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Supporting your success

The land is in your handsA practical guide for owners of small rural landholdings in Western Australia

Department ofAgriculture and Food

ForewordThe land is in your hands is targeted at small landholders throughout Western Australia and aims to promote a better understanding of the importance of caring for the land and being a good neighbour in the rural community

Western Australiarsquos agricultural land is a valuable resource as are the diverse agri-food industries which rely on sustainable land use

The protection of the Statersquos natural resources and biodiversity including its land from degradation and animals and plants from pests and diseases is a responsibility that must be addressed by the community as a whole

With growing numbers of Western Australians choosing to purchase smaller rural properties the availability of useful resources such as this practical guide is imperative for effective and long-term management of the land It includes brief details of the governing State regulations contact details and further references

We hope you find this guide useful and encourage you to seek further information from the many references provided throughout the pages

Jodie Whitfield Manager Small Landholder Information Service Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia

Third edition February 2015

AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the following people for their assistance in updating this publication

bull Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) Skye Badger Heidi Blackburn Sonya Broughton Gwen Craen James Dee Elizabeth Edwards Richard George Beth Green Yolandee Jones Andrew Reeves Brian Smith Lisa Smith Andrew Taylor and Katie Webb

bull Department of Commerce - Worksafe

1

Contents

Itrsquos your land - be sure itrsquos in good hands 2

Sources of information for small landholders 4

Making the most of your land 6

Caring for your land 10

Vegetation a green framework 16

Water a scarce resource 19

Controlling unwanted intruders 23

Livestock on your land 30

Safety on your property 39

Other important contacts 47

2

Itrsquos your land - be sure itrsquos in good hands

3

IntroductionA growing number of Western Australians are choosing to purchase small rural properties ndash many to enjoy a more tranquil lifestyle others to build a small but profitable business on the land

Today there are over 60 000 small rural landholders (defined as owners of properties between 1-100 hectares (ha) in size) and it is expected that this number will continue to grow

Whether a property is 1ha or 2000ha the rural landholder has many responsibilities The way you manage your land can have a major impact on the people properties and rural environment beyond your fenceline

Buying a rural property is probably one of the biggest investments yoursquoll ever make

Treat it with care ndash just as you would any residence Your rural property may have large expanses of paddocks that appear lsquoemptyrsquo of assets but the reality is every square metre of your land is important

A patch of eroded soil a mild weed infestation or insects in the fruit trees may not seem very serious ndash but these problems can be insidious If left unchecked they can devalue your property spread to adjacent small holdings and commercial properties and even leave you in breach of the law

On the other hand a well managed well maintained property can be more productive more profitable and more pleasurable to own and occupy

The land is in your hands is an information resource developed especially for owners of small rural landholdings in Western Australia It covers all the critical topics you need to consider from landcare to water supply weeds pests livestock and smart property design

In large towns and cities life can be somewhat anonymous not so in the country Rural communities have a strong spirit of community-mindedness and cooperation As a member of a rural community yoursquoll likely be caught up in this way of life Yoursquoll soon realise the importance of being a good neighbour and the value of having good neighbours living near you

The information in The land is in your hands is intended to help you be a good neighbour by caring for your property in a responsible and considerate way

3

4

Sources of information for small landholders

5

Small Landholder Information ServiceThe Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Small Landholder Information Service (SLIS) provides Western Australiarsquos 60 000 small landholders with information on aspects of effectively managing their land orchards and livestock SLIS strengthens agricultural skills by providing a free enquiry service targeted information products specifically tailored to small landholders and information on learning opportunities throughout Western Australia

All small landholders with a property size of less than 100ha can benefit from this service SLIS also aims to enhance the business adaptability and resilience of small landholders by providing business related information products

The service also provides a free quarterly e-newsletter that highlights vital seasonal and land management information future events and ideas for utilising your small property Small landholders can sign up to receive the e-newsletter on the SLIS website

Contact details Telephone +61 (0)8 9780 6100 Email small_landholderagricwagovau Facebook facebookcomDAFWAsmalllandholders Website agricwagovauslis

Pest and Disease Information ServiceThe Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) provides advisory and identification services on animal and plant pests weeds and diseases that impact Western Australiarsquos agriculture and food industries

PaDIS provides information to help the community detect and report unfamiliar pests weeds and diseases manage and report pests of agricultural and quarantine concern Examples of these pests include Queensland fruit fly European wasp codling moth West Indian drywood termites European house borer red imported fire ant salvinia water hyacinth European starling sparrow and Indian ringneck parakeet

If you discover an unusual animal or plant pest disease or weed you may have a sample identified free of charge The lsquoSending specimens for identificationrsquo on the PADIS website offers helpful tips to ensure specimens are presented and posted correctly

Contact details Telephone 1800 084 881 Email infoagricwagovau Website agricwagovaupadis

5

6

Making the most of your land

7

What are your hopes and aspirations as a small rural landholder Do you plan to turn your land into a profit-making enterprise or is it simply to be a country retreat for the family

Either way some basic guidelines will help you develop your land to maximise its potential whether as a business or as a lifestyle-enhancing asset

Draw up a planIf yoursquove purchased a lsquogreenfieldsrsquo site with no buildings on it you can create your property from the ground up applying the tried-and-true principles of smart planning Here are some of the key guidelines to consider

1 Location of the houseIdeally it should bebull close to sheds and work areas but far enough away from the road

to minimise the impact of traffic noisebull sheltered by treesbull accessible to water supply electricity and telephone servicesbull designed to maximise solar efficiencybull in a well-drained locationbull positioned to minimise fire danger

2 Location of sheds These should bebull in close proximity to the housebull oriented so openings face away from prevailing rain-bearing windbull positioned for easy vehicle access

3 Location and types of fencesSite your fences in order tobull divide land allocated for different purposesbull create the appropriate number and size of paddocksbull provide watering points and shelter for animalsbull provide access for stock and vehiclesbull minimise erosion on slopes and contoursbull allow similar types of land to be contained in one paddock

Choose your fencing types carefully for example

bull avoid low and barbed wire fences if you are keeping horses instead use high wooden fences

bull use barbed or electrified wire to contain cattlebull use square mesh fences for sheepbull goats alpacas and other livestock may require specialised fencing

8

4 Water sources

Ensure that your plan addresses the need to source water for domestic and agricultural purposes Water sources quality and conservation are covered in the section lsquoWater a scarce resourcersquo on page 19

It is possible to estimate the amount of water you will need for both purposes For example each occupant of a home needs 132kL a year for personal use The water requirement for the different crops can be calculated using the irrigation requirement calculator (irrigationcalculatorcom) The estimates for different livestock consumption can be seen in Table 1

Table 1 Estimated daily water consumption for livestockAnimal Daily consumption (litres a day)

Sheep - weaners- adult dry sheep- lactating ewes

2-42-6

4-10Cattle

- weaners- dry stock- lactating cow

25-5035-80

40-100Dairy cattle 70-250Horses 40-50Pigs

- sow and litter- boar or dry sow

25-4512-15

Poultry (100 birds)- laying hens- broilers

336-32

5 Trees and vegetationDoes your property have areas that appear desolate and treeless If so planting additional vegetation could greatly enhance the visual appearance of your property It may also aid in controlling salinity and erosionOn your plan of the property plot details such as land contours soil types location and types of existing vegetation buildings fences vehicle access and power linesConsider planting trees and shrubs along the natural contours of the land and creating shelter belts along ridges to help reduce erosion The location purpose soil type prevailing wind and rainfall conditions will determine your choice of plants

6 Surface water managementAs it moves over the land surface water will carry soil particles and organic matter with it In general exposed soils steep inclines and long slopes will be most affected by water run-off with these areas prone to soil erosionPlanning your property to minimise erosion should involve techniques for preventing water from gathering too much momentum Contour banks spur drains cut-off drains and grassed waterways all help prevent erosion

For more information

Noteworthy 2 ndash Fencing for beginners

Noteworthy 24 ndash Developing a property plan for small landholdings

Irrigation requirement calculator irrigationcalculatorcom

8

9

Drains can help remove surface water on valley floors Before putting in a drain you may need to obtain approval from your local government authority (LGA) Any drain you install should be of an appropriate design - otherwise it may increase erosion or cause flooding onto a neighbourrsquos property

7 Thorough planning

Do you have a vision to make your property productive or self-sufficient If so you should plan your business thoroughly and do as much research as you can These tips will help you develop a viable property

bull develop a market study for the crop or enterprise you intend to engage in

bull develop a business plan that covers economics and production systems

bull talk to other landholders engaged in a similar venturebull attend field days targeted at commercial growers


Noteworthy 44 ndash Marketing for small producers

Noteworthy 48 ndash Business planning for small producers

Noteworthy 59 ndash Direct selling channels for small producers

Noteworthy 65 ndash A guide to development approvals for small landholdings in Western Australia

Your legal responsibilitiesPlanning approvalsBefore you carry out modifications to your buildings construct new buildings or other structures you may need development approval from your LGA LGAs are given the responsibility under planning and local government Acts for approval decisions Generally the conditions are similar across all parts of the State but individual LGAs may have special requirements

Some LGAs need to provide approval for dams fences removal of trees construction of retaining walls and roads Most have a requirement for approval before the establishment of intensive agricultural activities like horticulture plantations feedlots or piggeries

Approach your LGA early in your planning to ensure you have obtained all the requirements the LGA is likely to need

Sale of produceAs a landholder you also have responsibilities regarding produce you wish to sell For example with hay there is a requirement that it be free from declared plant seeds Fruit and vegetables may need special packaging or meet minimum maturity or health and safety standards

In some industries a lsquofee for servicersquo is deducted from the proceeds to cover industry services such as exotic pest surveillance or product promotion Contact industry associations for more information

10

Caring for your land

11

Land degradation what you can do to helpTo understand how to avoid and combat land degradation itrsquos important to know what the problem is You can avoid problems by planning your property carefully

There are several types of land degradation and sometimes more than one type will affect the same parcel of land

Water erosionThis occurs when soil is lsquoworn awayrsquo by the action of water often when rain falls faster than it can soak into the ground Water erosion causes a two-fold problem

bull it leaves a gully where the soil has been washed awaybull deposits soil elsewhere sometimes causing the transferred soil to

smother plants block drains cause flooding and other damage

Water erosion manifests itself in different ways These are some of the types of water erosion you may experience on your land and some suggestions on how to prevent it from occurring in the future

Gully erosion

Gully erosion occurs when a natural drainage line is disturbed in some way causing the water that previously flowed safely over a stable groundcover to flow over bare or disturbed ground

Solution Install gully head sills and fill gullies by using a road grader Plan and install a contour bank water management system Carefully manage natural drainage lines by avoiding any soil disturbance and maximising vegetation cover

Rill erosion

This occurs where numerous small channels are cut into a slope often after rain falls on newly disturbed ground Rills are not as obvious as gullies but the resulting loss of top soil is still a problem

Solution Plan and install a contour water management system on cropping land Use minimum tillage

Sheet erosion

This occurs when an even layer of soil is removed from a slope without creating obvious channels Sheet erosion removes the productive topsoil exposing less productive subsoil

Solution Plan and install a contour water management system Retain plant cover during summer and early autumn

11

12

Stock pad erosion

Livestock hooves can create tracks in the soil Water flows down the bare tracks causing erosion This is common where stock track down slopes to dams or to gates at the lower levels of paddocks

Solution Locate watering points as far upslope in paddocks as possible Construct a grade bank system on slopes above dams Relocate fences along ridge crests or contours

Road and firebreak erosion

This type of erosion occurs where water collects and runs along wheel ruts or firebreak furrows It is common where farm tracks and firebreaks are poorly positioned

Solution Plan your firebreak system Locate as many breaks as possible along ridge crests or across slopes preferably just downslope of contour banks Consider using herbicides for firebreaks rather than cultivation

Headland erosion in cropping areas

Headland erosion is caused by inappropriate cultivation patterns It is most common on sloping ground where the crop seeding run corners collect and concentrate paddock run-off washing the soil away

Solution Consider realigning paddocks according to the contour Also use minimum tillage techniques

Wind erosionThis occurs when groundcover is insufficient and soils are exposed to wind Soil particles begin to move in wind speeds of 8kmh The fine particles containing valuable nutrients become airborne as dust Commonly the infertile larger sand particles are left behind

Solution Do not bare paddocks through overgrazing Plant suitable windbreaks and consider an lsquoalleyrsquo farm system and retain plant cover or stubble at all times

SalinitySalinity is a very serious form of land degradation It occurs in places where natural salts in the soil profile are concentrated within the surface soil layers (often by subsurface water movement) Salts may also accumulate in certain parts of the landscape such as valleys or behind rock barriers

12

13

Plants cannot survive abnormally high concentrations of salt around their roots Salinity may range from mild (where particularly sensitive pastures die out first) to severe (bare white salt encrusted ground) Often the problem originates beyond the boundary fence higher in the landscape

Generally the clearing of trees andor water run-off in the past has meant that more water enters the soil Water can also accumulate in low parts of the landscape and recharge locally This causes waterlogging and salt accumulation through evaporation The salt is then brought to the surface when the subsurface water meets a barrier or enters a point of reduced soil depth

The salinity of a water source may change over the years Stream salinity fluctuates seasonally because of rainfall and the salinity of dams soaks and tanks may increase during the summer because of evaporation

If salinity levels become too high the water may become unsuitable for livestock A Total Soluble Salts test will determine the amount of milligrams of salt per litre (Table 2)

Table 2 Tolerances of livestock to dissolved salts in drinking water (mgL)

LivestockNo adverse effects on animals

expected

Animals may have initial reluctance to drink or there may be some scouring but stock should

adapt without loss of production

Loss of production and decline in animal condition

and health would be expected Stock may tolerate these levels for short periods if

introduced gradually

Beef cattle 0ndash4000 4000ndash5000 5000ndash10 000Dairy cattle 0ndash2500 2500ndash4000 4000ndash7000Dairy cattle milking 3500Sheep 0ndash4000 4000ndash10 000 10 000ndash13 000(a)Lambs weaners breeders 6000Horses 0ndash4000 4000ndash6000 6000ndash7000Pigs 0ndash2000 3000 4000Poultry 0ndash2000 2000ndash3000 3000ndash4000

(a) Note Sheep on lush green feed may tolerate up to 13 000mgL TDS (2360mSm) without loss of condition or production Reference Modified ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) adapted from ANZECC (1992)Convert to total dissolved solids (Total Dissolved Salt (TDS) parts per million (ppm) or mgL) by multiplying conductivity values (millisiemens per metre (mSm)) by 55

Solution Salinity control requires planning on a subcatchment basis It may include a change of land use such as the introduction of deep-rooted perennials on identified recharge areas and the design of special water management systems

14

Soil acidityAlthough a natural process soil acidity is often accelerated by normal farm practices such as adding nitrogen fertilisers and growing legumes Different species have different pH requirements It is important to maintain correct pH level for the species you are growing

Solution Soil test for pH (in calcium chloride (CaCl2)solution) If the soil test indicates that the acidity is below 55 apply Grade I agricultural lime to raise the soil pH and make it more alkaline

Water repellenceThis form of land degradation often occurs on sandy soils where water may not readily soak into a dry sand but tends to lsquositrsquo on the top Scratching underneath the ponding water often shows dry sand Water repellent soils are caused by a build-up of waxy material on the soil particles

Solution The addition of soil wetting agents or incorporating clay into the soil may help

Soil compactionThis occurs when soil is compacted by the weight of stock or machinery Over time a lsquohard panrsquo develops below the surface sometimes hard enough to act as a barrier to plant roots and water penetration

Solution In light soils deep rip to break up the compacted soil On loam and clay soils avoid stocking during the dry to wetting-up period

Soil structure declineThis occurs when the clods (soil aggregates) that make up many loams and clays are broken down by over-cultivation of the soil The existence of clods normally allows a path for roots to grow between them helping water infiltrate down to the roots and removing waste product gases Soils with poor structure may tend to accumulate water in pools killing plants and restricting root growth They can also seal the surface resulting in a very hard layer which seeds cannot penetrate

Solution Gypsum applications may help some soils in the short term but organic matter must also be increased It also helps to reduce tillage of the soil Heavy stocking of some wet clay soils should be avoided

15

Your legal responsibilities

An owner or occupier of land must complete a Notice of Intent and lodge it with the Commissioner for Soil and Land Conservation at least 90 days before starting the notifiable drainage activity

Notices will require information relating to

bull area of land to be drained or pumpedbull where the water is to be drained or pumpedbull period of drainingpumping activitybull map of the proposal

If you plan to pump or drain water to control salinity you are also required to seek the endorsement of any downstream user that may be affected by the proposal

Check with your LGA before you undertake any drainage activities

Drainage and soil qualitySince the earliest days of farming in Western Australia drainage has been a part of establishing agricultural crops in certain areas (eg the Swan Coastal Plain)

Drainage has been used to remove excess water which can cause waterlogging often leading to stressed plants and loss of nutrients

However drainage can lead to the export of soil nutrients into waterways causing eutrophication (the polluting of waterways by excessive nutrients) It may also deprive shallow-rooted plants of the water they need during spring

Inland where secondary salinity is a serious problem drainage is used to reduce the effects of salinity and relieve waterlogging However this practice can transfer salinity to other peoplesrsquo properties downstream as well as affecting roads and native vegetation

For these and other reasons drainage must be done with care and only after proper approvals have been obtained

Landcare and youEvery region has a community-based catchment council that accesses funding for landcare and other projects These councils identify and coordinate opportunities for sustainable natural resource management (NRM) by implementing strategies that identify regional priorities

Catchment councils also support local groups and provide technical advice on key land degradation problems For wide-ranging assistance to deal with all types of land degradation you can join your local landcare group


Noteworthy 9 ndash Soil sampling and testing on a small property

Noteworthy 11 ndash Managing erosion on your small property

Noteworthy 16 ndash Soil acidity on your small property

LimeWA limewacomau

16

Vegetation a green framework

17

In Western Australia where once there was an unbroken expanse of forest woodland wetland and heath there is now a mosaic of farmland towns industries roads and railways with patches of remnant vegetation scattered among them These remnants are often the only places where many species of native plants and animals are able to survive

The value of remnants will vary depending on viewpoint A farmer may see them as important to minimise soil erosion watertable rise or the spread of salinity or to provide shade and shelter for stock Other people may value the remnants for the flora and fauna they contain or because of the possibilities for recreation or ecotourism

A single remnant will have many values at the same time For example it may contain habitat for blue splendid fairy-wrens and they in turn assist the landholder by providing free insect control including eating the blowflies that can cause flystirke It makes sense for land managers to include in their property plans best-practice management actions to maintain or improve their remnant vegetation

Properties may be made more sustainable in the long term through revegetation for example along a creekline to improve water quality Revegetation may also act as a bush corridor to allow native animals to move through the landscape

It may not be necessary to revegetate from scratch In some cases you may be able to retain or regenerate existing native vegetation You will need to take into account factors such as soil types drainage conditions slope of the terrain and existing and future fencelines

You will have to complete the necessary earthworks soil preparation pre-season weed and pest control and other chores that will give your revegetation project the best possible chance of success

Clearing native vegetationAs a landholder you may wish to clear native vegetation on your land at some stage

If you intend to clear native vegetation you will need to apply for a permit from the Department of Environment and Regulation (DER) or otherwise an exemption must apply The DER lsquoA guide to the exemptions and regulations for clearing native vegetationrsquo will assist in determining exemptions that apply

A proposal to clear land for agricultural purposes can be a lengthy process due to the number of inherent environmental considerations and the various referrals to government agencies that must be undertaken


Noteworthy 72 ndash Plan to plant on your small property

Noteworthy 75 ndash Revegetating your small property

Molyneux (2002) The lsquoAustraflora A-Z of Australian plantsrsquo

Menkhorst ( 2010) lsquoA field guide to the mammals of Australiarsquo

Morcombe (2004) lsquoField guide to Australian Birdsrsquo

Department of Parks and Wildlife dpawwagovau

Florabase florabasedpawwagovau

17

18

Certain items under the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004 only exempt clearing to the extent that the total combined clearing under any of these exemptions does not exceed one hectare in any financial year

This means if you clear to construct a building fence vehicle or walking track collect firewood or to obtain fencing materials the total area cleared for all of these purposes may not add up to more than one hectare in a financial year

There are a number of areas where the exemptions under the Clearing Regulations do not apply

These areas are environmentally sensitive areas (ESA) declared by the Minister under section 51B of the EP Act If you want to clear native vegetation in an ESA for one of the purposes under the Clearing Regulations you need to apply for a clearing permit Seek comment and guidance from your local DER office at an early stage of your proposal

Information on land clearing including application forms fact sheets and guides can be found on the DER website


Clearing land without obtaining the necessary approvals is a serious breach of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 and subject to substantial penalties If you are unsure as to how the Act relates to your proposed vegetation clearing check with the DER on +61 (0)8 6467 5000 or email infoderwagovau

LGAs may have specific conditions on subdivisions ndash check with them for your requirements on clearing any trees


Department of Environment Regulation derwagovau

Department of Planning planningwagovau

A Guide to Clearing Permits (2005)

A Guide to the Exemptions and Regulations for Clearing Native Vegetation (2005)

19

Watera scarce resource

20

A reliable and adequate supply of water is essential for all landholdings however large or small Water is needed for domestic use as well as for agricultural purposes

Sources of waterRoof catchment

Most people in rural areas use their roofs to collect rainwater Storage tanks must be kept clean if the water is to be used for domestic purposes It is advisable to ensure that the tanks have a good cover to reduce foreign bodies falling into the water and to stop algal growth in the tank

Aquifers

Any underground geological formation which can yield a useful supply of water is called an aquifer Aquifers may be unconfined (open to direct recharge and sensitive to environmental conditions) or confined (has an impervious layer above the stored water and is recharged by indirect water flow) In unconfined and confined aquifers groundwater will stand in a bore or well at the level at which it is struck (watertable)

In artesian aquifers groundwater will rise up inside the bore to a level dependent upon the hydrostatic pressure in the aquifer This level may be above the surface of the ground in which case the bore will flow

Springs and soaks

These are formed where the watertable is at ground level or where the confined water can escape to the surface

A common belief is that a spring should not be dug out or the water will be lost This is true in some cases but some springs may be improved rather than damaged by digging

Lakes and swamps

Lakes and swamps are formed where the watertable is higher than ground level They are usually seasonal if they are perched that is held above the true watertable by an impervious layer of material

Rivers or streams

Sometimes rivers and streams are connected to a watertable If so they may either receive contributions of flow from groundwater or conversely lose part of their flow as recharge to the watertable

20

21

Bores

Bores may be drilled into confined or unconfined aquifers If you are considering drilling for water advice on the groundwater and any licensing requirements for your property can be obtained from the Department of Water (DoW)

Wells

Wells are dug to the existing watertable This task is best carried out when the watertable is at its lowest (eg during summer)

Dams

Dams fall into the following categories listed below

bull Excavated earth tanks - This is the common lsquofarm damrsquo where most water is stored below the original ground level

bull Gully dams - A gully dam is a single wall dam built across a watercourse to hold back the flow Damming of creeks or gullies needs to be carried out carefully A spillway must be provided for overflow water to return to the creek without causing erosion In many locations gully dams may turn saline Take advice before locating dams on gullies

bull Turkey nest tanks - A turkey nest tank is a completely enclosed earth embankment It is usually filled by pumping or by piped entry from a roaded catchment

When deciding on the size and volume of the dam allow for a loss of 50 of dam water to evaporation or seepage

Use a qualified contractor to construct your dam It can be a complex project and a faulty dam can result in serious flooding and destruction which can cause the release of a large volume of water This could cause severe damage to property roads and stock and threaten human life

Prior to the damming of flow lines in lsquoproclaimedrsquo water catchments proposed works should be referred to the DoW

Maintaining water quality

Living in the country where population density is low you may think that your water is less likely to become polluted or contaminated Unfortunately this may not be the case There are two main causes of water pollution in rural areas

Never introduce exotic plants or fish to waterways The natural balance of the ecosystem can be upset when exotic species displace natives Do not use chemicals in or near waterways without first carefully reading the labels or seeking expert advice

21

22

Plant nutrients nitrogen and phosphorusFertilisers and animal manures are important sources of nitrogen and phosphorus entering waterways and can cause algae to grow Blue-green algae creates a highly visible lsquobloomrsquo on the water and some varieties are highly poisonous This phenomenon occurs mainly in summer

A simple way to inhibit the growth of algae is to spread straw (ideally barley straw) in the water at a rate of 100g of straw per 100L of water Do this in the spring before the algal bloom is expected

You can also prevent pollution of dams by installing piped inlets or grass filter strips immediately up slope from the dam mouth

Before you fertilise make sure that it is really necessary by undertaking soil testing and seeking agronomic advice to ensure that you choose an appropriate product If you decide to use fertiliser ensure that application type and timing are appropriate and that you do not exceed the recommended application rate

Bacteria from human and animal wasteThis type of contamination can be extremely dangerous Ensure that your septic system is large enough to prevent excess effluent from entering nearby drainage lines Manure can be prevented from washing into dams by installing filtration devices at the inlet end of the dam


Noteworthy 6 ndash Treating blue-green algae in small farm dams

Noteworthy 7 ndash Maintaining livestock water quality on small landholdings

Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia agricwagovau

Toxic algal blooms ndash DAFWA website

Animal Health Laboratories South Perth


Matters concerning the sourcing and use of water are under the control of the DoW Wetlands in the south-west are protected under the Environmental Protection Authority environmental protection policy Refer to the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) if you plan activities associated with wetlands

23

Controlling unwanted intruders

24

Weeds need everyonersquos attentionWeed management is a must for all landholders If one Iandholder diligently controls their weed problem but the adjoining neighbour does not re-infestation can occur

Many garden plants have weedy tendencies so landholders should take care when purchasing new plants and disposing of garden rubbish Care should also be taken when purchasing hay and other fodder that might contain weed seeds or toxic plants

Weed identification should commence before you purchase your land If you are unsure of the plant species present on your land obtain advice from the Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) or an agronomist from your local agricultural supply company

You will find it easy to identify many of the common weeds and DAFWA has a range of information on their website with full-colour photos and descriptions Other government agencies councils and community groups also publish brochures books and posters on weeds of concern

Some types of weeds impact on pasture or crop production Patersonrsquos curse capeweed wild radish and dock are common examples Other weeds such as bridal creeper Patersonrsquos curse and arum lily can invade bushlands and create problems for animal health

Samples of suspected declared plants (noxious weeds) should be taken to your local DAFWA office or posted to the DAFWA AGWEST Plant Laboratories

Collect fresh samples wrap them in paper or press between sheets of cardboard and post immediately Do not put fresh plant material in plastic bags as it rots very quickly Sampling kits are available from all DAFWA offices You can also post dried pressed material

To be positively identified the plant must have flowers andor fruits This service may attract fees unless the plant seed disease or insect is suspected of being a new threat to agricultural industries

Under the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act) you are responsible for controlling declared plants on your property


Noteworthy 1 ndash Safe chemical spraying for small landholders

Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) ndash 1800 084 881

Local catchment council

Land for Wildlife dpawwagovaumanagementoff-reserve-conservationland-for-wildlife

Weeds Australia weedsorgau

Environmental Weeds Action Network WA environmentalweeds actionnetworkorgau

24

25

Cape tulip Apple of Sodom

Patersonrsquos curse

Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry

Narrow leaf cotton bush

25

26

Controlling weedsThere are several effective forms of weed control including crop rotation pasture topping grazing manipulation herbicides biological control scalping and mulching You may be able to use more than one of these methods simultaneously for an integrated solution

Herbicides should only be used once you have obtained the correct information and advice If misused herbicides can damage and kill the very plants you are trying to protect Before you apply any chemicals read the labels Make sure you use the appropriate safety equipment or protective clothing

It is important to plan ahead for weed control and this should be the first step in any revegetation or windbreak projects you may have For best control you must make sure all spraying equipment is clean and in good working order and have the correct chemicals and wetting agents When using herbicides there are several application methods including blanket weed wiper systems backpacks wands and traditional spray rigs Discuss with your local agronomist which system would be most suitable for your situation For more information on specific weed control techniques see the declared plant control handbook agricwagovauherbicidesdeclared-plant-control-handbook

Weed control step-by-step1 Obtain a positive identification of your weed2 Determine whether you have legal responsibility to control

the weed3 Find out if your neighbours have a problem with the same weed

If so talk to them about a combined weed control strategy4 Obtain advice from the suppliers of agricultural chemicals andor

herbicides5 Consider your options and then implement management that will

provide the most effective control6 Inspect the area frequently to monitor the success of the treatment

and any incidence of re-infestation It will take time for weed seed banks to deplete Persistence will pay off

7 If you donrsquot wish to do the spraying yourself book spray contractors in advance and make sure they are licensed and insured (see lsquoPest Controlrsquo in the Yellow Pages)

8 Remember to replace weeds with useful plants


Weed control is more than a discretionary activity for landholders There are legal requirements governing the control of weeds Your responsibility in this regard is stated in the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007

26

27

Good management for orchards and vineyards Some landholders are attracted by the idea of having a few fruit trees to produce fresh fruit If you have an orchard on your property or are considering establishing one you could be in for a surprise It can actually be more expensive to grow fruit than to buy it Orchards take a lot of work to keep healthy and productive

If you decide to maintain or develop an orchard information can be found in the SLIS Noteworthy 50 lsquoEstablishing an orchard for small landholdersrsquo

Neglected orchards are a breeding ground for pests and diseases If you do not intend to develop your orchard you will still need to manage it properly or remove the trees or vines minus otherwise any infestations on your property could spread beyond your boundaries

A landowner is required to maintain their orchard to an acceptable standard otherwise it could be determined to be neglected Information regarding neglected orchards can be found on the DAFWA website

Legal empowerment

The legal empowerment for DAFWA to direct an owner or person to improve or remove a neglected orchard are outlined under regulation 86 of the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Regulations 2013 (r 86 Power to destroy abandoned or neglected plants bees and apiaries)

Department of Agriculture and Food biosecurity officers are responsible for inspecting properties with fruit trees and vines and may require the removal of neglected orchards and vineyards or the use of appropriate management methods

Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly Ceratitis capitata) is by far the worst pest of fruit tree crops in WA Medfly is a pest from Esperance through to Carnarvon It is a requirement under the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 for both commercial and backyard orchardists to control Medfly in certain areas (eg gazetted areas in the Perth Hills)

If growers do not apply appropriate control measures to highly susceptible crops such as nectarines peaches and apricots total crop loss is likely Fruit fly damage can be hard to detect as infested fruit often looks fine on the outside but contains maggots on the inside The only organic option is to apply foliar baits containing spinosad (eg Naturalure Fruit Fly Bait Concentrate Eco-Naturalure Fruit Fly Bait) 27

28

Baits need to be applied weekly early in the season and twice weekly at peak times (November-January) However baiting can be ineffective if fruit fly populations in the surrounding area are high

Community baiting schemes are highly effective by preventing numbers from building up in town and hobby farms and moving into orchard areas but can be hard to implement For further control recommendations visit the DAFWA website

Animal pestsMany animals cause damage to agriculture the environment andor the social amenity Some of these animals are present and others could adapt to the environment if allowed into the State Many of these pest animals have specific management requirements determined by DAFWA or DPaW and include

Rabbits Eatdamage vegetationpasture and crops cause erosion

Kangaroos Eatdamage vegetation crops and damage fences compete with stock for feed

Native birds Eatdamage trees and crops damage fences

Exotic birds Eatdamage crops compete with wildlife spread disease cause damage to buildings

Goats Eatdamage vegetation cause erosion compete with other animals

Deer Eatdamage vegetation and crops spread disease damage fences

Foxes Predator of native wildlife domestic poultry lambs

Landholder responsibilitiesIt is the private landholderrsquos responsibility to

bull Control declared animals at large on your property even if you are not growing crops or raising livestock (eg control rabbits) State and local government also have obligations to control declared animals on their land

bull Introduce and keep declared animals according to conditions set by DAFWA and sometimes other agencies (eg in the case of deer)

bull Report declared animals at large on your land to DAFWA (eg escaped deer exotic birds)


Noteworthy 50 ndash Establishing an orchard for small landholders

Department of Agriculture and Food agricwagovau

Controlling Mediterranean fruit fly bait spraying

Controlling Mediterranean fruit fly mass trapping and lure and kill

Controlling Mediterranean fruit fly cover sprays

Controlling Mediterranean fruit fly orchard hygiene

Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) infoagricwagovau

2828

29

Controlmanagement of declared animalsMany pest animals are not permitted in WA Declared animals that have escaped from their enclosures may also be able to adapt to life in the wild and cause damage to properties

Categories assigned to declared pest animals indicate how DAFWA requires particular species to be introduced controlledmanaged or kept

Common control methods include

Baiting The most cost-effective way to reduce rabbit and fox populations particularly over large areas

Fencing Well-maintained fencesnetting enclosures can provide netting a permanent solution to pest problems but are only viable if the area to be protected is relatively small or to protect a high-value crop

Trapping Only appropriate for low pest numbers and often not shooting suitable in built-up areas

To enquire about the control of declared exotic animals contact DAFWA

To enquire about the control of declared native animals contact DPaW


The Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act) deals with the control of declared plants and animals Part II of the Act covers the biosecurity arrangements for Western Australia including import requirements and powers to prevent the introduction and spread of declared plants and animals As a landholder it is wise to become familiar with your responsibilities under this Act

You should also be aware that the BAM Act provides for the registration and use of brands and earmarks for stock and regulates the movement of stock

29

30

Livestock on your land

31

Being a responsible livestock ownerYou may wish to own livestock as an enterprise or merely as pets Whatever animals you acquire you will need to ensure their welfare and health and that you meet the legal ownership requirements

Before you acquire livestock be sure you can provide all of the followingbull food and waterbull protection from predatorsbull protection from diseasesbull protection from inclement weatherbull adequate fencing and handling facilities

Check with your LGA for any restrictions on how many and which types of animals you are allowed to keep on your property If you then decide to go ahead and get some animals you will need to register as an owner of livestock with DAFWA

Livestock includes sheep goats cattle pigs horses deer alpaca llama and buffalo Once you are registered you can own as many types and number as you are allowed under the LGA Registering as an owner allows for better management if a disease outbreak occurs as owners you can be located and contacted

It is important to understand that if you choose to have livestock as pets that you need to comply with the same management laws as commercial owners The laws are there to protect the industry and the welfare of all animals

Itrsquos wise to talk to neighbours who own the same types of livestock you hope to buy Their experiences can save you valuable time and money

Your decision to buy livestock may be based on personal preferences Check stocking rates with your LGA

If you are planning to run cattle they will be easier to manage in higher rainfall areas Sheep and goats can do well in lower rainfall areas This is because of the type and amount of pasture they need to eat each day that your property will have to provide All animals need access to clean drinking water

More and more small landholders are raising exotic and specialised animals such as emu ostrich alpaca and llama on their property Again do your research Check with your LGA for restrictions check with DAFWA for any ownership and identification requirements compare notes with neighbours and be sure you are fully prepared before you bring these animals onto your property

31

32

How many animalsYou need to be sure your land can sustain the number of animals you plan to run on it There is a guide based on a measurement which refers to the animalrsquos food consumption This measurement is called a lsquoDSErsquo ndash dry sheep equivalent

DSE is a measurement that refers to how much a sheep that is not pregnant or lactating eats in a day It allows you to compare how much feed you need to provide for your desired number of animals Each animal is given a DSE rating as follows

one pony 5 DSEone light horse 10 DSEone breeding ewe 15 DSEone heifer 8 DSEone dairy goat 2 DSEone cashmere goat 1 DSEone angora goat 07 DSEone deer (50kg) 12 DSEone alpaca (60-70kg) 08 DSEone large wether 1 DSE

You can calculate how many animals can be run on your land depending on the type of pasture you have on your property

Pasture type DSEhectare supported

Irrigated pasture on loams 20-25 DSESubterranean clover pasture on clays loams 10 DSESubterranean clover pasture on wet sandy soils 6-10 DSESubterranean clover pasture on dry sands 2-5 DSENon-clover pasture on dry sands 1-2 DSE

Please note that these stocking rates will vary depending on soil conditions location topography and land management

Identification and movement regulationWestern Australia has a comprehensive mandatory livestock identification and ownership system All livestock owners within WA must be registered and their stock identified in accordance with the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management (Identification and Movement of Stock and Apiaries) Regulations 2013

BAM (IMSA) regulations32

33

lsquoLivestockrsquo includes all ruminants (cattle sheep goats deer bison buffalo) equines (horses mules donkeys) South American camelids (alpaca llama vicuna) and pigs whether kept as pets or for commercial purposes

Registered owners are issued with a property identification code (PIC) and PIC card which lists the propertyies they have registered for stock and the registered identifiers they may need to identify their stock (eg stock brand earmark or pig tattoo) The propertyies listed may not belong to the owner of the animals but it indicates where their animals are kept and who owns them as with agistment

Registered identifiers include a brand (one number and two letters) an earmark (two notches of a particular shape and location on the ear) and a five digit pig tattoo Each species of animal has a specific set of identification requirements which you must adhere to within the designated timeframes

Any movement of cattle sheep or goats (one or more animals) between properties with different PICs must be recorded on the National Livestock Identification System (NLIS) database Whenever you move livestock (except horses) you need to complete a waybill and send it with the animals It provides proof of ownership and can be asked for by a stock inspector or police officer at any time All waybills must be legible and include the following information

bull a unique serial numberbull the date of the movementbull ownerrsquos name or registered trading name PIC and physical

address of the property where the journey beganbull ownerrsquos registered identifiers on the animalsbull number and description of stock bull name and signature of the person completing the waybillbull name of consignee destination PIC and physical addressbull the carrierrsquos details signature and vehicle number plates

Waybills are completed in triplicate with the original going to the destination owner the first copy to the transporter and the second copy you keep They must be kept for seven years There are two different types of waybills that can be used depending on the stockrsquos destination

Plain waybill books are available from DAFWA and can be used when the movement does not require a combined National Vendor Declaration (NVD) waybill (eg transporting an animal to the vet or agricultural show or between properties owned by the same person)

33

34

However the NVDwaybill is required by accredited producers abattoirs saleyards export depots and feedlots as the stock moving to those locations are usually for human consumption The NVDwaybill provides valuable information about previous livestock treatments and animal health such as vaccinations drench and feed types

If you intend to on-sell your stock request that animals arrive at your property with an NVDwaybill so that you can supply accurate health details when you sell them

There is an NVDwaybill book for cattle and buffalo one for sheep and another for goats

Pigs require the PigPass NVD which is a form that combines the waybill details with important information about the food safety and health status of the stock A PigPass NVD is required whenever pigs are moved for sale export or slaughter PigPass NVDs are available from pigpasscomau or by phoning 1800 041 458

To obtain NVDwaybills you must first become accredited with the Livestock Production Assurance (LPA) program Once you understand the program requirements and are accredited you can order the NVDwaybills you need This can all be done online or over the phone The LPA can be contacted on 1800 683 111 or at mlacomaulpa You will need to provide your PIC details NVDwaybills can be issued in books of 20 forms or as five 10 or 20 tokens that can be downloaded as needed

Straying stockAs a stock owner you are responsible for keeping your stock on your property and preventing them from straying You may be liable for damages arising from stock which stray from your property such as car accidents and property damage They can cause pasture and infrastructure damage and unwanted mating Straying stock are also a biosecurity risk as they can spread disease and weed seeds

In cases where straying stock is causing a nuisance it should be reported to the local government ranger

Moving stock into Western AustraliaIf you plan to import livestock from interstate or overseas you should check to see if it is allowable and then research the requirements and approvals you will need to obtain if it can go ahead Restrictions on stock movement are in place for a good reason mdash to help prevent the spread or introduction of diseases such as liver fluke footrot and bovine Johnersquos disease from interstate and foot and mouth disease and BSE (lsquomad cow diseasersquo) from overseas

34

35

Veterinary chemical use Western Australia has laws that control veterinary chemical use on livestock to protect people animals and the environment from harm By using veterinary chemicals appropriately meat milk and fibre products will be free of harmful chemical residues

When using chemicals on animals you must follow all label or veterinary directions use only registered veterinary chemicals declare withholding periods when selling livestock and keep records of all veterinary treatments given to livestock Following these requirements will help to maintain Australiarsquos reputation for safe and reliable meat milk and fibre products

Altering the dose rate or application method of a chemical may result in extended residues and change the withholding period (ie the period of time after treatment that the animal must not be slaughtered) Only a veterinarian can direct the use of chemicals in this manner and they will also advise of the amended withholding period to prevent harmful residues

What are veterinary chemicalsVeterinary chemicals are substances used to prevent diagnose treat modify physiology and alleviate disease or injury Veterinary chemicals include prescription medicines (eg antibiotics) and over-the-counter products (eg drenches and vaccines)

Veterinary chemicals approved for livestock are registered and when used according to the label directions are safe to use on animals and will not harm people or the environment

Unregistered chemicals including home remedies cannot provide the same level of confidence and safety They may contain toxic material impurities or contaminants which pose a risk to the animal the environment and may cause residue contamination

Common livestock veterinary chemicals include

bull drenches for intestinal wormsbull lice blowfly and tick treatmentsbull vaccines (eg pulpy kidney tetanus and scabby mouth)bull antibiotics bull pain relief (eg anti-inflammatory)

35

36


The Department of Agriculture and Food WA agricwagovau

Suggested searches livestock ownership registering as an owner moving livestock

Noteworthy 5 ndash First-time cattle ownership for the small landholder


Noteworthy 10 ndash Supplementary feeding livestock on your small property

Noteworthy 12 ndash Establishing pasture for small landholders

Noteworthy 13 ndash Livestock ownership requirements for small landholders

Noteworthy 26 ndash Keep sheep parasites at bay

Noteworthy 30 ndash Equine management plans for small landholdings

Noteworthy 31 ndash Keeping horses on small properties

Noteworthy 34 ndash Productive pasture management for small landholders

Noteworthy 54 ndash Keeping backyard chickens

Noteworthy 67 ndash Biosecurity plans for small landholders

Veterinary chemical record keeping It is a legal requirement to keep records of all veterinary chemical treatments on livestock for three years This includes any written advice from a veterinarian Chemical use records are essential to accurately complete your National Vendor Declaration (NVD) or PigPass NVD form when selling stock

Details of chemical use which must be recorded include

bull individual animal or group identificationbull name of the productbull date of administrationbull dose administeredbull treatment periodbull withholding period (WHP)

Safe feed for livestockTo protect the health of your animals and ensure any animal products you produce are safe for human consumption it is important that you provide safe feed for your animals You should request a commodity vendor declaration when purchasing feed or fodder to ensure the feed is free from chemicals and other prohibited substances

There are various feed restrictions which you must familiarise yourself with and must observe These restrictions help prevent outbreaks of animal disease and protect Australiarsquos livestock markets

Pigs bull You must not feed pigs any food or food scraps that contain meat

or may have had contact with meat bull Feeding meat or meat products to pigs is known as lsquoswill feedingrsquo

and is illegalbull For more information visit agricwagovau and search lsquopig feedrsquo

Cattle sheep goats deer and other ruminant animals bull You must not feed animal matter to ruminant animals bull You must also prevent ruminants from accessing materials that

contain animal matter such as chicken pig and pet food and fertilisers like blood-and-bone and poultry manure

For more details visit agricwagovau and search lsquoruminant feedrsquo

36

37

Minimising risk of animal diseasesYou should not allow any practices on your property which involve the risk of your animals acquiring infections from outside sources or accessing toxic chemicals The following are some practices that must be avoided Some are prohibited by law

bull do not keep poultry in such a way that wild birds may contaminate their feed or water

bull do not feed swill (food or food waste that contains meat or has been in contact with meat) to pigs

bull do not feed pig or poultry feed to ruminants (eg sheep cattle goats deer)

bull do not allow stock to graze any areas on your property which may have persistent chemical residues or heavy metals eg DDT dieldrin arsenic lead

Where possible newly purchased animals should be kept isolated from existing animals on the property for up to 30 days until it can be determined that they are healthy and disease free and any required vaccinations have been given Quarantining new stock also means that any weed seeds they may bring are contained to one area and not spread all over your property

When buying in feed ensure you buy clean feed and get a commodity vendor declaration (CVD) stating that the feed is free of weeds seeds and any diseases The CVD also provides information on any treatments that have been used such as insect control in storage facilities or chemical treatments to crops before cutting for hay

A guide to the most common livestock diseasesAs a stock manager you should be on the alert for signs of disease Some diseases are known to occur in Western Australia (endemic diseases) Others such as foot and mouth disease BSE (lsquomad cow diseasersquo) sheep pox and rabies are exotic to Australia

By contacting your local vet you will receive expert help to determine the nature of the disease Remember it is better to seek help immediately rather than take the risk of spreading a disease

As the stock manager you should also be aware of the need to treat all animals humanely and not to neglect them Codes of Practice outline the responsibilities of owners and stock handlers to ensure that animals are well cared for Copies can be obtained from the DAFWA website at agricwagovau

37

38

If you are not sure of the correct way to house and manage your livestock so that the welfare of the animals is not compromised make sure you consult your local vet or a person who is experienced in keeping animals of the same kind

When a disease is notifiableWhilst Western Australia is relatively free of significant infectious diseases a number of diseases are notifiable under the Statersquos stock diseases legislation

In Western Australia the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 legislates that some diseases must be reported to the government if they are known or suspected to be present

Notifiable stock diseases include diseases of camelids (alpaca llama) cattle deer goats horses pigs poultry and sheep They also include diseases of crustaceans fish and molluscs

Diseases of significance to Western Australia that must be reported are listed in the reportable animal diseases list on the DAFWA website These diseases and details of their legal status are also listed in the Western Australian Organism List

A person who suspects that a reportable disease is or may be present in animals is legally required to report this as soon as possible You should also keep the affected stock isolated until they have been examined by a vet or an inspector

The Emergency Animal Disease Hotline number is 1800 675 888


If you are keeping livestock or plan to introduce livestock to your property you should familiarise yourself with your responsibilities under the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 and its regulations Also be sure to check with your local shire as to any restrictions or management requirements on keeping certain animals in your area The Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1993 and regulations specify notifiable disease and the conditions to control and prevent the introduction of disease

39

Safety on your property

40

Keeping your small property safeSmall properties present safety issues associated with equipment and vehicles use of pesticides handling of animals dams and reservoirs and even day-to-day risk of skin cancer and heat stress

Working on a property requires a wide variety of manual handling tasks requiring force repetitive movements stooping static and awkward postures continual bending and twisting at the waist and handling heavy objects These can cause several problems including serious back injuries musculoskeletal disorders including occupational overuse syndromes acute injuries like muscle or tendon sprains and strains and injuries from slips trips and falls

Care should be taken to identify the dangers and risks from manual handling and make changes to help avoid accidents and injuries

WorkSafe Western Australia recommends that all rural property owners carry out a check of their farms using the lsquoAgricultural safety and health checklistrsquo The easy-to-follow checklist can be used to rate potential hazards and risks on your property and help you control and prevent the risk of serious injury or disease (commercewagovaupublicationsagricultural-safety-and-health-checklist)

This checklist includes the most common hazards on agricultural properties It is not an exhaustive list but a good starting point

Use the checklist in conjunction with the Agricultural safety and health workbook to provide you with details on each of the hazard areas

You can carry out the inspection all at once or over a period of time No matter how you do the inspection review it regularly to ensure you maintain a safe property

In order to prevent injuries property owners need to

bull ensure all machinery equipment and workplaces are in safe working condition and that guards are in place

bull for maintenance jobs ensure a checklist procedure to ensure guarding is replaced and that there are procedures to prevent machinery being accidentally started during maintenance

bull never make adjustments to headers hay mowers balers augers etc while the machinery is still running

bull make sure tractors have an approved ROPS (roll-over protection structure) and seatbelt fitted and used tractor rollovers are a major cause of farm injury and death

bull do not allow passengers on tractors and trailing implementsbull wear suitable clothing and safety equipment such as earplugs eye

protection andor dust masks when required

40

41

bull beware of overhead powerlines when moving augers balers and headers and ensure that the intake points are guarded

bull ensure appropriate supervision for all workers family members and visitors everyonersquos whereabouts must be known those operating equipment should be adequately informed and trained in its use

bull ensure that children cannot climb into silos and that the loadingunloading mechanism cannot be started when someone is in the silo always have an observer outside the silo whilst someone is inside

bull ensure manufacturer approved safety helmets are worn when operating any bikes Consult the operators manual for load rating carrying of passengers and age restrictions children under 16 should not operate quad bikes

bull check that fire extinguishers first aid kits and emergency numbers are accessible and in an easy to access location known by those on the property

Is your small property a workplaceOccupational safety and health laws in Western Australia apply to all workplaces including agricultural properties

Do you employ workers - full time part time casual or contract All workers have the right to a safe and healthy working environment and to be protected from any hazard that may exist at the workplace

A workplace means any place where employees or self-employed persons work or are likely to be in the course of their work

Under the occupational safety and health laws self-employed people employers and employees or a person or people in control of a workplace have a Duty of Care to make the workplace safe Everyone - employer or self-employed person - has a legal responsibility to provide a safe working environment

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 requires all employers in consultation with their employees to identify any potential hazards that could harm the safety and health of any person in the workplace

The employer must ensure that hazards and risks are identified and effective procedures are in place to assess and control those hazards and risks Property owners should familiarise themselves with occupational safety and health laws relevant Australian Standards codes of practice and industry guides Codes of Practice Guidance Notes and a wide variety of checklists are available on the WorkSafe WA website

42

Employers must as far as is practicable provide and maintain a working environment where their employees are not exposed to hazards General duties include

bull safe systems of workbull information instruction training and supervisionbull consultation and cooperationbull provision of personal protectionbull safe plant and substancesbull reporting systems for fatalities injuries and disease

Two good sources of practical information are WorkSafe and Farmsafe WA Alliance

Employing someoneThere are two different systems of employment laws operating in Western Australia Your business will only be covered by one of these The state industrial relations system covers sole traders and some partnerships so is the most common one covering small businesses

When you offer someone a job you are entering into an employment contract with that person Employers are required to pay their employees their correct entitlements including rates of pay leave and allowances depending on the type of employment (eg full time part time casual fixed term traineeapprenticeship sub-contractor etc)

All employers are legally required to keep time and wages records Failure to keep correct time and wages records may result in significant penalties

Contact Wageline to determine which system applies to your business and your obligations when you first employ someone

Child safety on farmsChildren who live on farms or who come to visit are often at greater risk of injury than the adults that work there Parents need to be aware of their childrsquos developmental ability before asking them to perform tasks and to ensure that children on the farm know the rules about safety on the farm

Do not leave children unsupervised Parents should explain to children that farms can be a dangerous place and that they are not a place to lsquomuck aroundrsquo Explain to them about the dangers and how they can be safe when on the farm


WorkSafe Western Australia commercewagovauWorkSafe or 1300 307 877

WorkSafe publications Agricultural safety and health checklist

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984

Agricultural workbook

Farmsafe WA Alliance farmsafewaorgfarmer-resourcesaspx or +61 (0)8 9359 4118

43

Safe use of chemicalsMany farms use toxic chemicals for the control of weeds and pests It is vital that you should use chemicals and dispose of empty containers safely

Before you use chemicals obtain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) read the instructions on the label carefully and follow them Also check weather conditions as rain and strong wind can reduce their effectiveness andor cause your chemicals to go off-target

Ensure you are wearing the correct personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) according to the MSDS

Keep chemicals locked away from children and animals Do not transport them inside passenger vehicles Avoid storing them together with seeds fertilisers protective clothing and stock-feed

Only buy as you need minus itrsquos not wise to store chemicals for lengthy periods

When mixing chemicals be sure yoursquore in a well-ventilated area away from waterways or sewers Have a personal washing facility nearby minus if there is no tap place a bucket of clean water nearby

You usually need to dilute chemicals with water If this is the case install a non-return valve onto the water hose or pipe you are using This will prevent chemicals from siphoning back into your water supply

Quad bike safety on your propertyQuad bikes or all-terrain vehicles (ATV) can be very handy They are capable of carrying small loads such as a hay bale herding animals towing trailers operating small spray units or simply providing transport around your property But they need to be treated with respect and handled with care

As opposed to a motorbike where the rider and bike often go in different directions Quad bike accidents often involve the vehicle rolling onto the rider These accidents are unfortunately all too common with quad bikes typically the cause of more fatalities and serious injuries on Australian farms than tractors

Remember

bull only use a quad bike if there is no other alternative vehicle that is saferbull never ride a quad bike without wearing a manufacturer approved

helmet



Noteworthy 3 ndash Handling ATVs on small properties

Noteworthy 4 ndash Chainsaws for the small landholder

Noteworthy 20 ndash Bushfire survival plans for small landholders

Department of Fire and Emergency Services Western Australia dfeswagovau

The Homeownerrsquos Bush Fire Survival Manual fifth edition (2007)

Prepare Act Survive (2014)

Wageline commercewagovaulabour-relationscontact-wageline or 1300 655 266

43

44

bull take corners slow and shift your weight accordingly (ie lean into the turn to help prevent the vehicle from tipping over)

bull do not overload the carry racksbull avoid steep slopesbull never carry a passenger unless operating an ATV designed for

two peoplebull read the ownerrsquos manual from cover to coverbull brake evenly and firmly and slow down when driving in unknown

terrain

Whether working on a small property or one a little larger handling your ATV in the correct manner is vital to your safety and the safety of others around you

Preparing for bushfiresSevere bushfires are a threat every year You can reduce their impact on property and people by careful planning Make sure you your family and your property are prepared for bushfires

Firstly if you are building in a bushfire-prone area make sure you build to standards described in Australian Standard 3959 ndash Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas Your LGA also has rules and regulations about firebreaks and burning off on rural properties (eg restricted burning periods)

Firebreaks may not stop a major fire but they can reduce its severity and provide safe access to your property while firefighting Firebreaks may be installed and maintained by harrowing or chemical sprays They may also form a system of alleys between and around your paddocks

The Department of Fire and Emergency Services (DFES) recommends a building protection zone (circle of safety) around your home and buildings that is as big as possible but has at least a 20m radius The best safety zone is a wide green grass or gravel area Maintain your circles of safety by clearing away flammable trees dead leaves twigs and branches long grass and undergrowth Avoid locating haystacks or fuel supplies near buildings

On the outer edge of the circle plant a row of fire-resistant trees A green crop between the house and the bush will also create a natural firebreak (eg small lawn areas vegetable patches frog ponds or irrigated grass)

45

Store hay and other fodder away from your house as they can spontaneously combust

Weeds create fire hazards mdash ensure you carry out adequate weed control in winter to prevent a fire hazard in summer

You should locate at least one dam or other water supply (minimum of 10-20kL) close to the house to aid in firefighting Also be sure there is more than one access road in and out of your property in the event that one road should become blocked by fire

Develop a bushfire evacuation plan for you and your family Decide what you will do ndash will you stay and defend your property or leave Also have a plan for where you will put your livestock in the event of a bushfire

If there is a bushfire in your area you must make an early decision on whether you will stay with the house or relocate Staying in your own or a neighbourrsquos home could be safer than trying to get away on roads blocked by fire and smoke Donrsquot leave the decision to relocate until the fire is so close that you cannot get out safely

Remember to prepare hellip stay and defend or go early

Fighting bushfiresSafe firefighting practices involve teamwork planning and communication Essential safety rules should be followed such as

bull never work alonebull anticipate changes in the fire patterns due to weatherbull avoid steep slopes above a firebull identify escape routesbull stay clear of vehicles and machinery

Make sure you prepare yourself and your family by always having the following on hand

bull woollen blankets bull buckets mop knapsack ladder rake bull torch battery-powered radio bull safe storage box for valuables and important documents bull backups for electronic devicesbull protective clothing such as cotton or woollen trousers long

sleeved shirt or jumper sturdy shoesboots hard hat or wide brimmed hat goggles and gloves

45

46

You should also be vigilant about your personal health ensuring you drink sufficient fluids take a break when you need one and wear protective clothing

If you want to upgrade your bushfire control and prevention skills and serve your own community at the same time you may consider joining your local Volunteer Bushfire Brigade or a Bushfire Ready Action Group You will receive regular training on firefighting fire prevention and rescue techniques and become part of a close-knit team of community-spirited people


The Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 deals with the use of chemicals on farmlands You should become familiar with the provisions of this Act before you use chemicals

To find out about your legal responsibilities pertaining to bushfire prevention and control check with your LGA

You should also be aware of the Occupational Safety and Health legislation which covers all industries and workplaces including farms

46

47

Other important contacts

48

Organisation Address Phone Website

Aquaculture Council of Western Australia

Level 1 56 Marine Terrace Fremantle 6959

+61 (0)8 9432 7714

W aquaculturecouncilwacom E eoaquaculturecouncilwacom

Department of Environment Regulation (DER)

Level 4 The Atrium 168-170 St Georges Terrace Perth 6000

+61 (0)8 6467 5000 W derwagovau E infoderwagovau

Department of Fire and Emergency Services (DFES)

20 Stockton Bend Cockburn Central 6164

+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau

Department of Fisheries (DoF)


+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau

Department of Health (DoH)

189 Royal Street East Perth 6004 +61 (0)8 9222 4222 W healthwagovau

Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW)

17 Dick Perry Ave Technology Park Western Precinct Kensington 6151

+61 (0)8 9219 9000 W dpawwagovau E infodpawwagovau

Department of Water (DoW)

168 St Georges Terrace Perth 6000

+61 (0)8 6364 7600W waterwagovau E AtriumReceptionwaterwagovau

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)

The Atrium 168-170 St Georges Terrace Perth 6000

+61 (0)8 6145 0800 W epawagovau E infoepawagovau

Office of the Commissioner Soil amp Land Conservation

3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth 6151 +61 (0)8 9368 3282

Quarantine Western Australia

24 Fricker Rd Perth Airport 6105 +61 (0)8 9334 1800

49

Water Corporation 629 Newcastle Street Leederville 6007 +61 (0)8 9423 7722 W watercorporation

comau

Western Australian Local Government Association (WALGA)

Level 1 170 Railway Parade West Leederville 6007

+61 (0)8 9213 2000 W walgaasnau E infowalgaasnau

WorkSafe

Mason Bird Building Level 1 303 Sevenoaks Street Cannington 6107

1300 307 877

W commercewagovauWorkSafe E safetycommercewagovau

Catchment Councils Address Phone Website

Wheatbelt NRM 269 Fitzgerald Street Northam 6401 +61 (0)8 9670 3100

W wheatbeltnrmorgau E infowheatbeltnrmorgau

Northern Agricultural Catchment Council (NACC)

201 Lester Avenue Geraldton 6530 +61 (0)8 9938 0100 W nacccomau

Peel-Harvey Catchment Council (PHCC)

58 Sutton Street Mandurah 6210 +61 (0)8 6369 8800

W peel-harveyorgau E adminpeel-harveyorgau

Perth Region NRM 80 Great Northern Highway Middle Swan 6056

+61 (0)8 9374 3333W perthregionnrmcom E enquiriesperthregionnrmcom

South West Catchments Council (SWCC)

PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193

W swccnrmorgau E swccswccnrmorgau

Warren Catchments Council (WCC)

52 Bath Street Manjimup 6258 +61 (0)8 9771 8180 W warrenccorgau

E infowarrenccorgau

Contact detailsTelephone +61 (0)8 9780 6100Email small_landholderagricwagovauFacebook facebookcomDAFWAsmalllandholdersWebsite agricwagovauslis

ForewordThe land is in your hands is targeted at small landholders throughout Western Australia and aims to promote a better understanding of the importance of caring for the land and being a good neighbour in the rural community

Western Australiarsquos agricultural land is a valuable resource as are the diverse agri-food industries which rely on sustainable land use

The protection of the Statersquos natural resources and biodiversity including its land from degradation and animals and plants from pests and diseases is a responsibility that must be addressed by the community as a whole

With growing numbers of Western Australians choosing to purchase smaller rural properties the availability of useful resources such as this practical guide is imperative for effective and long-term management of the land It includes brief details of the governing State regulations contact details and further references

We hope you find this guide useful and encourage you to seek further information from the many references provided throughout the pages

Jodie Whitfield Manager Small Landholder Information Service Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia

Third edition February 2015

AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the following people for their assistance in updating this publication

bull Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) Skye Badger Heidi Blackburn Sonya Broughton Gwen Craen James Dee Elizabeth Edwards Richard George Beth Green Yolandee Jones Andrew Reeves Brian Smith Lisa Smith Andrew Taylor and Katie Webb

bull Department of Commerce - Worksafe

1

Contents











2


3











3

4


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









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36

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Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


1

Contents











2


3











3

4


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

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40















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41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


2


3











3

4


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

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41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


3











3

4


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


4


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


5









5

6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


6


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


7











8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


8

4 Water sources





2-42-6

4-10Cattle


25-5035-80



25-4512-15


336-32







8

9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


9


7 Thorough planning















10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


10


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


11







Gully erosion



Rill erosion



Sheet erosion



11

12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


12

Stock pad erosion












12

13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


13







expected









14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


14









15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


15


















LimeWA limewacomau

16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


16


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


17


















17

18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











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Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

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Legal empowerment





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helmet










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terrain







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48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


18














19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


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24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


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27





Legal empowerment





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helmet










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terrain







45












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48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


19


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

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26

27





Legal empowerment





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2828

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Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







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48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


20




Aquifers



Springs and soaks



Lakes and swamps


Rivers or streams


20

21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

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Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


21

Bores


Wells


Dams











21

22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










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Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


22














23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










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32










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Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


23


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

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43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


24

















24

25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










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32










33









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34









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43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


25



Variegated thistle

DoublegeeBlackberry


25

26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










31

32










33









33

34









34

35









35

36


























36

37











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40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


26














26

27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










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40















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41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


27





Legal empowerment





28























2828

29












29

30


31










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36

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40















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41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


28























2828

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40

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43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


29












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40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


30


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42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


31










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40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


32










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34

35









35

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38










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40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


33









33

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34

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35

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36

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39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


34









34

35









35

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36

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37

38










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40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


35









35

36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


36


























36

37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


37











37

38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


38










39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


39


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


40















40

41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


41












42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


42
















43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


43










Remember


helmet










43

44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


44




terrain







45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


45












45

46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


46







46

47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


47


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


48




+61 (0)8 9432 7714







+61 (0)8 9395 9300 W dfeswagovau



+61 (0)8 9482 7333 W fishwagovau
















49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


49


comau




WorkSafe


1300 307 877













PO Box 5066 Bunbury 6231 +61 (0)8 9780 6193




E infowarrenccorgau


the land is in your hands - agriculture and food ... land is in your... · the land is in your...

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