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CP_N  ATELSON 10/28/2006 1:27:52 PM 789 THE LEGAL MEANING OF “COMMERCE” IN THE COMMERCE CLAUSE ROBERT G. N  ATELSON †  Commerce, (Commercium) Traffick, Trade or Merchandise in Buying and Selling of Goods. See Merchant . Merchant, (Mercator ) Is one that buys and trades in any Thing . . . . But every one that buys and sells is not . . . a Merchant; only those who traffick in the Way of Commerce . . . . Those that buy Goods, to reduce them by their own Art or Industry . . . are Artificers and not Merchants . . . . 1  I. CONTENDING DEFINITIONS OF “COMMERCE”......................790 II. THE EFFECT OF NEW NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSE SCHOLARSHIP ......................................................................796 III. SOURCES OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LEGAL MEANING......801 IV. FOCUS OF THIS STUDY .........................................................805  V. T HE MEANING OF “COMMERCE” IN THE FOUNDERS’ LEGAL SOURCES ..................................................................806  A. Cases Reports ................................................................806  B. Legal Dictionaries ........................................................817  C. Treatises ........................................................................820  1. Blackstone’s Commentaries ....................................820  2. Other Treatises .......................................................826   D. Abridgments and Digests .............................................829  † Professor of Law, The University of Montana. I am grateful for the assistance of the following people: The staff and administration of the Bodleian Law Library, University of Oxford; Dr. Norma Aubertin-Potter, chief librarian of the Codrington Library at All-Souls College, Oxford; Dr. Vanessa Hayward, Keeper of the Middle Temple Library, London, and her staff; Stacey Gordon, reference librarian, as well as the staff generally, at the Jameson Law Library, The University of Montana; Charlotte Wilmerton, The University of Montana School of Law, for her secretarial assistance; Sarah Morath, Class of 2007, The University of Montana School of Law, for research assistance; and my wife, Elizabeth J. Natelson for her research assistance—and for everything else. 1 GILES J  ACOB, A  NEW L  AW-DICTIONARY (8th ed. 1762).

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