The Jefferson YearsThe Jefferson Years

I.I. Jeffersonian Democracy Jeffersonian Democracy

►A. Until masses could be educated, A. Until masses could be educated, political rule needed to be entrusted to political rule needed to be entrusted to agrarian aristocracy. agrarian aristocracy.

►B. Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted B. Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted regional power to South and West regional power to South and West from mercantile aristocracy of from mercantile aristocracy of Northeast Northeast

I. Jeffersonian Democracy I. Jeffersonian Democracy (cont)(cont)

►C. Jefferson's views: C. Jefferson's views: 1) Faith in the perfectibility of man 1) Faith in the perfectibility of man

2) Insistence on strong local governments 2) Insistence on strong local governments

3) Each generation should remake its laws 3) Each generation should remake its laws to stimulate democracyto stimulate democracy

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

II. Native American AffairsII. Native American Affairs

►A. As Americans move west, they are A. As Americans move west, they are encroaching on Native American lands.encroaching on Native American lands. 1) This leads to conflicts, including several 1) This leads to conflicts, including several

battles battles 2) The British maintain forts in this 2) The British maintain forts in this

“Northwest Territory” which was not part “Northwest Territory” which was not part of the United Statesof the United States

II. Native American Affairs II. Native American Affairs (cont)(cont)

►B. Battles with the Miami Confederacy B. Battles with the Miami Confederacy in the areas around Ohioin the areas around Ohio 1) Indians led by Little Turtle and 1) Indians led by Little Turtle and

supplied by the Britishsupplied by the British 2) Third American attempt led by 2) Third American attempt led by

General “Mad” Anthony WayneGeneral “Mad” Anthony Wayne

B. Miami Confederacy (cont)B. Miami Confederacy (cont)

3) Little Turtle is replaced with another 3) Little Turtle is replaced with another leader, fight the Battle of Fallen Timbersleader, fight the Battle of Fallen Timbers

4) Battle results in strong American 4) Battle results in strong American victoryvictory

5) Leads to the surrender of the Miami 5) Leads to the surrender of the Miami Confederacy and their landsConfederacy and their lands

III. Domestic ProblemsIII. Domestic Problems

►A. Midnight judges & judicial reviewA. Midnight judges & judicial review 1) Marbury and 15 other Federalist judges 1) Marbury and 15 other Federalist judges

were appointed as Adams' term expired. were appointed as Adams' term expired. 2) John Marshall rejected their claim, 2) John Marshall rejected their claim,

contending that the Judiciary Act of 1789 contending that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. was unconstitutional. ►a) Victory for DRs--Federalists ousted a) Victory for DRs--Federalists ousted ►b) Victory for Federalists--greatly expanded b) Victory for Federalists--greatly expanded

power of Supreme Court by establishing power of Supreme Court by establishing precedent of court ruling laws unconstitutional.precedent of court ruling laws unconstitutional.

III. Domestic Problems (cont)III. Domestic Problems (cont)

►B. Burr ConspiracyB. Burr Conspiracy 1) Federalists seek his election as New 1) Federalists seek his election as New

York governor to attempt secession from York governor to attempt secession from Union. Hamilton opposes plan.Union. Hamilton opposes plan.

2) Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in duel 2) Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in duel 3) Burr moves west to avoid prosecution 3) Burr moves west to avoid prosecution

and conspires with Wilkinson, the military and conspires with Wilkinson, the military governor of Louisiana, to establish governor of Louisiana, to establish a western nation with British help a western nation with British help

4) Wilkinson betrayed Burr and arrested 4) Wilkinson betrayed Burr and arrested him for treason. A jury found Burr not him for treason. A jury found Burr not guilty, but sectional tensions persisted.guilty, but sectional tensions persisted.

IV. Foreign Problems IV. Foreign Problems

►A. Louisiana PurchaseA. Louisiana Purchase 1) France acquires Louisiana from Spain in 1) France acquires Louisiana from Spain in

1801 and restricts American access to 1801 and restricts American access to New Orleans New Orleans

2) Jefferson sent agents in Paris to 2) Jefferson sent agents in Paris to purchase New Orleans. purchase New Orleans.

3) Short on cash and faltering in an 3) Short on cash and faltering in an invasion of Haiti, Napoleon offers entire invasion of Haiti, Napoleon offers entire territory for $15 millionterritory for $15 million

Louisiana Purchase MapLouisiana Purchase Map

A. Louisiana Purchase (cont)A. Louisiana Purchase (cont)

► 4) Jefferson's vision of an American continent 4) Jefferson's vision of an American continent outweighed his belief in a strict interpretation outweighed his belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Louisiana Territory of the Constitution and the Louisiana Territory was added to the U.S. was added to the U.S.

► 5) Two expeditions sent out to explore new 5) Two expeditions sent out to explore new land:land: a) Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (1804-6) a) Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (1804-6)

ascended Missouri river to its source, and then ascended Missouri river to its source, and then crossed the Rockies to the Pacific. crossed the Rockies to the Pacific.

b) Zebulon Pike (1805) explored headwaters of b) Zebulon Pike (1805) explored headwaters of Mississippi and southern Rocky Mountains.Mississippi and southern Rocky Mountains.

IV. Foreign Problems (cont)IV. Foreign Problems (cont)

► B. Conflict over neutral rightsB. Conflict over neutral rights 1) British and French ships seized American 1) British and French ships seized American

cargoes and sailors cargoes and sailors 2) Jefferson responded with Embargo Act that 2) Jefferson responded with Embargo Act that

prohibited all American trade with foreign ports prohibited all American trade with foreign ports ►a) Greatly harmed American shipping a) Greatly harmed American shipping ►b) Jefferson became object of hate in New Englandb) Jefferson became object of hate in New England

3) Non-intercourse Act replaced Embargo Act3) Non-intercourse Act replaced Embargo Act►a) Reopened trade with all nations except England and a) Reopened trade with all nations except England and

France France ►b) Provided for re-opening of trade with England and b) Provided for re-opening of trade with England and

France if interference endedFrance if interference ended

IV. Foreign Problems (cont)IV. Foreign Problems (cont)

►C. Western demands for war. Reasons C. Western demands for war. Reasons for western pressure for western pressure 1) Depression in Ohio Valley1) Depression in Ohio Valley 2) Desire for land in Canada and Florida 2) Desire for land in Canada and Florida

►a) Future fur-tradinga) Future fur-trading►b) Region needed for expansion of settlersb) Region needed for expansion of settlers

V. The Tecumseh ConfederacyV. The Tecumseh Confederacy

► A. Tecumseh was a Shawnee Chief aided by A. Tecumseh was a Shawnee Chief aided by his brother The Prophethis brother The Prophet 1) Together led a reform movement to cast off all 1) Together led a reform movement to cast off all

white influences from Shawnee culturewhite influences from Shawnee culture 2) Believed that the best way to resist American 2) Believed that the best way to resist American

encroachment into Indian lands was to form a encroachment into Indian lands was to form a ConfederacyConfederacy

3) They sought aid from the British in order to 3) They sought aid from the British in order to prepare for inevitable war with the Americansprepare for inevitable war with the Americans

4) Went around Ohio trying to convince tribes not 4) Went around Ohio trying to convince tribes not to sell lands to the Americansto sell lands to the Americans

V. The Tecumseh Confederacy V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont)(cont)

► B. The Battle of TippecanoeB. The Battle of Tippecanoe 1) Fought in November of 1811 between the 1) Fought in November of 1811 between the

Confederacy and General William Henry HarrisonConfederacy and General William Henry Harrison►a) Strong American victory, destroying the Confederacya) Strong American victory, destroying the Confederacy►b) Harrison burned the Shawnee capitol of b) Harrison burned the Shawnee capitol of

ProphetstownProphetstown

2) British arms discovered after the battle2) British arms discovered after the battle

V. The Tecumseh Confederacy V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont)(cont)

► C. The War HawksC. The War Hawks 1) A group of young, southern and western 1) A group of young, southern and western

Congressman began to cry for war with Great Congressman began to cry for war with Great BritainBritain

2) War Hawks claimed that the British were 2) War Hawks claimed that the British were trying to convince the Indians to fight against the trying to convince the Indians to fight against the U.S.’s Westward growthU.S.’s Westward growth

3) Led by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay 3) Led by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY they rallied behind the motto “On to of KY they rallied behind the motto “On to Canada”Canada”