ....... . ............... ..

VF)ES AL-TNDETSTTIGA...................................................................................................................------.................X

ERF< I LOCKON ... N. ............................................. ..................................... .. . .. .......... .. . . . .. ...X

COMIMAND L K N _ ................................................... XX

E INA 'A , T FOR.. OC ON --- ............................ .............................................. x

CHECK AERIAL PmEE,EI'NG CONTROt POINT COORDINATES ................. X X

SPEL SCYINI SC AN- - --..........*-------*---------------**------------

----SELT F.AP SAN'.. - - - --...-.......................- Kx

(AENABLE WA -V INT ..... - ......- ......- ..........................-... K

SE1 IN AERIAL PEPEf INGlI)NTPILI POINT III)OINATES- -......... XK

SELECT TARGF C ARVANCE Al TITUD CHANNEL AIR TO AIR MOOE -------- K

FIGURE 6.35 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT TASKSDURING IN-FLIGHT REFUELING.

140JSMCOONNELL DOUOLAS ASrONAUJrCS COMPAN V -fS. LOUIS 08VISION

DC E2046-ICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

LS I'S$OLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITYRESPONSES

sEE EYE

joNIrC 11 MOVEMENTS POSITIONRIEADINESS St ;A1,V

POTENTIAL AV N

"LICAT IONS

0V 0

0 0

0 -

x

Xx

x x

x x

x

x x

x x

x

xx

x x

x

x

..... ............. .... X X X

-............... ............... ................ .................. ....................... x

............... ................ ................ ................. ................. ....... X

. .................... x .

x

x

X

X

X

X

x

x

. . . .. .I C

x x

KSC


CATEGORIES OF BIOLO


ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAl

ACTIVITY

EXOGENOUS ENDOGEN-

COMPONENTS COMPONE114

P300 I DETECTION IPOTENTIAL I 1

BIOCYBERNETIC Apr

P4

z _z

0 u

z cc<zc0

o D 0

LANDING STA rus ........................................... X X

VERIFY DATA LINK FREQUENCY ......................... .................................. ................ ........................................ ...... .. .....

S"SELECT COURSE ......................................... ....... X X X x

SELECT INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM ON STANDBYATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR ---------------------------------------------------------. ...... X

VERIFY INSTRUMENT

LANDING SYSTEM CHANNEL ............... X X X

•VERIFY BEACON CHANNEL ................. ................. * ----- xX

"SELECT AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING .................. .................................. ........ X

."VERIFY IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE CODE ................. ........ X X

" !ENTER IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE DIGITS ................. .................. ................ ....... x

SELECT IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE ............................... x x

', POSITION SPEEDBRAKES ................................ - ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- - -.. . . . . . . . . . .. X

. -ADJUST CABIN AIR AS REQUIRED -------------------------------------------------------------------- X

' SC'LECT RADAR OPERATE ........................................ X X X

="SELECT WAYPOINT ....................................... ........ X X X

ACTIVATE RADAR ALTITUDE ............................ ..................• ................ •....... X

DEPRESS ENTER .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - • - - - X

SELECT TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION .................... ........ X X X X

__FIGURE 6.36 BIO^ ,3ERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOT

II

TAS DURING MARSHAL.

CE MCONNELL MUOUMOLAD AErRONALrlCI COMDIANSPAYO. LOAUT OMTIICCRR

LANDNG SATU--------------------------------1X

E2046

EGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-ENT.RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENDOGENOUS

COMPONENTS EYE EYE


DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEIIPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL }VARIATION


4 z0

L)00

I-a: N

t 4 <

S-z ,-, - I=z z

Z< 0 )-

0 u w

z I 0-0 ct1

> I z 4z z 4

0 0 o-

x x x

------------------------------------- - - ---------------- x

'x

x

xx

xx

x

'C x 'C

x

x

x

x

?-C

I'C

'C 'C '


CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGN


FLECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT-RELATEO POTENTIALSACTIVITY



P300 DETECTION READINESSjPOTENTIAL {POTENTIAL8IOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

< <

ZZ Z

< 4 2 c <4<2

O 2 4E

OW 0 >WOW

2 00z

u- z

0 0 a:~

0 > 00.PILOT TASKS w <4 4 4w14

VERIFY RADAR ALTITUDE OPERATION----.. .... x x x

RECHECK LOW ALTITUDE WVARNING SETTING .... X x x

RESET ALTIMETER- - - - - - - --.......... .... X x

FIGURE 6.37 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOTTASKS DURING PRELANDING.

142

*ICDoRINEWLL 0404OLAS ASTMODP4AUTICS COPIlAiIV-07. LOCOS Dn',.eo~v

E2046

FES OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

PSYCHO- PERIPHERAL

ACTIVITY

TED POTENTIALS PI-YSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTS EYE EYE


TECTION READINESS NEGATIVE[ENTIAL POTE NTIAL VARIATION

PBERNETIC APPLICATIONS

z z

3D 0

I- 0

0 -u 0

x <-0 z

z >- S0 0- z 0

0 I W'0 0

QxI-.'

x ox 0

I

1 EBIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PERFORMANCEI1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

CATEGORIESO


ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC EVENT RELATED

ACTIVITY

EXOGENOUS

COMPONENTS

P300 DETECT

POTENT

BIOCYBERI

z z

0 <

0 0 z

10,-~~F z~ J ~~

PILOT TASKS 4 <4 4o 4 wI-q

COMMAND THRUST FOR BOLTER ............................................................................ X

MONITOR MEATBALL ---------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

CROSS CHECK STEERING COMMANDS ----------------------------------- x x x

ENGAGE COUPLER..: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ....... X

CHECK STANDBY ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR NEEDLES ------------- X X X

CROSS CHECK DATALINK/INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM DATA ............ X X X

CHECK APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ENGAGED ...................... X X X

ENGAGE APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR ........................ ................. ................ ...... X

POSITION HOOK DOWN -------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------- X

OPTIMIZE DISPLAY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ........................ X

SELECT MINIMUM RADAR MAP RANGE ...................................... X X X

VERIFY FLAPS POSITONED DOWN -------------------------------------- X X

POSITION FLAP SWITCH FULL ---------------------------------------------------- -................ ....... X

'j VERIFY LANDING GEAR DOWN ---------------------------------------- X x

I.IPOSITION LANDING GEAR DOWN---------------------------------------------------------------------X

FIGURE 6.38 BIOCYBERNETIC APPLICATIONS AS A FUNCTION OF PILOTTASKS DURING LANDING.

143

V i MCONNELL 0OCLAS ASTrONAUTDCU COMPANV-0.t LOUIS DOWIaON

" E2046


PERIPHERAL ACTIVITY

PSYCHO-EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS PHYSIOLOGICAL OCULAR ACTIVITY

RESPONSES

ENDOGENOUS

COMPONENTS EYE EYE


P300 DETECTION READINESS NEGATIVEPOTENTIAL POTENTIAL VARIATION


2z4 - 0 Sl4 -"4

2U

-4!42 w. w. ~

- -_4 U 0 4

4 xZ .1,

xX

xx xxX X

x x

X X

x

xx x

x x x x

x x

x x x

x x

XX Xx

Xx


7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In proposing to add a communication channel from the pilot to the

central computer, we have shown that electrophysiological measures are

relatable to pilot status and, ultimately, to performance. Further, we have

made the distinction between the long term changes in cognitive function that

occur across tle mission, and the more transient aspects of information

processing and decision-making which are associated with specific pilot

tasks. As McCallum (in press) notes, however, it has not been determined

whether a single physiological measure can serve as a reliable index of

operator status, or, rather, if several response systems must be monitored

to reveal operator states which may threaten performance. This issue of

single vs. multiple inputs also must be resolved in deciding upon tle most

effective means of augmenting conventional methods of control activation.

We did not rank the various mission segments when suggesting biocyber-

netic applications in the last subsection. A ranking could have been made

dependent upon the relative importance of each mission segment, either with

respect to the overall mission objectives or with regard to survivability.

Clearly, if we were forced to be selective (perhaps due to cost/benefit

considerations) in applying biocybernetic techniques, we would choose those

mission segments or requirements for which the pilot is especially vulnerable

and both the accurac.y and speed of performance are critical. In reviewing

the in-flight mission requirements presented in Section 4, we find that the

following, which occur during air-to-air or air-to-ground engagements, place

the greatest demands on the pilot:

o penetration

o threat warning

144MCDP ILL OU@MLAS A8TWOPJ4UICU COAEPANV- * ' LO{We D vauojV

BIOCYBERNETICS AND PILOT PER FORMANCE1 OCTOBER 1979 MDC E2046

o detection

o location

o identification

o decision

o execution

o assessment

The principal tasks which must be accomplished within these mission require-

ments may collectively be termed fire control functions. That is, we are

concerned with the pilot's ability to establish correct range, azimuth,

elevation, and/or FOV coordinates for the sensors used during the target

acquisition process. Moreover, we are concerned with his ability to interpret

multisensor imagery and to select laser/EO designators and, if necessary,

countermeasures. Then, if we assume that appropriate range and/or velocity

considerations have been taken into account in choosing the weapon, that

arming has been accomplished prior to the engagement, and that the actual

time of release is cormputed automatically, we are concerned with the pilot's

ability to maneuver the aircraft so that the target is positioned within the

missile launch or gun envelope. Superimposed upon these responsibilities is

a general accountability for flight control, navigation, communications,

subsystems monitoring, and, especially, threat detection/evasion.

As the pilot participates in fire control functions not managed directly

by the computer, our principal information needs are related to momentary

fluctuations in the pilot's capacity to process information and reach deci-

sions. If real-time reasures of pilot status are available, comtputer graphic

techniques can be called upon to create pictorial and symbolic displays with

C; sufficient detail to lead the pilot through changing tactical situations and

4 145

MCDONNVELL DOLLAg ASTRONAUTICS COMPAW V-ST. LOU"S DOWAVOIN


weapons procedures. These decision aids will enable the pilot to adopt

strategies for action which are in accordance with the current posture of the

mission.

Most of the electrophysiological studies we cited earlier took place in

university laboratories, and the task demands imposed upon the subjects were

somewhat constrained from an operational point of view. It is apparent that

the progression of a program which considers electrophysiological signals as

input to adaptive military systems will require that investigations be

extended to appropriate part-task and full-mission simulations. Thus, we

presently are conducting part-task flight simulations in which we have

challenged the pilot's ability to make multiple decisions within short

periods of time. Our intent in these investigations is to further define

the features of brain electrical activity and eye behavior which, when

analyzed on-line during the simulation, may forewarm imminent deteriorations

in pilot perforn ance.

Finally, we should note that biocybernetic applications are, in fact,

being addressed by the military laboratories (cf. O'Donnell and Hartman, in

press). Reising (in press), of the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory,

has predicted that techniques which yield pilot status information will be

an essential component of adaptive crew stations in the future. Moreover,

* pattern analysis of "thought"-related EEG activity for control purposes has

been discussed recently by scientists from the Air Force Aerospace Medical

Research Laboratory (Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 110, Number 5,

1979, pp. 239-243). It would seem that the high-risk program sponsored by

DARPA over the past several years may significantl. influence R&D activities

within the military and aerospace industries.* 146

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8.0 REFERENCES

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