industrialrevolution[2] optimized.ppt

7/31/2019 IndustrialRevolution[2] Optimized.ppt

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Industrial Revolution

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Effects of the IndustrialRevolution

What was the industrialrevolution? Machines coordinated to make

goods

Energy from non-animalsources Industry grew 4 times faster

Changed all aspects ofsociety Most profound effect since

agriculture Government change

Political and military balance Europe as dominant power

Transformed social classes

Higher standard of living formost


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Origins

Agricultural revolutionHorse and steel plow

Fertilizer use

Yields improved 300% 1700-1850

Growth of foreign trade formanufactured goods

Foreign colonies Increase in ships and size

Successful wars and foreign conquest


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Origins Why England?

Factors in England No civil strife

Government favoredtrade

Laissez faire Large middle class

Island geography

Mobile population

Everyone lived within 20miles of navigable river

Tradition ofexperimental science

Weak guilds


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"What were the factors that already marked Britain, rather than anyother European country, as the destined first home of the industrial

revolution? The answer lies partly in things remote fromtechnology, such as the religious freedom which brought in theHuguenots and other refugees with their numerous arts andencouraged the native Puritan capitalist. There was the confidentattitude natural to an island people that had ceased...to reckonseriously with the prospect of invasion. The island possessed a

valuable stimulus to trade in its long coastline and frequentnavigable rivers...Moreover, the Act of Union in 1707 had madeBritain into a single economic unit long before any other area ofcomparable wealth and resources had ceased to be divided bynumerous customs barriers. But even with the addition of theScots, the smallness of the population as compared with the French

gave at the same time an important incentive to the use of labor-saving devices. Lastly, there was the plentifulness and accessibilityof coal in the island."

T.K. Derry and T. I. Williams,A Short History of Technology


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"In most of Europe, then, craft guildseventually became responsible for a level ofregulation that stifled competition andinnovation. They did this by laying down

meticulous rules about three elements ofproduction that we might term 'the threep's': prices, procedures, and participation."

Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena, Princeton UniversityPress, 2002, p.259.


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"The weak position of the guilds in Britainin the eighteenth century can go some wayin explaining the series of technologicalsuccesses we usually refer to as the British

Industrial Revolution and why it occurred inBritain rather than on the Europeancontinent, although clearly this was onlyone of many variables at work."

Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena, PrincetonUniversity Press, 2002, p.260.


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Manufacturing

Textiles4-5 spinners per weaver

Flying Shuttle


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Manufacturing Textiles Cotton gave stronger fibers

Invention of Spinning Jenny

Demand for skilled weavers

Mechanical looms (flying shuttle)

Jacquard looms


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Richard Arkwright 1771

Invents the spinning water frame

Constructs the first spinning factory

Realized that several machines could be

linked to create a factory

Needed water power to turn the machines

(water wheel expert)

Needed gears (watchmaker)

The creation of the first spinning factory

was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution


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Edmund Cartwright1787

Power loom factory


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Manufacturing Textiles Jacquard looms


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Manufacturing Negatives

Poor working conditions

Children supplied labor

Luddites

Handicraftsmen replacedby machine

Organized to stopindustrialization


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Energy and Transportation

Animal power and plant burning

Water emerged as energy source

Iron industry energy crisisLack of wood

Coal discovered

Steam pumps for mines

Steam engines

Railroads


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"Newcomen's engine consisted mainly of a large,vertical piston and a beam that rocked back and

forth on a central support like a giant seesaw. Thepiston sat several feet below one end of the beam,attached to it by a chain. Each time the pistonmoved downward, it would pull down on that end

of the rocking beam, forcing the other end up.The opposite end was attached to a suction pump,similar to the hand-operated pumps you still seeon come old water wells, and each downstroke ofthe piston would bring gallons of water gushing up

through a pipe from the mine below."

Pool, Robert, Beyond Engineering, OxfordUniversity Press, 1997, p. 122.


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"When the steam flowed in under the rising piston[of the Newcomen engine], Watt realized, all but a

fraction of it condensed immediately because thesurrounding cylinderhaving just been cooled by ajet of waterwas at a relatively low temperature.This meant that several times as much steam was

usedand several times as much fuel wasconsumedas was theoretically sufficient to fill thepiston on each stroke... Watt suddenly realizedhow to fix the problem: build a machine with acondensing chamber separate from the cylinder

and keep the two at different temperatures."

Pool, Robert, Beyond Engineering, OxfordUniversity Press, 1997, p.124-125.


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England vs. Continental Europe


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England vs. Continental Europe

Produced 20% ofindustrial goods

Gross national

product rose 4x Population increase

Inventors took

inventions abroad

Belgiums coal andiron resources

Germany iron and

wool factories France slow to

industrialize

Mechanizationcame but late


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Technology

The Industrial Revolution was builton rapid advances in technology


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"Technology comprises all thatbewilderingly varied body ofknowledge and devices by which man

progressively masters his naturalenvironment..."

- T.K. Derry and T. I. Williams,A Short History ofTechnology, 3


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Technology

Is technology good?


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Technology:short, medium and long-term consequences

Short-term: Benefits are helpful and desirable (this is why weuse it). If proven to be a dud, it is discarded quickly.

Medium-term: Negative consequences are noted and strongresistance often arises. Sometimes the short term causesdisruptions (loss of jobs, etc.) and attempts are made inthe medium term to stop technology (Luddites, etc.); butthese are rarely successful (except current efforts byenvironmental groups who have the backing of politicians,courts, and many people). This resistance is outsidemarket forces.

Long-term: May require changes/evolution in the technologybut we rarely abandon the technology all togetherbecause the benefits are great and the negatives areworked around.

Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena,


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Technology

Is complexity good?


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"Complexity creates unpredictability. The morecomplex a system, the more difficult it is tounderstand all the different ways the system maybehaveand, in particular, to anticipate all thedifferent ways it may fail. Interdependenceamong parts creates entirely new ways that things

can go wrong, ways that engineers often overlookor ignore. Thus many technological failureschalked up to mechanical breakdown or designflaws are more accurately described as the

children of complexity."

Pool, Robert, Beyond Engineering, OxfordUniversity Press, 1997, p.131.


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Technology

How do we control technologywithout stifling creativity?


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Thank You

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