the journey of adulthood barbara r. bjorklund of... · application in career counseling adult...
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1/23/2012
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THE JOURNEY OF ADULTHOOD
Barbara R. Bjorklund
WORK AND RETIREMENT
Chapter 7
The Importance of Work in Adulthood
Jobs occupy significant part of people’s
lives
• Often determine where, how well we live
• Provide part of identity and self-esteem
• Over lifetime, job history constitute career
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Super’s Theory of
Career Development
Life-span/life-space theory:
Individuals develop careers in stages
Career decisions are not isolated from other
aspects of their lives.
Super’s Theory of
Career Development
Application in Career Counseling
Adult Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI)
Career Development Inventory (CDI)
Work Value Inventory (WVI)
Gender Differences in Career Patterns
Significantly more men work full time than women.
• Demographics.
• Biological and social factors (e.g., child
rearing).
Women tend to move in and out of full-time jobs
more.
Women work in part-time jobs more than men do.
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Do you know how…
gender differences are affected by
public policy?
Selecting a Career
Theories of career selection
Effects of gender
Family influences
Role of genetics
Theories of Career Selection
Holland: people seek work environments that
fit vocational interests.
Basic vocational interests:
Social
Investigative
Realistic
Enterprising
Artistic
Conventional
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Holland’s Types of People Based on
Vocational Interests
Theories of Career Selection
Marcia: career selection part of identity
achievement occurring in adolescence and
emerging adulthood.
Stages of career identity:
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Commitment
The Effects of Gender
Gender: major factor in career choice
Pink-collar jobs
STEM areas
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Why are young men and women still
choosing to pursue “his and hers”
jobs?
Family Influences
Families influence occupational choice
• Educational attainment
• Models of career choice within family
• Marital status of parents
Role of Genetics
• Cognitive strengths and physical abilities are
inherited.
• Impact of genetic influence affects gender
differences in occupation/career aspirations
and choice.
• Social welfare programs that promote equal
access to higher education highlight this
influence.
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Age Trends in Work Experiences
Job Performance
Job performance does not appear to change
significantly with age.
Ability/expertise trade-off may occur.
Job Training and Retraining
Older workforce
Career recycling
Nontraditional college students
Work and Personal Life
Work and the individual
Work and marriage
Work and parenthood
Work and caregiving for adult family members
Household labor
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Work and the Individual
Job burnout
Unemployment
Job insecurity
Work and Marriage
Work influences:
• Relationship commitment
• Contact with children
• Career path (gender differences)
Work and Parenthood
• Men tend to remain in the labor force while
women tend to move in and out of
employment due to factors such as family
obligations.
• Men may react to fatherhood with increased
workload and income.
• Parents’ work-related stress can affect family
well being.
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And so…
What recommendations does the APA
make for the family work intersection?
Let’s take a look at Table 7.3 and find out.
Work and Caregiving for Adult
Family Members
Women between ages of 40 and 60 often deal
with caregiving demands of older adults.
Financial situation, makeup of family,
caregiver’s health and resources, support
services available, and workplace conditions
all contribute to outcome.
Household Labor
What are the tasks of a family?
Who completes these tasks? Are there gender
differences?
How does this change when family members
work outside the home?
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Theories and Facts and Other Ideas
• We spend as many hours doing unpaid family
work as we spend doing paid job-related work.
• Women do more of this work than men (about
three times as much).
• Why?
• Gender-division model
• Relative resource model
• Specialization model
Retirement
Preparation
Gender difference: men prepare more often
than women and have less retirement income.
Timing
Age of retirement increasing worldwide.
Figure 7.4: The proportion of US adults in workforce
has increased slightly for older age groups over the
last two decades; trend expected to continue into
2014.
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Reasons for Retirement
Finances
Work-related value
Retirement-related value
Health
Family
Career Commitment
Leisure-Time Interests
Effects of Retirement
Figure 7.6: Sources of Income for US Population aged
65 and older
Retirement affects change in income for many people.
Retirement and Poverty
Statistics may be misleading.
• “Near poor” and age
• Ethnicity differences
• Feminization of poverty
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Changes in Residence
In regard to residence, many retirees move.
• Amenity move: climate recreation.
• Kinship move: close to children and familiar
surroundings.
• Institutional move: e.g., assisted living
arrangement.
• Seasonal migration
Nonstandard Exits from
the Labor Force
• Shunning retirement
• Returning to the workforce/second careers
• Gradual retirement and part-time work after
retirement
• Volunteer work
• Phased retirement
Gradual Retirement
Bridge job
Volunteer work
Phased retirement
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Chapter Review
1. For most adults, _____ is a lifelong pattern
of full-time and part-time work, time out for
family responsibilities and retraining, and
ultimately retirement pursuits.
2. The major theory in the field of vocational
psychology for decades has been the _____
theory of Donald Super
Chapter Review
3. There are gender differences in the typical
career paths of men and women. _____ are
less apt to work full time, more apt to move
in and out of the labor force, and more apt to
work part time.
4. The best-known theory of career selection is
that of _____, who suggests that people are
happiest in job environments that fit their
vocational interests.
Chapter Review
5. ____is a time of identity achievement, as
young people go through the stages of
identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium
and commitment, with career decisions
being a large part of this identity.
6. _____ is a big factor in career selection.
Both men and women tend to select careers
that are stereotypically defined as
appropriate.
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Chapter Review
7. Although physical, sensory, and cognitive declines
accompany age, measures of actual job
performance show no age-related declines. One
explanation is that the _____ of older adults
compensates for decline in abilities.
8. _____can have negative effects on the individual,
including burnout, but not having a job can be even
worse.
Chapter Review
9. _____ seems to increase work performance and
goals for both men and women.
10. Men are apt to work _____ hours the more children
they have.
Chapter Review
11.There are many factors that influence the
decision to _____. Among them are
finances, health, family, career commitment,
and leisure-time interests.
12._____ ways to leave the labor force include
shunning retirement, taking a less stressful
job, working part time, and working as a
volunteer.