THE LONDON ACCORDMaking Investment Work for the Climate

March 2008

www.london-accord.co.uk

Graphic: Andritz AG, IHA/IEA, 2006/REN21, used in Investing in Renewable Energy, Canaccord Adams

Securities Industry Management Association

Paying Attention

“…while climate change may have reached a tipping-point of sorts in 2006 as far as perceptions of the problem are concerned, the same cannot be said for perceptions of the solution.”

- Center on International Cooperation & River Path Associates, “The State of the Debate”

Cash In, Carbon Out

The London Accord shows investors and policy-makers where and how to

make investment work for the climate by applying financial analysis

to climate change invesment.

Why Is The London Accord Unique?• Private sector investment is crucial to climate change investment (86% of capital investment according to UNFCCC)

•Much of that investment will be funded through pension funds and asset managers, who rely on analysis by the financial services sector for their decision making

•Financial services are engaged – 20 of the world’s leading investment firms co-operated in the London Accord valued at approximately £7M ($15M)

•780 pages of ground-breaking ‘open source’ research

20072006

Initialcommitments

Launchconference

Researchperiod

Analysisperiod

19 DecReport

Earlyideas

Shaping

The Road To London

24 Reports

Participants & Results

Investment Opportunities

Solar Energy 2007 - Eckhard Plinke and Matthias Fawer, Bank SarasinInvesting in Biofuels - Conor O’Prey, ABN AMROInvesting in Renewable Energy - Mark Thompson, Canaccord AdamsEnergy Efficiency: The Global Case for Efficiency Gains -

Miroslav Durana, Tanya Monga and Herve Prettre, Credit SuisseEnergy Efficiency: The Potential for Selected Investment Opportunities -

Asari Efiong, Merrill LynchCarbon Capture and Sequestration - Marc Levinson, JPMorgan ChaseEmissions Trading: Trends and Opportunities - Andrew Humphrey and

Luciano Diana, Morgan StanleyForest Assets for the Future - Stephane Voisin and Mikael Jafs,

Cheuvreux

Participants & Results

Context, Analysis, and Commentary

Climate Change: the State of the Debate - Alex Evans, Center on International Cooperation & David Steven, River Path Associates

The Forces of Change in the Energy Market - Nick Butler, Cambridge Centre for Energy Studies

Adaptation: Credit Risk Impacts of a Changing Climate - Christopher Bray, Barclays and Acclimatise

Modelling Carbon Intensity - Valéry Lucas-Leclin, Société GénéraleInvestments to Combat Climate Change - Exploring the Sustainable

Solutions - Alice Chapple, Vedant Walia and Will Dawson, Forum for the Future

Investment in Low-Carbon Technology - the Legal Issues - Lewis McDonald, Herbert Smith

Participants & Results

Context, Analysis, and Commentary (Continued)

A Portfolio Approach to Climate Change Investment and Policy - Prof Michael Mainelli, Z/Yen and James Palmer

Dynamics of Technological Development in the Energy Sector - J Doyne Farmer and Dr Jessika Trancik, The Santa Fe Institute

Toward a Product-Level Standard: Life Cycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Steven Davis, The Climate Conservancy

A Commentary on the Product-Level Standard - Hendrik Garz: WestLBCap-and-Trade Versus Carbon Tax: A Comparison and Synthesis -

Michael Mainelli, Alex Knapp, Z/Yen, and Jan-Peter OnstwedderCarbon Markets: the Forest Dimension - Eric Bettelheim, Gregory

Janetos and Jennifer Henman, Sustainable Forestry ManagementA Role for Philanthropy - Davida Herzl, NextEarth Foundation

Picking Winners and Losers

Climate change is a global problem and the temptation is to look for a single global solution, or a few global solutions

Cap-and-trade schemes provide market-driven solutions to identify efficient sets of solutions that will evolve

Long-Term Portfolio ApproachInvestors should invest now, as markets and other government measures are likely to produce prices in the range of €30 to €40 per tonne of CO2.

Winning Portfolios?Successful model portfolios exist – though concentrated at $30 to $60 per tonne, and based upon IPCC/UNFCC data

A mix of sectors and technologies is essential; no single technology suffices

Abatement potential up to about 15 Gt is available

Energy investment is going to become riskier

Technological development

Higher and more volatile prices for oil and gas

Pricing of greenhouse gas emissions

Forestry is a big unknown - the range of credible estimates for the real extent of abatement potential is broad, and the real costs of forestry projects which mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are unknown.

“Forestry resources represent the second largest bio-energy resource and a key material for the development of new markets that include clean energy, bio-materials and molecules [...] Paper companies owning substantial forestland are thus becoming increasingly attractive for investors”- Sustainable Forestry Management, The London Accord

Carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) seems unrealistic at greenhouse gas emission prices below $45-$50 per tonne.

Be RealisticCarbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

Solar Energy

Biofuels

“Given [the] obstacles, along with the fact that some key technological aspects remain unproven, CCS is unlikely to contribute to stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 over the next two decades.”

- JP Morgan, The London Accord

“Since the price of diesel is highly correlated with the price of crude oil, high oil prices imply higher biodiesel prices, in our view. Therefore, if oil prices remain high – ie, greater than US$55/barrel, there is potential for significant upside in the valuation of biodiesel.”

- ABN Amro, The London Accord

“Photovoltaic [should grow at a] rate of 50% over the period 2006-2010. For the next decade (2011-2020) average annual growth is expected to run at well over 22%.”

- Bank Sarasin, The London Accord

Be RealisticAdaptation

Renewables

Energy Efficiency

“Climate changes are locked into the world’s weather system and these changes may represent material risks (or opportunities) to business.”

- Barclays & Acclimatise, The London Accord

“Reducing the percentage of energy costs in relation to total sales has become a key means of remaining competitive and lessening the impact of higher raw material costs on profit”

- Credit Suisse, The London Accord

“The renewable energy industry has momentum and is here to stay. [...] Several technologies are already price competitive and others are close, when GHG emissions are priced in. [...] Our top picks are in: project developers, geothermal, solar thermal and wave power”

- CanAccord Adams, The London Accord

Take Action

Abatement

Smaller, successful portfolios at the efficient frontier contain solar.

Forestry is an attractive investment at the optimistic end of the range of abatement potential and cost, but is just part of uncertainty across portfolios.

“Wider sustainability issues matter in selecting

options to combat climate change as, apart from being

important in themselves, they are also

often likely to be material to the commercial viability of

an investment”Forum for the Future

Not Just Climate Change

Policy Implications• Create the Carbon Market - business will invest once carbon

price and markets exist

• Support More Research:

– Quantify the Impact of Forestry

– Assess Carbon Capture and Sequestration

• Avoid Carbon-Dumping Wars – duties on carbon ‘at the borders’ could be worse than anti-dumping trade wars

• Set International Standards – product level, carbon intensity, carbon offsets

• Set Higher Policy Standards to Realise Existing Positive Abatement Opportunities - lower consumption, and increase efficiency of existing energy

Rule Changes

• Investors need stable policies and a predictable process for change

• A price for carbon is essential

• Good regulations can drive efficiency gains

• Dialogue with policy makers must improve

More Information….

Professor Michael Mainelli, Principal Advisor to he London AccordExecutive Chairman, Z/Yen Group Limited5-7 St Helen’s PlaceLondon EC3A 6AUUnited Kingdom+44 (0) 207-562-9562michael_mainelli@zyen.com

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