THE LO

YAL FRIEND

OF CLIM

BERS

CAN YOU MA K E A

GU E S S ?

IT IS A FA

BULOUS P

AIR OF

MOUNTAINEERING BOOTS

Hi, I am mountaineering boots. People invented me because:• The momentary

impulse of Alfred Wills• The high mortality of

climbers during mountaineering

• The uncomfortable feeling of wearing normal shoes during mountaineering

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESAdvantages

Antiskid

Foot Protection

Breathability

Durability

Waterproof

THE HISTORY OF MOUNTAINEERING BOOTS

• First appearance at the beginning of 20th Century

• With tough nails equipped at the early years• Efficient to be used on walking on the ice with

nails• With vulcanized rubber sole added after a

mountaineering accident in 1936• With stiffness created by full steel shank and

carbon fibre by different manufacturers

The development of soles

FRICTION AND MOUNTAINEERING BOOTSFriction and soles of mountaineering boots

• The lines on the sole (wave) Use relationship of roughness and friction Use relationship of kinetic friction and static friction• The hardness of the sole Makes the lines on the sole are not easy to be worn Makes the friction of the sole is not easy to be reduced

PRINCIPLE OF FRICTION• Frictions origin from the rough surface of

normal objects• The virtual contact area is much smaller

than the visual contact area (the area of surface)

• When relative slip happens, the top of protuberances are cut down because of the applied force

• The shearing force can be defined as friction

FRICTION AND MOUNTAINEERING BOOTSFriction and soles of mountaineering boots

• Contact area - points• Perpendicular force (normal force)

causes pressure• Pressure enhances the area of

contact• The contact area after the applying

force with the hardness of the surface (direct correlation)

THE HISTORY OF MOUNTAINEERING BOOTS

CowhideSoaked in oil

The development of Water Proof

Water Resistant Paint

WaterProofMembrane

THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF WATER RESISTANT PAINT

• Contact to the moistures in the air

• Create compact surface for the item be printed

• Result in the space between molecules smaller than the volume of the molecule of water

THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GORE- TEX

• Form a two-layer system with the layers are made by nylon and polyester respectively

• With microscopic pores that are 700 times larger than a water vapour molecule

• With pores that are 20000 times smaller than a water droplet

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESDisadvantages

Heavy WeightHave a low amount of friction on

smooth surface

Not comfortable because of the

hardness

DISADVANTAGE OF MOUNTAINEERING BOOTS

Low Friction on Smooth Surface – Principle of Friction

• The number of points (n) α contact area (A)• The contact area on each point (s) α

perpendicular force (normal force) (F)• For a same surface n*s α Fg• Friction between an object and a rough

surface < friction between an object and a smooth surface

• The relationship between n*s and Ff

FAMOUS MANUFACTURERS

• Columbia • Jack Wolfskin• The North Face• Lowa• Camel• Generally, mountaineering boots

are cost around CAD250 per pair in Canada

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT• Make it lighter by using new materials with

low density and high hardness• Create more friction between soles and

smooth surfaces by using nano technology – • Make the sole particle fill in the space

between the particles of the ground• Fill a layer of air between two nylon layers of

gore- tex materials with high pressure

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Now, you may get much more close

and familiar to me. I hope I can be your friend and become your companion on

the way of conquering highest and steepest peaks

in the world!

THANK YOUBy Super SteveConstantine. I.