The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Chapter 25Chapter 25

I. Beginnings of the Industrial I. Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Increased output of machine-made Increased output of machine-made goodsgoods

Began in England in 1700sBegan in England in 1700s Had resources to support it (water power Had resources to support it (water power

and coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors)and coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors) Had all 3 Had all 3 factors of productionfactors of production::

1.1. LandLand2.2. LaborLabor3.3. Capital (wealth)Capital (wealth)

Spread to Europe and North AmericaSpread to Europe and North America People wove textiles by hand before the I.R.People wove textiles by hand before the I.R.

Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution (cont’d)Revolution (cont’d)

Agricultural Revolution helped Agricultural Revolution helped jumpstart the I.R. jumpstart the I.R.

Wealthy landowners bought more Wealthy landowners bought more land, called land, called enclosuresenclosures (b/c they put (b/c they put fences around them.)fences around them.) Experimented with more productive Experimented with more productive

methods, which led to methods, which led to crop rotationcrop rotation: : rotated crops to restore nutrients to the rotated crops to restore nutrients to the soil. soil.

Important InventionsImportant Inventions

1.1. Cotton Gin by Eli Cotton Gin by Eli WhitneyWhitney

Separated raw Separated raw cotton from the cotton from the seedsseeds

American cotton American cotton production went production went from 1.5 million from 1.5 million pounds to 85 pounds to 85 million poundsmillion pounds

Important InventionsImportant Inventions

2.2. Steam Engine by James WattSteam Engine by James Watt Invented a much more efficient engine Invented a much more efficient engine

with help of with help of entrepreneur entrepreneur (Boulton); (Boulton); organizes, manages, and takes on the organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of businessrisks of business

Led to steam boats and steam Led to steam boats and steam powered locomotives (trains)powered locomotives (trains)

Important InventionsImportant Inventions

3.3. RailroadRailroad Spurred industrial growthSpurred industrial growth Created hundreds of thousands of new Created hundreds of thousands of new

jobsjobs Boosted agricultural and fishing Boosted agricultural and fishing

industries (could now transport their industries (could now transport their products far away)products far away)

Encouraged people to take distant city Encouraged people to take distant city jobsjobs

Impacts of IndustrializationImpacts of Industrialization

1.1. Widened the wealth gap between Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized industrialized and non-industrialized countriescountries

But it strengthened their ties meaning:But it strengthened their ties meaning:--industrialized countries needed raw --industrialized countries needed raw

materials for their factories to run (from materials for their factories to run (from less developed places)less developed places)

--saw the non-industrialized countries as --saw the non-industrialized countries as markets to sell their productsmarkets to sell their products

--leads to imperialism--one country’s rule over --leads to imperialism--one country’s rule over another landanother land

Impacts of Industrialization (cont’d)Impacts of Industrialization (cont’d)

2.2. Transformed SocietyTransformed Society Gave Europe tremendous Gave Europe tremendous

economic powereconomic power Population, health, and wealth Population, health, and wealth

eventually rose, despite harsh eventually rose, despite harsh working conditionsworking conditions

Development of a middle class Development of a middle class created better education and created better education and democratic participation democratic participation

II. Rise of SocialismII. Rise of Socialism

BackgroundBackground I.R. increased the gap between rich I.R. increased the gap between rich

and poorand poor Business leaders wanted the gov’t to Business leaders wanted the gov’t to

stay out of business affairsstay out of business affairs Reformers thought gov’t should play Reformers thought gov’t should play

an active role to improve conditionsan active role to improve conditions Workers wanted more rights and Workers wanted more rights and

protectionprotection

Philosophers of IndustrializationPhilosophers of Industrialization

Laissez faireLaissez faire: economic policy of : economic policy of letting owners of industry and letting owners of industry and business set working conditions business set working conditions without interference (“hands off” “let without interference (“hands off” “let do” policy)do” policy)

Adam SmithAdam Smith Defended the idea of free economyDefended the idea of free economy The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations economic economic

liberty guaranteed economic progressliberty guaranteed economic progress

Philosophers of IndustrializationPhilosophers of Industrialization

Smith and others laid the foundation Smith and others laid the foundation for for CapitalismCapitalism: economic system : economic system where the factors of production where the factors of production (land, labor, capital) are privately (land, labor, capital) are privately owned and money is invested in owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profitbusiness ventures to make a profit

Rise of SocialismRise of Socialism

In contrast to laissez-faire, others In contrast to laissez-faire, others believed governments should believed governments should intervene in businessintervene in business

SocialismSocialism: factors of production are : factors of production are owned by the public and operate for owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. the welfare of all.

Rise of Socialism (cont’d)Rise of Socialism (cont’d)

Karl MarxKarl Marx The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto: book : book

outlining his radical ideas of Socialism outlining his radical ideas of Socialism (communism)(communism)

A form of complete socialism in which A form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be the means of production would be owned by the people (all goods and owned by the people (all goods and services would be shared equally.)services would be shared equally.)

Reform MovementReform Movement

The gap b/t rich and poor failed to The gap b/t rich and poor failed to widen like Marx predicted because of widen like Marx predicted because of reforms set by the govt’s. reforms set by the govt’s. Workers joined Workers joined unionsunions: voluntary labor : voluntary labor

associationsassociations Unions went on Unions went on strikestrike: refusal to work; : refusal to work;

to get better working conditions/wagesto get better working conditions/wages

Reform Movement (cont’d)Reform Movement (cont’d)

Reform laws createdReform laws created Child labor lawsChild labor laws Women labor lawsWomen labor laws Britain abolished slavery in 1825; U.S. in Britain abolished slavery in 1825; U.S. in

18651865 Free public educationFree public education

U.S. Civil War and Expansion

Ch. 26 Section 3

IV. U.S. Civil War

Background• 1803 Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana

Purchase from Napoleon. (doubled the size of the U.S.)

• 1819 Spain gave up Florida• 1846 Great Britain gave part of the Oregon

Territory to the U.S.

U.S. Civil War (cont’d)

• 1836 Texans revolted from Mexico and won independence

• 1845 Texas annexed by U.S. (Mexico still claimed Texas so U.S. and Mexico fought the Mexican-American War)

• 1853 Gadsden Purchase: U.S. got its modern day boundaries

• Led to Manifest Destiny: the idea that the U.S. had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • Helped justify kicking Native Americans off of their lands

Civil War Begins

• All the new territory led to conflicts on whether the new land should enter the Union as Free or Slave states.

• This separated the North and South • North: farms and industry; relied on mostly free

workers• South: Farms (cotton); relied mostly on slaves

Civil War Begins

• 1860-Abraham Lincoln elected president. • South really angry and secedes: withdrew from the union• April 12, 1861 Confederates fired on Fort Sumter and the

Civil War began• North won in April 1865 due mostly to a larger population,

better transportation and resources, and more factories

Civil War (cont’d)

• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln: declared all slaves in the states of rebellion to be free.

• 13th Amendment passed after the war: abolished slavery in the U.S.

• Reconstruction: 1865-1877 Union troops occupied the south to enforce constitutional policies

Post-Civil War

• Civil War sped economy greatly, by 1914 the U.S. was a major industrial power.

• Immigration grew rapidly; by 1914 20 million had moved from Europe and Asia

• Leads to transcontinental railroad and other important inventions.

1919thth Century Inventions Century Inventions

Ch. 26 Section 4Ch. 26 Section 4

V. 19V. 19thth Century Inventions Century Inventions

Thomas Edison: light bulb, phonographThomas Edison: light bulb, phonograph Alexander Graham Bell: telephoneAlexander Graham Bell: telephone Henry FordHenry Ford

Assembly lineAssembly line: line of workers : line of workers

who each put a single piece who each put a single piece

on unfinished cars as they on unfinished cars as they

passed on a moving beltpassed on a moving belt Wright Brothers: airplaneWright Brothers: airplane

1919thth Century Inventions (cont’d) Century Inventions (cont’d)

Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Led to pasteurizationLed to pasteurization Sterilization in hospitalsSterilization in hospitals Plumbing and sewage systemsPlumbing and sewage systems Vaccines for typhus, typhoid fever, yellow Vaccines for typhus, typhoid fever, yellow

fever, etc. fever, etc.

1919thth Century Inventions Century Inventions (cont’d)(cont’d)

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin Theory of EvolutionTheory of Evolution: idea of change through : idea of change through

natural selection; everything evolved from natural selection; everything evolved from earlier living formsearlier living forms

John Dalton: atomsJohn Dalton: atoms Dmitri Mendeleev: periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev: periodic table Marie Curie: radioactivity- energyMarie Curie: radioactivity- energy

The Age of Imperialism

Chapter 27

VI. The Scramble for Africa

Imperialism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

Africa before Imperialism 100s of languages and ethnic groups Mostly traditional beliefs (some Muslim and

Christian influence) Some empires and some villages

The Scramble for Africa

Forces that drove Imperialism European Superiority – “We’re more civilized than

they are.” Nationalism – Pride in your country, and its

accomplishments Social Darwinism – Survival of the Fittest Missionary work – to “save the heathens”

Imperialistic Countries from Europe in African Areas

British Imperialism in India

Britain began to colonize in India in the 1600s

Why colonize in India? Because of the potential economic impact

that it could have for the Europeans (it would make them even richer!)

Britain considered India the “Jewel in the crown” of their expansion efforts.

British Imperialism in India

Positives1) Built Railroads2) Built roads3) Built Hospitals4) Built dams, bridges, and

irrigation5) Sanitation a public health

improved6) Schools and colleges were built,

so literacy improved7) Cleared India of bandits and

thieves

Negatives1) British held most of the

political and economic power2) British were racists3) Famine caused because

Indians were reliant on cash-crops instead of food crops

4) Revolts lead to persecution and death

British Imperialism in India

Indians became more demanding for their rights. They hated the fact that the British were there.

Sepoy Mutiny Nationalism grew for the

Indians

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Who was involved in Southeast Asia?

Dutch Portuguese British French United States

Results: Typical improvements to the countries colonized, and typical resentment for “intruding.”

Summary of Imperialism

IMPERIALISM CAUSES

1) Nationalism

2) Economic Competition

3) Missionary Spirit

DEFINITION

the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

EFFECTS

1) Colonization

2) Economic Expansion

3) Christianization

VII. China and VII. China and JapanJapanChapter 28Chapter 28

ChinaChina

Opium WarOpium War Chinese were addicted to Opium Chinese were addicted to Opium

(which the British smuggled into (which the British smuggled into China)China)

Sea Battles: British won (of course)Sea Battles: British won (of course) Acquired Hong KongAcquired Hong Kong

Extraterritorial rightsExtraterritorial rights (foreigners were (foreigners were not subject to Chinese law in their not subject to Chinese law in their ports)ports)

Changes in ChinaChanges in China

Disagreement over modernizationDisagreement over modernization Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Self-Self-

strengthening Movementstrengthening Movement updated China’s education and military updated China’s education and military

systemssystems built few factories built few factories

USA feared China would be colonized USA feared China would be colonized so it declared the so it declared the Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy China would be open to all merchantsChina would be open to all merchants