the intercultural study on smoking - presentation

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david lin . emmanuel chong . pauline ng1


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Timeline of tobacco smoking

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5000BC Americas first cultivation of Tobacco plant

1492 Columbus discovers tobacco smoking & takes it to Europe

Early 1500s First introduced to Egypt by Turks

1500 - 1600 Tobacco introduced to China via Japan/Philippines

1500 - 1600 Spaniards & Portuguese ships tobacco to East Africa

1600 Tobacco is first grown commercially in America

1614 7000 tobacco shops open in Europe

Timeline of tobacco smoking

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1650 Europeans grow tobacco in S Africa & used as form of currency

1700 African slaves used to work in Tobacco plantations

1761 First study (John Hill), warns that snuff users risk nasal cancer

1788 Tobacco arrived in Australia with the first fleet

1828 In Spain, cigarette smoking becomes popular

1833 Phosphorus stricken matches introduced in UK commercially

1840 First woman to smoke publicly in France is Chopins mistress

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1847 Phillip Morris opens shop in England & sells hand rolled cigs

1858 Treaty of Tianjin allows duty free cigs imports into China

1862 First federal tobacco tax introduced to help finance war

1871R.A. Patterson founded "Lucky Strike", named for the 1849

California Gold Rush

1875 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company founded

1881 Invention of the cigarette machine

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Pipe Smoking

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1900 China almost entirely penetrated by foreign cigarettes

1901 UK Imperial Tobacco & British American Tobacco Founded

1908 N.Y passes Sullivan Act, forbidding women to smoke in public

19121st strong link made between lung cancer & smoking

(Dr.Isaac Adler)

1913Birth of modern cigarette: RJ Reynolds introduced the Camel

brand in America

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1924Philip Morris introduces Marlboro, a women's cigarette that is "Mild as

May"

192473 billion cigarettes sold in US

1950

China state takes monopoly of industry & all foreign companies have

to leave

1950 First major reports on smoking & health in America & UK

1964 US reports correlation between smoking and lung cancer

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Lady Bracknell : [Pencil and note-book in hand] I feel

bound to tell you that you are not down on my list of

eligible young men, although I have the same list as the

dear Duchess of Bolton has. We work together, in fact.

However, I am quite ready to enter your name, should

your answers be what a really affectionate mother

requires. Do you smoke?

Jack: Well, yes, I must admit I smoke.

Lady Bracknell: I am glad to hear it. A man should

always have an occupation of some kind. There are far

too many idle men in London as it is.

- The Importance of being Earnest, Act 1 Part 2 (Oscar Wilde)

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1981 Japan reports dangers of passive smoking

1990Americas cigarette sales by top 5 companies per annum = 275

billion, Malboro selling 134 billion

1994 Macdonalds ban smoking in all its 11,000 restaurants

1997China is thelargest producer of cigarettes in the worldaproducingalmost two and one half times the 720 billion pieces produced in

the United States

2002 Africa is leader in drafting a WHO Convention on Tobacco Control

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2001 India Supreme Court bans smoking in all public places

2004Smoking bans implemented in countries such as Ireland,

Netherlands, Malta, and various cities in the US

2005Countries such as Bulgaria, Italy, Cuba, Bangladesh, Sweden and

more US cities join in smoking ban

2007England, Brunei, Australia, Israel & Dubai are some countries that

started implementing smoking bans

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Some World Statistics

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Tobacco believed to be a panacea in the past

16th century, a spanish doctor

claimed tobacco alleviated hunger,acted as a relaxant & a painkiller,

and was even a cancer cure

Smoking in seen as sexy &

cool in many Europeancountries, such as France

Smoking in Europe

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FRANCE

public places, including offices & schools

extend to restaurants, dance clubs and some bars in 2008

UK

next summer, smoking not allowed in enclosed workspaces in EnglandScotland, N. Ireland & Wales follow suit with new laws

Stricter Legislationin Europe

ITALY

smoking prohibited in workplaces including bars & restaurants

enclosed & separatedly ventilated rooms are permitted

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Smoking Bans in public

places but ignored bysmokers (2003)

Smoking in France

>40% of French smoked

Smoking was part of theculture of French cafes

Illegal inhaling in Franceis still so frequent on

Metro platforms, in

waiting areas & dining

spots that askingsomeone to douse their

cigarette is considered a

bad form - & even an act

of aggression

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Smoking in Paris

Many non-smoking Parisiansopposed the ban, claiming it was

killing the cafe culture

Intense lobbying led to extension

for cafes for 11 months

Full Smoking Ban for

public places in effectfrom February 2007

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Israelis fume over smoking ban on army bases

Mutiny is brewing in the Israeli armyanger directed towards the Knesset for a law

making smoking illegal in all indoor areas onarmy bases

Soldiers vow to ignore Knessets

widely ridiculed law

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researchers found that black girls

in comparison to white girls farmore likely to think that not

smoking enhance their self image

smoking was not equated with style

B l a c k

youths

w e r e

aboutb e i n g

b l a c k

&

proud

Smoking in the US

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City of SinsCity that never sleeps

All morality

thrown out ofthe window

Smoking in Las Vegas, Nevada

Gambling & Vices

smoker fits in perfectly

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Sun CityBeach Culture

Smoking is viewed

upon as an epidemic

Smoking in California

Young & Beautiful is the

way to go!!!smoking not a wise social choice

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0

10

20

30

Males Females Total

% of Singaporeans who smoke (by gender)

1998 2004

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0

10

20

30

Ever tried Smoking At least 1/30 days Everyday, past 30days

% of Singaporean Students & Smoking

2000 2006

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0

12.5

25.0

37.5

50.0

Chinese Malay Indian

% of Singaporeans who smokes by ethnic group & gender (Males)

1998 2004

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0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

Chinese Malay Indian

% of Singaporeans who smokes by ethnic group & gender (Females)

1998 2004

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Mosaic

ofSmoking

Actors

in

Movies

(insertvideo)

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Characters that

habitually smoke

The Thing

Constantine

Wolverine

Nick Fury

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RegionFemale smokers as %

of female population

% Change

(2001 - 2006)

Latin America & Carribean 25.9 18.1

Eastern Europe 24.1 14

Western Europe 24 4.5

World 21.3 16.1

Australia 20.6 -1.5

Africa & Middle East 20.2 20

North America 17.6 -2.8

Asia Pacific 14.2 21.7

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women & smoking

women are taking less of a feminine role insociety, making themselves more masculine

Used the act of smoking cigarettes tobreak out of the mold of male domination

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women & smoking

attitudes towards women

increasingly important roles taken up bywomen

adoption rate is higher amongst womencompared to men

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women & smoking

changing attitudes towards women

women are having a more powerful voice

diminishing sexual inequality

women sexual rights movement have

gained women more equal rights

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Contrasting Values


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Contrasting Values

California vs Vegas

Whites perceive smoking to be coolBlacks do not think its the black style

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Stereotyping & Etiquette

stereotype of gentry ( upper social class in 18th Century Europe)

customary to smoke during tea break or after dinner

(cigar/smoking room)

rude not to smoke

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Occupational Stereotyping

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Any Burning Questions ? 67


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the intercultural study on smoking - presentation

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