the interwar years 1919-1939. interwar years p9 rise of nationalism china (jiang jeishi vs mao...
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The Interwar Years
1919-1939
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Interwar Years p9
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Interwar Years p12
1. Why did the new republic fall into chaos after 1912?
• Warlords and rival armies battle for control• Economy • Famine spreads
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2. Who is Sun Yixian? What did he do for China?
• Tried to rebuild China• 3 Principles of the
People1. Nationalism2. Democracy/Republic3. Economic Security
• Resigned the presidency in favor of General Yuan Shikai
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3.Who is Yuan Shikai? What did he do for China?
• Tried to restore order• Yuan tried to set up
new ruling dynasty w/ himself as emperor
• Yuan dies 1916
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4. Significance: May Fourth Movement?
• 1919, Beijing• German colonies given to Japan• Students protest• Boycott Japanese goods
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5. Another name for the Nationalist People’s Party
• Guomindang• 1920• Dedicated to unifying
China• Created by Sun Yixian• Run by Jiang Jieshi after
Sun’s death
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6. Jiang Jieshi- What did he do for China?
• 1925: Army officer– Crushed local warlords– Saw communists as a
threat
• 1927: Chinese Civil War– Slaughtered communist
party leaders– 22 years– Occupied Beijing-set up
a capital in Nanjing
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7. Why is Mao Zedong an important figure in modern Chinese history?
• 1921• Formed the Chinese
Communist Party• Former teacher +
librarian• Agreed w/radical
communist ideas– Women’s equality– Dictatorship of proletariats
(workers)
• Supported by peasants
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8. What was the Long March?
• 1934• 6,000 miles• Communists escape
from nationalists• 100,000 people began• 20,000 survived• Victory for communists
b/c gained support from peasants
• Mao rebuilt forces
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People’s Republic of China
• October 1, 1949• Mao Zedong
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Interwar Years page 15: India Seeks Self Rule
1. How did WWI affect relations between India and Britain?
• Sacrifices from WWI led to Indian demands for independence
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2. What is Amirtsar?
• City in Northeast India• April 13, 1919• General Reginald Dyer
banned public meetings• Meeting held to protest
forced conscription and war tax
• 379 men, women and children killed
• 1,100 were wounded
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3. How did Amirtsar Massacre change Indian Goals?
• Call for full independence• Influenced Gandhi in wanting complete
independence from Britain
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4. Who is Gandhi?
• Born Indian Hindu 1869• Educated as lawyer in
England– Practiced in South Africa
1893– 1914 returned to India
• Ahisma (nonviolence)• Civil disobedience• 1948 murdered
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5. How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?
• Wore dhoti• Encouraged self-
sufficiency• Made spinning wheel
symbol of nationalist movement
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6. Describe Gandhi’s method for resisting British rule?
• Civil disobedience• Nonviolent protests• Boycotts• Marches• fasting
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7. What is the Salt March? What were its effects?
• March 12,1930• Britain had monopoly on
salt• 78 followers• 240 mile march to the sea• Thousands began
producing own salt• Defying British law• Embarrassed British for
cruel treatment of Indians
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8. How did the goals of Muslims in India change in the 1930s?
• Called for a separate state
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah– Leader of Muslim League
• Becomes Pakistan
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India 1947 Pakistan 1947
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Interwar Years packet page 18:Middle East and Africa
• 1. How did Turkey and Iran seek to modernize?– Developed industrialized technology– Replaced sharia w/secular law– Adopted western ways
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2. How was modernization linked to nationalism?
• Modernization = a way to resist western power and imperialism
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3. Who is Ataturk? Significance w/Turkey?
• Mustafa Kemal, (1881-1938
• "Father of the Turks”• Won fame as a military
commander during World War I
• Led the revolution that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923
• Modernization.
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4. How did Ataturk try to transform Turkey into a western, secular state?
• Replaced:– Islamic law– Muslim calendar
• Forced people to wear western clothes• Closed religious schools• Changed laws regarding women
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Iran
• Like Turkey modernized to resist foreign rule.
• Reza Shah Pahlavi became the ruler of Iran.
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5. Why did Arabs feel betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI?
• They were promised independence• Husayn bin Ali –wanted independent Arab
state stretching from Syria to Yemen (all of Arabian peninsula)
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6. Why did Arabs resent the mandate system?
• Kept their lands under European control
• France: Syria and Lebanon
• Britain: Palestine and Iraq and Transjordan
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7. Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?
• 1917 Balfour Declaration– Promoted Zionism– Migration pushed
Palestinians out of their land
• Who’s land is it anyways?
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8. Is there still conflict in Palestine?
Now called Israel.
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9. How was Pan-Africanism an expression of African nationalism?
• Emphasized UNITY of Africans and people of African descent
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Treaties Drafted to Encourage International Peace
• Locarno Treaty– settled borders btwn Germany, France, Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, Poland• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928– Renounced War– Disarmament for U.S., Britain, Japan, France, etc.
• League of Nations– Nations cooperate
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act– 1930 placed heavy taxes on imports to the USA
• “Buy American!!!!!”
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Countries want Independence
• Commonwealth of Nations: – formed by British after WWI
• Canada• New Zealand• Australia• South Africa
• Ireland-I.R.A.– (Irish Republican Army)– used guerilla warfare against British– 1916 Easter Rising-revolt against British – 1922 gains freedom except in Northern Ireland
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Crisis of Democracy in the West
• Problems After the war:1 Jobs for Veterans2 Rebuilding3 Debt4 Socialism + Nationalism=radical ideas5 Peace Settlements unfair6 Lack of Strong Leaders
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Weak Spots in the World Economy
• Overproduction• Decreased demand• prices for raw materials+goods• Great Depression– affected world economy– banks stopped loans abroad– demand for repayment of foreign lands– tariffs=“snowball effect
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Causes of the Depression1. Overproduction, too much stuff (Factories and Farms)
a. Factory Workers begin to get layed-off - Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproducedb. Farmers Can’t Survive -low prices (can’t pay loans / make a living)c. Supply & Demand- Prices Drop
2. Bank Failures a. Banks close and loose $$$
b. People default on loans (Can’t pay Back) c. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to
bad creditors **5,000 banks close between 1929-1932**d. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS
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1920’s Problems
Factories making Too Much,
Farms growing too much
Factories Fire Workers
(Don’t need them)
Farm Prices fall
(Farmers can’t make $$)
Farmers & Factory Workers
can’t pay back loans to Banks:
DEFAULT!!Banks Close because theyhave no money: Loans have not been paid back, can’t give people their savings
BANKS Have NO $$
PEOPLE LOST SAVINGS & JOBS
NO ONE TO HELP!
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QUICK REVIEW:
Causes: 1. Overproduction 2. Bank Closings
Spark: 1. Stock Market Crash
Results: 1. Unemployment 2. Life Savings Lost
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Results of GD in USA
• Presidents during this time: – Wilson, Coolidge, Hoover, FDR
• New Deal – 1932• Get out of Depression• gov’t more involved• jobs• social security• bank insurance
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Reactions to Depression
• Coalition governments– merging of political parties.
• Britain,1926– general strike, Labour Party + Conservative Party gain
support in Parliament.• France, 1936-Leon Blum– Socialist Leader, Popular Front Government, Tried to
solve labor problems and pass social legislation.• Germany– Weimar Republic-political division, competition for
power, plagued by corruption.
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More reactions
• U.S.A. returns to isolation– does not join League– Limited Immigration “Red Scare” • (Russians, Chinese, Japanese)
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Interwar Years packet page 35:Japanese Aggression
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1. Who is Hirohito? What did he do for Japan?
• Emperor 1926-1989• Improved economic
hard times– Urbanization– Universal education– Expand for natural
resources
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2. How did the Great Depression affect Japan’s economy?
• Exports declined• Unemployment increased• Trade was Japan’s only economic force
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3. How did the Great depression affect Japan’s politics?
• Poverty, unemployment, labor disputes• Expansion = answer to economic problems• Promoted the military due to loss of faith in
gov’t
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4. Why did the Japanese support their military’s aggressive acts?
• Needed strong military leadership to end economic crisis
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5. Significance: Manchurian Incident
• 1931• Invasion of Manchuria– northeast China– Needed natural resources– Coal and iron– Renamed Manchukuo
• Condemned by League of Nations
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6. Significance: Second Sino-Japanese War
• 1937• Japan con’t to expand
east• Captured city of Nanjing– Killed over 100,000
Chinese civilians– Nanjing massacre– Reaction by world =
horror
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7. Becoming friendly with Germany
• 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact– Japan + Germany work together to oppose/fight
spread of communism– Italy joins 1937
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Interwar Years page 41:Dictators in Europe
• Economic Hardship = rise of totalitarian dictators
• Totalitarian Government– Single party dictatorship– State control of economy– Censorship– Obedience to single ruler– Schools and Media used to force id
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Benito Mussolini
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Mussolini
• 1883-1945• Il Duce (“the leader”)• 1919 founded National Fascist Party• 1922 October March on Rome • King Victor Emanuel resigns• Mussolini establishes dictatorship– Propaganda & Fear
• Black Shirts• Women = mothers not workers
• Influenced Hitler and Stalin
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Mussolini and Aggression
• 1935 Italians Invade Ethiopia.
• King Haile Selassie goes to League of Nations for help
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Joseph Stalin
• USSR = totalitarian state• 5 year plans
– Goals set by state– Central planning– Modernize + industrialize
• Collectivization – Took back land– Combination of small farms– Led to famine– Resistance = Gulag (Siberia)– Ukraine-1932 millions died
(starvation)
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Adolf Hitler
• Weimar Republic = weak• Nationalist Socialist Party
– Nazi Party• Wrote Mein Kampf “My Struggle”• Germans = master race• 1933 appointed chancellor• Fuhrer “leader”• Reduced unemployment
– wage controls, gov’t spending, public works programs• Anti-Semitism
– Nuremberg Laws– Kristallnacht
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Fascism vs Communism
Fascism• EXTREME NATIONALISM• No Human value exists
outside the state• Believes state controls:
– Corporatism (Economy)– Militartism (Armed forces)– Totalitarianism (dictatorship)
• State = # 1
Communism• EXTREME SOCIALISM• Stateless Society• Socioeconomic System• Community controls means of
production• Believes State is Custodian of
means of production
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Fascism vs NazismFascism
1919-1945
• Italy: Mussolini• Fascio-Italian for union• Emphasis: Nationalism
– National Culture rules
• Social Mobility Accepted• Peace = Weakness• Aggression = Strength
Nazism1933-1945
• Germany: Hitler• Nationalist Socialist German
Workers’ Party– Nationalism Socialism
• Emphasis: Racism– “Master Race”