The Interwar YearsUSSR, Spain, Italy, China, and Japan

The Rise of Totalitarianism and Aggression

Europe in 1919

An Explanation of SocialismCommunismCapitalismFascism

Socialism* The gov’t controls all or most major industries - you pay heavy taxes but the gov’t provides healthcare and education and other social benefits. * There is some or little motivation to worker harder than the system demands. * You have some political rights.

Communism* All workers “share” the industries and the output. * The gov’t controls all economic decisions, provides healthcare, education, and social benefits. * There is little or no motivation to worker harder than the system demands. *It is a very political system but you have no political rights

Fascism * The gov’t takes what you produce that is valuable and in turn sells you what you need. * The gov’t controls all economic decisions, provides a militaristic and nationalistic education system. You are on your own for healthcare.*It is a very political system and very militaristic but you have no political rights* It is an us vs. them attitude

CapitalismYou have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.

Capitalism* You decide what to produce, who to sell to, and what to buy. Only the market forces of supply and demand influence economic prices, supplies, decisions

* The gov’t provides safety regulations, national security, and a very basic level of education and some social benefits for the very poor but generally you are on your own for higher education, healthcare, housing, etc.

* It can be a political system and you have many political rights

SocialismYou have two cows. You keep one and give one to your neighbor.CommunismYou have two cows. The government takes them both and provides you with milk.FascismYou have two cows. The government takes them and sells you the milk.CapitalismYou have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.

What is Going On in Each Country

USSR

Russia Under Lenin

Lenin Dies

Lenin Dies!Power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

USSRStalin1. came after Lenin2. USSR not doing well economically3. needs to industrialize

The Five Year Plan

•5 Year Plan to bring USSR up to par

•rapid industrialization

•economic collectivization

USSRHe decides to use his version of a New Economic Policy to bring USSR to a modern level.How will he deal with those older Bolsheviks who don’t agree with him?The Great Purge

New Economic Policy

•Gov’t retains control of heavy industries

•communication

•steel

•transportation

•banks

Stalin broke with Lenin in that his version of the NEP meant not just agricultural collectivization but a forced industrialization and collectivization

The Five Year PlanThe Result?

The Five Year PlanThe Purge

Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, set in motion events designed to cause a famine in the Ukraine to destroy the people there seeking independence from his rule. As a result, an estimated 7,000,000 persons perished in this farming area, known as the breadbasket of Europe, with the people deprived of the food they had grown with their own hands.

Stalin’s DictatorshipGulag Labor Camps

Spain

SpainNationalists vs. Republicans

SpainBegins w/ military group led by conservative general Francisco Franco against the elected gov’t of the Second Spanish Republic

SpainSpain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards General Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the legally established government, as loyalist supporters of the centre-left Republican Government fought the rebel forces for control of the country.

SpainSpain’s bloody civil war brought other nations into the home war:

A volunteer force of Americans traveled to Spain to support democratic values and freedom under the Second Republic of Spain. They are called The Abraham Lincoln Brigade

SpainMeanwhile, American corporations such as Texaco, General Motors, Ford Motors, and The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company greatly assisted the conservative, fascist, Nationalist army, furnishing a regular supply of trucks, tires, machine tools, and fuel

SpainSpain’s bloody civil war brought other nations into the home war:

Germany and Italy sent forces to support the conservative nationalists (i.e. fascists) Foreshadowing the conflict: Salvador Dalí's Soft

Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)

SpainPablo Picasso’s Guernica

Spain

Dictator Francisco FrancoA Fascist Regime

Italy

Italy

Italy

Italy

China

China

•That nationalist feeling the Boxer Rebellion generated stayed with the Chinese people

•The Kuomintang = Nationalist Party was born

•Leader Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)

•They wanted a constitution, civil liberties, and a modern economy

•1911 The Chinese overthrew the Empress

•A 4000 year old monarchy was dead!

•A new China was born

•Except is wasn’t all good.

•Sun Yixian couldn’t keep control

•Warlords came

•Sun Yixian fled to Japan

•KMT (Nationalists or the Kuomintang) tried to control the warlords

•Of all the foreign powers only the USSR would help

The KMT splits when Sun Yixian died in 1925

New leader is of conservative right is Chiang Kai-shek. *he controls the army

The new leader of the liberal left is Mao Zedong

Mao ZedongChiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek runs the KMT and runs the Communists out to the countryside. Mao

Zedong and his commuinist followers begin the Long March

China1934. Chinese Communists 86,000 begin the Long March- 4,000 milesonly 10,000 survive

MEANWHILE....

•The Japanese begin to encroach on Chinese resource rich territory

•This invasion & the Chiang Kai-shek’s inability to protect the Chinese people will push many Chinese to Mao Zedong’s side.

•In particular, the peasants begin to trust

Mao more...and there a LOT of peasants in China

LATER...•Eventually Chiang Kai-

shek will flee to Taiwan Island (the other China)

•Mao Zedong will take over China after World War II

•China will become Communist

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Cold War Fears

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Tiananmen Massacre 1989

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Japan

Meiji Restoration•All things Western

•Modern industrial and military power

•Japan began to expand its own imperialistic empire

•need raw materials/markets

•want to show modernity to the West

Russo Japanese War 1904

Japan & Manchuria

•Manchuria is resource rich

•Japan has growing industrial economy

•Russian threat in Manchuria was large

Japan & Manchuria

•Diplomacy fails

•Japan and Russia go to war over Manchuria

•Russo-Japanese War

•strategic port of Port Arthur in Manchuria

•Japanese overrun Korea then on to Manchuria

Japan & Manchuria•Japanese are winning

but costs are high

•US President Teddy Roosevelt negotiates Russo-Japanese peace treaty (he wins the Nobel Peace Prize for this)

•This is called the Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan & Manchuria•Treaty of Portsmouth

•Japanese get Port Arthur

•Japanese get southern tip of Russian island of Sakhalin

•Japanese are officially recognized as official power in Korea

•it eliminated competition in Manchuria - it was dominated by Japanese now

Japanese Attack Manchuria 1931

Setting the background for the Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931

Japan & Modernization

ProblemsToo fast

Higher industrialization, medical care, cities, population, need for more food

Lots of Japanese emigration to US, Hawaii, Korea, Taiwan

Japan & Modernization

Problems•2. Economic appetite so large for raw materials that Japan must expand....

•Labor unions rise

•urban intellectuals argue for all things Western

•young people begin to question value of traditional Japanese society

•when Great Depression hits, many blame the move away from traditional values

Japan & Military•3. growing influence of

military

•Japanese leaders difficult time dealing w/ problems & pressures of rapid change

•more and more people oppose Westernization

•atmosphere of turmoil

• ENTER THE MILITARY

Japan & Military

•World War I meant total war which meant military had to draw on total resources of the nation

•With turmoil of 1920s and 1930s, Japan found itself increasingly militarized - military needs, values, and goals shape a nation’s policies

Japanese Attack Manchuria

League of Nations condemns the action.

Japan leaves the League

Japanese Attack Nanking/Nanjing 1937

Japan Taken Over By Military

Emperor Hirohito

also known as Emperor Showa

he will rule as Japan moves from a rural country to a militarized state

he will officially surrender at the end of WWII

Rape of Nanjing

In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder an estimated 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war.

Rape of Nanjing

Japan Taken Over By Military

Hideki Tojo

a general who will become the prime minister of Japan during WWII

he will be sentenced to death at the end of WWII for his war crimes

Japan & China War1937

What is the big deal?

This war created negative chaos that weakened European control over China and enabled Mao and communism to come to power and destroy all aspects of European

colonialism in China.

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Japan Taken Over By Military

So answer this:

How did World War I contribute to the growing rise of military influence over the gov’t of Japan?