the living world - ark elvin academy 8 geography... · the living world cover ed in class? revisio...

17
The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship within the natural system. I can define and give UK examples of producers consumers, decomposer, food chain, food web and nutrient cycle I can explain their interdependence of each of the above and explain how changes might affect each other. I can describe the distribution and characteristics of global ecosystems around the world. Tropical rainforests (core content) I can describe the physical characteristics of the tropical rainforests I can explain the interdependence of the climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people in a tropical rainforest I can explain how plants and animals have adapted to the physical conditions of tropical rainforests. I can describe and explain the problems and issues with changing biodiversity within the tropical rainforest. I can describe and explain the changing rates of deforestation. I can use a case study to explain the causes of deforestation subsistence and commercial farming, 1. Logging, 2. Road Building 3. Mineral Extraction 4. Energy Development, 5. Settlement 6. Population Growth I can use a case study to explain the impacts of deforestation 1. Economic development 2. Soil erosion, 3. Contribution to climate change. I can explain the importance and value of the tropical rainforest on a local, national and international scale. I can explain why it is important the tropical rainforest should be managed sustainably. I can explain how the tropical rainforest can be managed sustainably using a range of methods 1. Selective logging and replanting 2. Conservation and education 3. Ecotourism 4. International agreements about the use of tropical hardwoods, 5. Debt reduction.

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Page 1: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

The Living world

Cover

ed in

class

Revisio

n

undert

aken

Using an example from the UK I can explain the interrelationship

within the natural system

I can define and give UK examples of producers consumers

decomposer food chain food web and nutrient cycle

I can explain their interdependence of each of the above and

explain how changes might affect each other

I can describe the distribution and characteristics of global

ecosystems around the world

Tropical rainforests (core content) I can describe the physical characteristics of the tropical

rainforests

I can explain the interdependence of the climate water soils

plants animals and people in a tropical rainforest

I can explain how plants and animals have adapted to the

physical conditions of tropical rainforests

I can describe and explain the problems and issues with changing

biodiversity within the tropical rainforest

I can describe and explain the changing rates of deforestation

I can use a case study to explain the causes of deforestation

subsistence and commercial farming

1 Logging

2 Road Building

3 Mineral Extraction

4 Energy Development

5 Settlement

6 Population Growth

I can use a case study to explain the impacts of deforestation

1 Economic development

2 Soil erosion

3 Contribution to climate change

I can explain the importance and value of the tropical rainforest

on a local national and international scale

I can explain why it is important the tropical rainforest should be

managed sustainably

I can explain how the tropical rainforest can be managed

sustainably using a range of methods

1 Selective logging and replanting

2 Conservation and education

3 Ecotourism

4 International agreements about the use of tropical

hardwoods

5 Debt reduction

What is an ecosystem

How do ecosystems work

An ecosystem is a living community of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) which is linked to

the natural environment where they live Each element in the system depends upon and

influences others They are interrelated There are often complex relationships between the

living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components Abiotic components include the climate

(primarily temperature and rainfall) soil water and light Ecosystems can be identified at

different scales A local ecosystem can be a pond or a hedge Larger ecosystems can be lakes

or woodlands It is also possible to identify ecosystems on a global scale such as tropical

rainforests or deciduous woodland These global ecosystems are called biomes

Every ecosystem works in the same way

1) Plants use sunlight water and nutrients from the soil to produce their own food

via photosynthesis and are called producers

2) Animals feed on plants (herbivores) or animals (carnivores) and are called

consumers

3) Fungi and bacteria feed on dead and waste material and make things break down

or rot These are called decomposers and recycle nutrients for plants to use again

Without plants all other living things would die

A food chain shows the different elements that live in an ecosystem and what eats what

to survive A food web is more complex and shows all the different elements in a habitat

and how they interrelate

Changes to the ecosystem

Different parts of an ecosystem depend on each other and theres a fine balance between

them A change in one part of the ecosystem will affect other parts and upset the balance

Ecosystems around the world are facing changes including

Climate change - which can affect where species can live when they reproduce and the

size of their populations

Habitat change - the conversion of land for farming can lead to a loss of habitat for huge

numbers of species

Pollution - which for example can reduce oxygen levels in wetlands and rivers (killing

fish) and also cause rapid plant and algae growth (called algae blooms)

The Nutrient Cycle

Distribution of Biomes

Different ecosystems are found in different parts of the world due to the influence of climate and soils The

vegetation adapts to the climate and soils and is in harmony with it Global ecosystems are known as

biomes The dominant type of vegetation cover usually defines a biome On a global scale climate is the

main factor which influences the distribution and characteristics of natural vegetation cover This is

because climate affects the growth conditions for vegetation

1) Temperature - especially the seasonal pattern and length of the growing season

2) Precipitation - particularly the total amount and how its distributed throughout the year

3) Sunshine - which determines the amount of light available for photosynthesis

4) Rates of evaporation transpiration and humidity

Tropical rainforest

Climate

The daily temperature is about 28C It never goes below 20C and rarely above 35C It is a

very wet climate at least 2000mm of rain falls a year This makes the atmosphere very hot

and humid There are no real seasons Each days weather is the same - starting off hot and

dry with thunderstorms and heavy rain in early evening

Case Study Tropical Rainforest

Soil

The soils are red in colour and rich in iron They have a thick layer of litter (dead leaves etc) but only a

thin fertile layer because the leaves decompose very quickly in the humid conditions The soils are not

very good for plants to grow in as nutrients are quickly washed out of the soil because of heavy rainfall

Vegetation

The vegetation in rainforests grows in distinct layers and has adapted to the climate and poor soils

Trees are very tall and trunks are thin to reach sunlight Buttress roots support these tall trees in

shallow soils Lianas are woody vines that climb high to reach the sunlight Leaves in the tropical

rainforest have drip tips to allow rainfall to drip down to the lower layers and shed heavy rainfall easily

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 2: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

What is an ecosystem

How do ecosystems work

An ecosystem is a living community of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) which is linked to

the natural environment where they live Each element in the system depends upon and

influences others They are interrelated There are often complex relationships between the

living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components Abiotic components include the climate

(primarily temperature and rainfall) soil water and light Ecosystems can be identified at

different scales A local ecosystem can be a pond or a hedge Larger ecosystems can be lakes

or woodlands It is also possible to identify ecosystems on a global scale such as tropical

rainforests or deciduous woodland These global ecosystems are called biomes

Every ecosystem works in the same way

1) Plants use sunlight water and nutrients from the soil to produce their own food

via photosynthesis and are called producers

2) Animals feed on plants (herbivores) or animals (carnivores) and are called

consumers

3) Fungi and bacteria feed on dead and waste material and make things break down

or rot These are called decomposers and recycle nutrients for plants to use again

Without plants all other living things would die

A food chain shows the different elements that live in an ecosystem and what eats what

to survive A food web is more complex and shows all the different elements in a habitat

and how they interrelate

Changes to the ecosystem

Different parts of an ecosystem depend on each other and theres a fine balance between

them A change in one part of the ecosystem will affect other parts and upset the balance

Ecosystems around the world are facing changes including

Climate change - which can affect where species can live when they reproduce and the

size of their populations

Habitat change - the conversion of land for farming can lead to a loss of habitat for huge

numbers of species

Pollution - which for example can reduce oxygen levels in wetlands and rivers (killing

fish) and also cause rapid plant and algae growth (called algae blooms)

The Nutrient Cycle

Distribution of Biomes

Different ecosystems are found in different parts of the world due to the influence of climate and soils The

vegetation adapts to the climate and soils and is in harmony with it Global ecosystems are known as

biomes The dominant type of vegetation cover usually defines a biome On a global scale climate is the

main factor which influences the distribution and characteristics of natural vegetation cover This is

because climate affects the growth conditions for vegetation

1) Temperature - especially the seasonal pattern and length of the growing season

2) Precipitation - particularly the total amount and how its distributed throughout the year

3) Sunshine - which determines the amount of light available for photosynthesis

4) Rates of evaporation transpiration and humidity

Tropical rainforest

Climate

The daily temperature is about 28C It never goes below 20C and rarely above 35C It is a

very wet climate at least 2000mm of rain falls a year This makes the atmosphere very hot

and humid There are no real seasons Each days weather is the same - starting off hot and

dry with thunderstorms and heavy rain in early evening

Case Study Tropical Rainforest

Soil

The soils are red in colour and rich in iron They have a thick layer of litter (dead leaves etc) but only a

thin fertile layer because the leaves decompose very quickly in the humid conditions The soils are not

very good for plants to grow in as nutrients are quickly washed out of the soil because of heavy rainfall

Vegetation

The vegetation in rainforests grows in distinct layers and has adapted to the climate and poor soils

Trees are very tall and trunks are thin to reach sunlight Buttress roots support these tall trees in

shallow soils Lianas are woody vines that climb high to reach the sunlight Leaves in the tropical

rainforest have drip tips to allow rainfall to drip down to the lower layers and shed heavy rainfall easily

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 3: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Changes to the ecosystem

Different parts of an ecosystem depend on each other and theres a fine balance between

them A change in one part of the ecosystem will affect other parts and upset the balance

Ecosystems around the world are facing changes including

Climate change - which can affect where species can live when they reproduce and the

size of their populations

Habitat change - the conversion of land for farming can lead to a loss of habitat for huge

numbers of species

Pollution - which for example can reduce oxygen levels in wetlands and rivers (killing

fish) and also cause rapid plant and algae growth (called algae blooms)

The Nutrient Cycle

Distribution of Biomes

Different ecosystems are found in different parts of the world due to the influence of climate and soils The

vegetation adapts to the climate and soils and is in harmony with it Global ecosystems are known as

biomes The dominant type of vegetation cover usually defines a biome On a global scale climate is the

main factor which influences the distribution and characteristics of natural vegetation cover This is

because climate affects the growth conditions for vegetation

1) Temperature - especially the seasonal pattern and length of the growing season

2) Precipitation - particularly the total amount and how its distributed throughout the year

3) Sunshine - which determines the amount of light available for photosynthesis

4) Rates of evaporation transpiration and humidity

Tropical rainforest

Climate

The daily temperature is about 28C It never goes below 20C and rarely above 35C It is a

very wet climate at least 2000mm of rain falls a year This makes the atmosphere very hot

and humid There are no real seasons Each days weather is the same - starting off hot and

dry with thunderstorms and heavy rain in early evening

Case Study Tropical Rainforest

Soil

The soils are red in colour and rich in iron They have a thick layer of litter (dead leaves etc) but only a

thin fertile layer because the leaves decompose very quickly in the humid conditions The soils are not

very good for plants to grow in as nutrients are quickly washed out of the soil because of heavy rainfall

Vegetation

The vegetation in rainforests grows in distinct layers and has adapted to the climate and poor soils

Trees are very tall and trunks are thin to reach sunlight Buttress roots support these tall trees in

shallow soils Lianas are woody vines that climb high to reach the sunlight Leaves in the tropical

rainforest have drip tips to allow rainfall to drip down to the lower layers and shed heavy rainfall easily

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 4: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Distribution of Biomes

Different ecosystems are found in different parts of the world due to the influence of climate and soils The

vegetation adapts to the climate and soils and is in harmony with it Global ecosystems are known as

biomes The dominant type of vegetation cover usually defines a biome On a global scale climate is the

main factor which influences the distribution and characteristics of natural vegetation cover This is

because climate affects the growth conditions for vegetation

1) Temperature - especially the seasonal pattern and length of the growing season

2) Precipitation - particularly the total amount and how its distributed throughout the year

3) Sunshine - which determines the amount of light available for photosynthesis

4) Rates of evaporation transpiration and humidity

Tropical rainforest

Climate

The daily temperature is about 28C It never goes below 20C and rarely above 35C It is a

very wet climate at least 2000mm of rain falls a year This makes the atmosphere very hot

and humid There are no real seasons Each days weather is the same - starting off hot and

dry with thunderstorms and heavy rain in early evening

Case Study Tropical Rainforest

Soil

The soils are red in colour and rich in iron They have a thick layer of litter (dead leaves etc) but only a

thin fertile layer because the leaves decompose very quickly in the humid conditions The soils are not

very good for plants to grow in as nutrients are quickly washed out of the soil because of heavy rainfall

Vegetation

The vegetation in rainforests grows in distinct layers and has adapted to the climate and poor soils

Trees are very tall and trunks are thin to reach sunlight Buttress roots support these tall trees in

shallow soils Lianas are woody vines that climb high to reach the sunlight Leaves in the tropical

rainforest have drip tips to allow rainfall to drip down to the lower layers and shed heavy rainfall easily

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 5: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Case Study Tropical Rainforest

Soil

The soils are red in colour and rich in iron They have a thick layer of litter (dead leaves etc) but only a

thin fertile layer because the leaves decompose very quickly in the humid conditions The soils are not

very good for plants to grow in as nutrients are quickly washed out of the soil because of heavy rainfall

Vegetation

The vegetation in rainforests grows in distinct layers and has adapted to the climate and poor soils

Trees are very tall and trunks are thin to reach sunlight Buttress roots support these tall trees in

shallow soils Lianas are woody vines that climb high to reach the sunlight Leaves in the tropical

rainforest have drip tips to allow rainfall to drip down to the lower layers and shed heavy rainfall easily

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 6: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

- Tropical rainforest is removed for a range of reasons This has economic social political and

environmental repercussions

- Tropical rainforests are increasingly at threat from deforestation Governments are viewing the

rainforests as an untapped resource which can aid them in economic development

- Malaysia is a country in south-east Asia Along with neighbouring countries the natural vegetation is

tropical rainforest Nearly 63 of Malaysia is forested and commercial tree crops primarily rubber and oil

palm occupy a further 13 Trees and forest cover an area equivalent to the whole of the UK Malaysian

rainforests support over 5500 species of flowering plants 2600 species of tree and 1000 species of

butterflies The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any other tropical country in

the world some 140200 ha of forest have been lost on average each year

Malaysia Case Study

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees often on a very large scale

Logging Malaysia became the worldrsquos largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s Clear felling where

all trees are chopped down in an area was common This led to the total destruction of forest habitats

Recently clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging where only fully-grown trees are cut

down Trees that have important ecological value are left unharmed

Road Building Roads are constructed to provide access to mining areas new settlements and energy

projects Logging requires road construction to bring machinery and take away timber

Energy Development in 2011 after five decades of delays the controversial Bakun Dam in Sarawek started

to generate electricity The Bakun Dam (205m) is Asiarsquos highest dam outside of China Several more dams

are planned to boost Malaysiarsquos electricity supplies The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular

Malaysia The damrsquosreservior flooded over 700km2 of forests and farmland

Mineral Extraction (Mainly tin and smelting) is common in Peninsular Malaysia Rainforest has been

cleared for mining and road construction Drilling for oil and gas has recently started in Borneo

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 7: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Population Pressure In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the

countryside from the rapidly growing cities This is called transmigration Between 1956 and the 1980s

about 15000 hectares of rainforest was felled for the settlers Many then set up plantations

Commercial Farming Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world During the 1970s large

areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations Plantation owners receive 10 year tax incentives so

increasing amounts of land have been converted to plantations

Subsistence farming Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming Traditionally local

communities would hunt and gather food from the forest and grow some food crops in cleared pockets of

forest This type of farming is small scale and sustainable One method of clearing land is lsquoslash and burnrsquo

This burning creates valuable nutrients that helps the plants grow These can grow out of control

destroying large areas of forest

Malaysia EffectsImpacts of Deforestation

Positive Negative

Social 1) Poor urban dwellers have had the opportunity to set up businesses and improve their quality of life

2) Better transportation links 3) Large scale farming provides food 4)

Indigenous tribes forced to move

Economic 1) Area has become economically profitable and has contributed to Malaysias GNP

2) Profits can be used to improve Malaysias infrastructure and level of development

Profits from the businesses in the area rarely go to local people

Environmental 1) Thousands of hectares of rainforest have been destroyed

2) Amount of virgin rainforest cover has decreased dramatically

3) Loss of habitats 4) Survival of species including the

orang-utan is threatened

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 8: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Malaysia Managing Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests need to be managed sustainably International co-operation is needed

In order to manage the rainforest sustainably a variety of management techniques have

been used in Malaysia

National Forest Policy

Widespread logging in Malaysia started after the Second World War due to improvements in technology

(eg chainsaws trucks etc) The government responded by passing the National Forestry Act in 1977 The

Act paved the way for sustainable management of Malaysias rainforests and had the following aims

develop timber processing to increase the profitability of the exported wood and reduce demand for raw

timber The export of low-value raw logs is now banned in most of Malaysia

encourage alternative timber sources (eg from rubber trees) increase public awareness of the forests

increase research into forestry

involve local communities in forest projects One of the main initiatives of the 1977 Act was to introduce a

new approach to forest management known as Selective Management System This is recognised as one of

the most sustainable approaches to tropical forestry management in the world

Selective Logging and Replanting provides careful consideration

But a lack of trained officials to enforce and monitor the system across the country has led to the

continuation of abuses and illegal activities Remedial measures such as replanting have not always been

carried out satisfactorily Deforestation is still taking place in Borneo where land is being converted into oil

palm plantations

Permanent Forest Estates and National Parks

The government to identify Permanent Forest Estates These are areas which are protected with no

development or conversion of land use allowed Large areas of forest however are used for commercial

logging Some 10 of the forested land (mainly primary forest areas) have special conservation status

ensuring the survival of the rainforest habitats and species

Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that promotes sustainable forestry

Products that have been sourved from sustainably manged forests carry the FSC label The FSC aims to

educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy wood from sustainable sources It also aims

to reduce demand for rare and valuable tropical hardwoods

Developing Tourism

Malaysia has promoted its forests as destinations for ecotourism This aims to introduce people to the

natural world without cauisng any environmental damage The great benefit of ecotourism is that it

enables the undisturbed natural environment to create a source of income for local people without it being

damaged or destroyed

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 9: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Worldwide Initiatives

Rainforests are valuable resources which poor countries want to use to expand their economies and

increase their level of development As well as timber rainforests occupy land that could be used for

commercial agriculture such as plantations or ranching Valuable mineral resources such as bauxite copper

or iron may be present in the rock below the forests To expect countries not use these resources available

to them is naive even though they are important at a global scale To encourage poorer countries to not

develop their rainforest areas various strategies have been used globally

Debt relief rainforests are recognised globally and attributed a monetary value Countries are paid to

maintain the rainforests this could take the form of debt relief (countries are relieved of some of their debt

in return for protecting their rainforests)

Carbon sinks in recocognition of rainforests role in reducing global warming money is given to support

rainforest areas as a way of reducing carbon dioxide levels globally eg Gola Forest Sierra Leone is

supported by the European Commission the French Government and the RSPB

The Living World ndash Answer the following questions to demonstrate your

knowledge and help with your revision

Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and

abiotic components

An example of a small scall ecosystem Hene Centre Pond

Complete the key terms list below by adding the correct definitions

Ecosystem ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Biotic components __________________________________________________

Abiotic components _________________________________________________

Describe the pond ecosystem shown opposite

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 10: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Complete the table below with the correct definitions and give an example for each that

would be found in a freshwater pond

Term Definition Example

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Nutrient cycling

Ecosystems are very fragile and if there is a change to one component it may well have a

knock-on effect on the rest of the ecosystem Complete the natural and human causes of

change in an ecosystem

Natural changes Changes due to human activity

How can changes affect the pond ecosystem Complete another flow diagram below for

another change

More perch (predators) are added to the pond Smaller fish and frogs are

eaten Less food for creatures higher up the food chain eg herons

More creatures lower down the food chain like slugs

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 11: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Large-scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes (see map below)

Explain why ecosystems tend to form

broad belts across the world from east to

west parallel to the lines of latitude

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below outlining the location and characteristics of each biome

Global

ecosystem

Location Characteristics

Tropical

rainforest

Desert

Tundra

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics

Where are tropical rainforests found

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is the climate like

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 12: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Why is the temperature constantly high in the rainforest

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why is the rainfall high

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Why does the amount of rainfall vary throughout the year

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Give 2 reasons why the soils in tropical rainforests are infertile

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Annotate the photograph below to describe and explain how plants have adapted to the

rainforest

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 13: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Explain 3 animal adaptations that enable species to survive in tropical rainforests

__________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts

Every 2 seconds an area of rainforest the size of a football field is destroyed Rainforests

once covered 155 million km2 but now it is just over 62 million km2

Why is the rate of deforestation now decreasing in Brazil

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

What is happening to the rainforests in Malaysia compared to Brazil

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia

Describe the location of the Malaysia and its

rainforests

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 14: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

What are the causes of deforestation in the rainforests in Malaysia Complete the table

below to outline each of the causes

Cause Information

Subsistence and commercial

farming

Logging

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 15: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

What are the impacts of deforestation

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion

__________________________________

__________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_

How does deforestation contribute to climate change

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Complete the table below to show how deforestation can have both economic gains and

economic losses

Economic gains for the country Economic losses for the country

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 16: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable

Complete a mind map below to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people and the

environment

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you

Page 17: The Living world - Ark Elvin Academy 8 Geography... · The Living world Cover ed in class? Revisio n undert aken Using an example from the UK, I can explain the interrelationship

Rainforests need to be managed sustainably so that we can still use valuable resources but

without causing long-term damage for future generations Complete the table below outlining

how rainforests can be managed sustainably ndash include specific facts where possible

Sustainable strategies How do they work

Selective logging and

replanting

Conservation and

education

Ecotourism

International

agreements

Please see your teacher if there is any are of this that you are unsure of

If you could like your work to be marked please present this to a teacher and we will go

through it with you