the industrial revolution spreads

Aim: How did a Second Industrial Revolution develop in the 19th century?

Do Now: Modern History Sourcebook, Tables 1,2

1. Which was the leading manufacturing nation in 1870? In 1913?2. According to Table 1, which country experienced the greatest

decline?3. According to Table 2, which country had the biggest industrial gains

in the period after 1865?

The Industrial Revolution Spreads

• What industrial powers emerged in the 1800s?

• What impact did new technology have on industry, transportation, and communication?

• How did big business emerge in the late 1800s?

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New Industrial Powers

• Belgium became the first European nation outside Britain to industrialize. • Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871. Within a few decades, it

became Europe’s leading industrial power. • The United States made rapid technological advances, especially after the

Civil War. By 1900, American industry led the world in production.• Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868. • Canada, New Zealand, and Australia built thriving industries. • Eastern and southern Europe industrialized more slowly. These nations

lacked natural resources or the capital to invest.

During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world’s industrial giant. By the mid-1800s, other nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy.

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Centers of Industry1

Technology and Industry

Alessandro Volta developed the first battery.Michael Faraday created the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.

Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb.

Chemists created hundreds of new products.

New chemical fertilizers led to increased food production.

Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.

Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel.

Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads.

ELECTRICITYCHEMICALSSTEEL

The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth. To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts. They also introduced the assembly line.

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Advances in Transportation and Communication

TRANSPORTATION•Steamships replaced sailing ships.•Rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers.•Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.•Karl Benz patented the first automobile.•Henry Ford began mass producing cars.•Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew the first airplane.

COMMUNICATION•Samuel Morse developed the telegraph.•Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.•Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communication were transformed by technology.

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The Rise of Big Business

New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors.

Large-scale companies formed corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.

Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy.

Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.

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Aim: How did the IR change living conditions in Europe?

• Do Now: Chart on Population Growth in England

Task: For all four areas, write a statement comparing figures for 1750 and 1900?

Question: How can we explain the changes?

HW: Essay on Irish Potato Famine and IR – due Thursday

The World of Cities

• What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s?

• How had cities changed by 1900?

• How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?

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Population Explosion

Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled. This rapid growth was not due to larger families. Instead, population soared because the death rate fell.

The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following:•People ate better.•Medical knowledge increased.•Public sanitation improved.•Hygiene improved.

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Year Male Female1850 40.3 years 42.8 years1870 42.3 years 44.7 years1890 45.8 years 48.5 years1910 52.7 years 56.0 years

‘The Silent Highwayman’, Punch magazine, 1858. What is the artist trying to say about living conditions in Victorian London?

Advances in Medicine

JOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals, introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world’s first nursing school.

ROBERT KOCH identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis.

LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered the process of pasteurization, the killing of disease-carrying microbes in milk.

Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing life expectancy in the industrialized world.

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Preventing Disease

• Breakthroughs in late 1800s as result of scientific advances earlier in century• Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed• Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved

Fermentation

• Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour• Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation• Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free

Microbes and Disease

• Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870• Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter• Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce

Medical Breakthroughs

Anthrax• Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock

• Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax

• Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs

Rabies• Pasteur’s next goal

• Developed vaccine, 1885

• Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog

Antibodies

• Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies

• Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body



Improving Medical Care

• Treatment of pain

• American surgeon Crawford W. Long

– Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery patients

– Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain and render patient unconscious

– Performed first painless operation, 1842


Treatment of Infections

• Many surgical patients died from infections

• English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860s

– Began cleaning wounds and equipment with antiseptic containing carbolic acid

– Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward from 45 to 15 percent

• Caused dramatic decline in infant mortality

• Statistics from Sweden provide example

• 1800, 240 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births

• Nearly 100 years later, only 91 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births

Improved Care• Public health improved with building of

more modern hospitals

• More medical professionals trained

• Nursing schools trained large numbers of women, some trained as doctors

• By 1900, 5 percent of American doctors were women

Hospitals


City Life

• Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center.

• Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more livable.

• Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel.

• Sewage systems improved public health.

As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the same time, city life underwent dramatic changes.

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1834 Poor Law• Previously poor had been looked after by parish• Now poor looked after by Poor Law Unions with Boards of Governors to

administer them• Established 100s of workhouses across the country• Anyone claiming (old, sick or unemployed) outdoor relief had to work in

workhouse• Conditions inside workhouses must be worse than the lowest-paid worker

A typical workhouse of the

nineteenth century

Regulations• 1847, commissioners issued

detailed regulations• Everyone entering a

workhouse needed a medical examination

• Unwell paupers would be isolated in infirmaries

• Paupers would be cleaned and made to wear a special uniform

• Men and women were separated

Example of workhouse regulations

Were workhouses so bad?

Working-Class Struggles

Workers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life.

At first, business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes and unions were illegal, and demonstrations were crushed.

By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress:• Workers formed mutual-aid societies, self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. • Workers won the right to organize unions.• Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions.• Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance. • The standard of living improved.

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As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800s, one technology changed industry and daily life more than any other-electricity.

• Scientists interested in electricity for centuries

– Ben Franklin, 1700s

– Michael Faraday discovered magnetism, electricity connection 1831

– Dynamo powered electric motor

• Swan developed primitive lightbulb, 1860

Early Attempts• First usable, practical lightbulb

invented 1879

• Edison’s lightbulb came through trial and error and many hours of work in lab

• Other inventions:

– Generators

– Motors

– Light sockets

– Electric power plant

Edison’s Lightbulb

Electric Power

Effects on Industry and Daily Life

Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the United States

• Improved industry in 3 significant ways

– Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines

– Factories did not have to depend on waterways to power steam engines

– Factories became less dependent on sunlight, increased production

• Improved daily life

– Cheaper, more convenient light source than gas, oil

– Other electrical devices soon created

• Bessemer process, forcing air through molten metal to burn out impurities, strengthen steel

• Factories increased production of locomotives, tracks

• Stronger steel used to build bridges

• 30,000 mile network of railroads linking major American cities, 1860

• New railroads helped grow cities in American West

Improvements in Steel• Boats on canals, rivers best for long-

distance travel, in early 1800s

• With development of efficient steam engines, trains replace boats

• Trains could carry heavy loads, traveled faster than watercraft

• World’s first rail line, Britain 1830

• 3,000 miles of railroads, Eastern U.S. 1840

Steam Powered Trains

Advances in Transportation

Early 1800s Communication

• Much slower than today

• Boat, messenger on foot, horseback or carriage

• Entrepreneurs, inventors searched for faster ways

“What hath God wrought?”

• First telegraph message from Morse, 1844

• Telegraph wires between Washington D.C., Baltimore

• New era in communication

The Telegraph

• Telegraph invented, 1837

• Samuel Morse also invented a “language” for those messages

• Messages transmitted as electrical pulses

Growth of Telegraph

• Much of country linked by 1861

• Telegraph cable to Europe, 1866; to India, 1870

• Globalized personal and business communication

Advances in Communication

Advances in Communication

The Radio and Phonograph• Telephone technology limited by length of wires• New wireless technology

– Guglielmo Marconi built wireless telegraph, 1895– Radio first used as communication device for ships– Later used for entertainment and news

• Sound recording technology – Thomas Edison invented phonograph– Music became available to everyone

New Ideas in Science

Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800s

•Published theories in On the Origin of Species

•Developed concept of natural selection

– Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring

– Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800s

• Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements

• Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms

Periodic Table• Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871

• Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table

• Revealed previously unknown patterns

Modern Atomic Theory

• John Dalton, 1803

• Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass

More Elements Discovered• Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898

• Discovered polonium, radium

• Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity


• Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy

• Space is curved, must include time in study of space

• Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked

E = mc2

• Albert Einstein revolutionized physics

• Used math to show light can act like particles of energy

• Developed special theory of relativity

• No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light

• Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer

Einstein’s Genius


Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change society in Europe?

• Do now: Analyzing Political Cartoons• 1. Explain what point the cartoonist is trying to

make.• 2. How do you determine if someone is upper class,

middle class, or lower class?• 3. Do you consider yourself upper class, middle class,

or lower class?

• HW: Irish Potato Famine essay

Industrialization, cities, and classes

• Growth of cities:

• London: from 676,000 (1750) to 2.3 million (1850)

• Paris: from 560,000 to 1.3 million

• New cities: Manchester

• Urbanization moved from northwest Europe to the southeast

Consequences of Urbanization

PollutionAir pollution:

- industry and coal- Tuberculosis and bronchitis

Water pollution- Industry- Human waste- Breeding grounds for cholera, typhus, and

tuberculosis

The New Industrial Class Structure

The New Working ClassThe New Middle Class

IV. The New Middle Class

Middle-class families lived in fine homes, dressed and ate well, and gained influence in Parliament


The middle class valued hard work and "getting ahead”

Who were the Middle Classes?

RespectabilityA code of behaviorFinancial independenceProviding for familyAvoiding gambling and debtHard workModestySobriety


They felt little sympathy for the poor, who they thought were responsible for their own misery

Lower and Middle Class Housing

Tenements

Middle Class Housing

Social Mobility

This illustration of a “typical apartment”

appeared in a Parisian newspaper

in 1845

The Middle Classes and sexuality

• Victorian sexuality: anxiety, prudishness, and ignorance

• Scientists taught that specific characteristics were inherent to each sex: “woman’s nature”

• Women were “passionless,’ so morally superior

• Absence of reliable contraceptives

Methodism

• John Wesley• “Instant salvation”• Appealed to the working

class

What Values Shaped the New Social Order?

• A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior. • Children were supposed to be “seen but not heard.”• Middle-class parents had a large say in choosing whom their

children married. At the same time, the notion of “falling in love” was more accepted than ever before.

• Men worked while women stayed at home. Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home.

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Rights for Women

• Across Europe and the United States, politically active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.

• Women’s groups supported the temperance movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.

• Before 1850, some women had become leaders in the union movement.

• Some women campaigned to abolish slavery.• Many women broke the barriers that kept them out of

universities and professions. • In the mid- to late 1800s, groups dedicated to women’s

suffrage emerged.

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Growth in Public Education

• By the late 1800s, reformers persuaded many governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children.

• Governments began to expand secondary schools, or high schools.

• Colleges and universities expanded during this period. Universities added courses in the sciences to their curriculums.

• Some women sought greater educational opportunities. By the 1840s, a few small colleges for women opened.

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Trade Unions

Agricultural laborers who had formed a trade union in the village of Tolpuddle were arrested on false charges and sent to the British colony of Australia.

The Tolpuddle Martyrs

Labor Unions

• Sir Francis Burdett • The 1871 Trade Union Act

The Chartists

• Political reformers• Chartists wanted the government to adopt a “People’s Charter”• Adopted by national convention of labor organizations in 1838• Influenced the struggle for universal voting rights

The Luddites

“General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”

The “Peterloo Massacre”

1819

New Directions in Science

• John Dalton developed modern atomic theory. He showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances.

• Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped the elements according to their atomic weights.

• Charles Lyell and his successors offered evidence that the Earth had formed over billions of years and that life had not appeared until long after the Earth was formed. These ideas conflicted with biblical accounts of creation.

• Charles Darwin put forward the theory of natural selection. Darwin’s theory ignited a furious debate between scientists and theologians.

In the late 1800s, researchers advanced startling theories about the natural world. These new ideas challenged long-held beliefs.

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Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800s

•Published theories in On the Origin of Species

•Developed concept of natural selection

– Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring

– Offspring will inherit features that help them survive


Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

• Over time the species will evolve to improve survival chances

• Controversial theory

– Indicated humans were descended from other animals

– Many opposed Darwin because theory differed from Biblical story of creation

Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800s

• Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements

• Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms

Periodic Table• Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871

• Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table

• Revealed previously unknown patterns

Modern Atomic Theory

• John Dalton, 1803

• Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass

More Elements Discovered• Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898

• Discovered polonium, radium

• Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity



Others developed theories based on Curies’ work

• Ernest Rutherford, 1911

• In center of atom lay a core called a nucleus

– Nucleus made up of positively charged particles, protons

– Disproved long-held belief that atom was solid piece of matter

• Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy

• Space is curved, must include time in study of space

• Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked

E = mc2

• Albert Einstein revolutionized physics

• Used math to show light can act like particles of energy

• Developed special theory of relativity

• No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light

• Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer

Einstein’s Genius


By studying dogs’ behavior, Pavlov concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes.

In the late 1800s scientists expanded their focus to include the study of the mind and human societies. These new fields became known as the social sciences and include psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology.

• Study of mind, human behavior became separate field in 1890s

• Observation, experiments helped psychologists explore subject

• Ivan Pavlov studied dogs to show animals could be taught certain reflex actions

Psychology

New Ideas in Social Sciences

• Pavlov rang bell each time he fed dogs

• Discovered that dogs not only salivated at sight, smell of food, but also when they heard bell

• Called this conditioned reflex

Pavlov’s Dogs

New Ideas in Social Sciences

Studies of human behavior

• Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud

– Said that unconscious part of mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware

– Used hypnotism to explore patient’s unconscious mind

– Felt that repressed thoughts revealed in dreams could cause mental illness

– Developed psychoanalysis as therapy

Religion in an Urban Age

• Christian churches and Jewish synagogues remained at the center of communities.

• Religious leaders influenced political, social, and educational developments.

• Religious organizations provided social services to the poor.

• The social gospel was a movement that urged Christians to social service.

Despite the challenge of new ideas, religion continued to be a major force in western society.

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A New Culture

• What themes shaped romantic art, literature, and music?

• How did realists respond to the industrialized, urban world?

• How did the visual arts change?

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Romanticism

Composers tried to stir deep emotions.Ludwig van Beethoven combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound.

Frederic Chopin conveyed the sorrow of people living under foreign occupation.

Writers created a new kind of hero, a mysterious, melancholy figure out of step with reality.

Lord Byron described the romantic hero in his poetry.

Charlotte Brontë wove a mysterious tale in Jane Eyre.

Painters broke free from the discipline and rules of the Enlightenment.

J.M.W. Turner captured the beauty and power of nature.

Eugène Delacroix painted dramatic action.

MUSICLITERATUREART

Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason. They glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audiences.

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Cultural Impact: Romanticism

The Romantics glorified the divine power of nature as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution’s achievement of controlling nature through technology.

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts

French artist Honore Daumier painted the poor and working classes. In Third-Class Carriage (shown here), he illustrates with great compassion a group of people on a train journey.

J.M.W. Turner

The Fighting “Temeraire”

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts

Realism

By the mid-1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was.

Realists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages. Many writers and artists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives they depicted.

• The English novelist Charles Dickens vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers.

• The Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen wrote plays that attacked the hypocrisy he observed around him.

• The French painter Gustave Courbet focused on ordinary subjects.

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Cultural Impact: Literature

Charles Dickens (1812–1870)

Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist

Emile Zola

Cultural Impact: Literature

The Visual Arts

• By the 1840s, a new art form, photography, was emerging. The first photos were stiff, posed portraits. In time, photographers used the camera to present the grim realities of life.

• Photography posed a challenge to painters. Why try for realism, they asked, when a camera could do the same thing better?

• By the 1870s, a group of painters sought to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or an object on the viewer’s eye. This new movement was known as impressionism.

• Later painters, called postimpressionists, developed a variety of styles.

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The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect

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Causes• Increased agricultural productivity• Growing population• New sources of energy, such as steam and coal• Growing demand for textiles and other mass-

produced goods• Improved technology• Available natural resources, labor, and money• Strong, stable governments that promoted

economic growth

Immediate Effects• Rise of factories• Changes in transportation and

communication• Urbanization• New methods of production • Rise of urban working class• Growth of reform movements

Long-Term Effects• Growth of labor unions• Inexpensive new products• Spread of industrialization • Rise of big business• Expansion of public education• Expansion of middle class• Competition for world trade among

industrialized nations • Progress in medical care

Section 4 Assessment

Which of the following was a romantic writer? a) Charles Dickens b)

Lord Byron c) Henrik Ibsen

d) Eugène Delecroix

What novelist portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers? a) Charlotte Brontë b) Lord Byron c) Charles Dickens d) Frederic Chopin

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the industrial revolution spreads

Documents

industrial centers

new industrial powersbelgium

early industrial revolution

biggest industrial gains

worlds industrial giant

new technology

new zealand

hundreds of new products