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The Importance and Value of Open The Importance and Value of Open-hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non Geophysical Log Calibration in Non Archie Archie Rocks Rocks Geophysical Log Calibration in Non Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Archie Rocks Rocks Weatherford Labs 2012 Open House Golden, Colorado – April 12, 2012 Chad Hartman Chief Technical Advisor Unconventional Reservoir Services Canada United States Brazil Mexico Trinidad Kuwait Libya Australia India Malaysia For contact information, please visit our website: www.weatherfordlabs.com Norway United Kingdom Kazakhstan Trinidad Venezuela Argentina Libya Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Iraq Malaysia Thailand New Zealand Indonesia

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Page 1: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in NonGeophysical Log Calibration in Non Archie Archie RocksRocksGeophysical Log Calibration in NonGeophysical Log Calibration in Non--Archie Archie RocksRocksWeatherford Labs 2012 Open HouseGolden, Colorado – April 12, 2012

Chad HartmanChief Technical AdvisorUnconventional Reservoir Services

C a n adaU n i t e d S t a t e s

B r a z i lM e x i c oT r i n i d a d

K u w a i tL i b y a

A u s t r a l i aI n d i aM a l a y s i a

For contact information, please visit our website:  www.weatherfordlabs.com

N o r w ayU n i t e d K i n g d o mK a z a k h s t a n

T r i n i d a dV e n e z u e l aA r g e n t i n a

L i b y aO m a nS a u d i A r a b i aU n i t e d A r a b E m i r a t e sI r a q

M a l a y s i aT h a i l a n dN e w Z e a l a n dI n d o nes i a

Page 2: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Why is Why is “Shale” Core“Shale” Core--toto--Log Calibration Log Calibration Important?Important?pp

• Shale composition results in high, variable matrix density complicating porosity estimatesporosity estimates.

• It is impossible to calculate accurate gas and water saturations from log data unless calibrated with core data.

– Water resistivity (salinity) is unknownWater resistivity (salinity) is unknown

– Clay corrected Archie parameters are unknown

• Clay effects on neutron porosity usually eliminates gas effects. Is there any gas present?

• Low TOC and adsorbed/absorbed hydrocarbons have little impact on log data.

• Density log will respond to both TOC and porosity complicating/invalidating d it it ti tdensity‐porosity estimates

• Accurate quantification of rock mechanical properties are problematic from log data alone unless calibrated with core data (dynamic vs. static)

Page 3: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Key Reservoir Properties Needed From CoreKey Reservoir Properties Needed From Core

Property of interest  Core data  Most useful log data 

"Shale Routine CorePorosity 

Shale Routine Core      Analysis" (SRP, GRI, TRA)

Density (mostly) 

TOC LECO or Programmed Pyrolysis

GR, density, resistivity y y

Fluid saturations "Shale Routine Core Analysis" (SRP, GRI, TRA)

Resistivity with kerogen corrected shale porosity 

Mi l XRD FTIR XRF M ECS l lMineralogy  XRD, FTIR, XRF  Most + ECS‐style logs 

Permeability "Shale Routine Core Analysis" (SRP, GRI, TRA)

None really, unless formationis at irreducible SW

Geomechanics Static elastic moduli and associated acoustics

DTC, DTS, RHOB, or their synthetic substitutes 

GeochemistryVisual Kerogen Assessment, 

variesGeochemistry Reflectance, Pyrolysis

varies 

Page 4: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

General General Approaches to Shale Gas Log Approaches to Shale Gas Log AnalysisAnalysisyy

• Global stochastic

• Global deterministic

• Local deterministic aka direct calibration to core (recommended)– aka direct calibration to core (recommended)

• Each has distinct advantages & disadvantages

Page 5: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Approaches to Approaches to Shale Log Analysis Shale Log Analysis -- 11

• Global/stochastic– Attempt to determine or guess what components are 

present in the shale matrix (mineral, organic, fluid)– Characterize end member properties of each 

component – Invert the logs to determine properties that best fit 

the observed log character

Guess at mineral and fluid volumes

Compute log responses from a the observed log character– Implementations examples include ELAN, Multimin, 

Statmin, etc. – Actual log curves vs. forward models – convergence is 

the key criteria for a satisfactory model.

p g pforward model

Compare computed log responses with actual log data

• Key Questions/Risks – How do you know, or guess at, the end member points?

– What are the kerogen endpoints (GR, RhoB, Nphi, etc.)?

g

Satisfactory match?

No

– What is the inorganic grain density of the clay components?

– What are the error functions associated with those end points AND the log data (that is, the total error bar)?

DONE

Yes

bar)?

Page 6: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Approaches to Approaches to Shale Log Analysis Shale Log Analysis -- 22

• Global/deterministic– Characterize properties using a broad collection of core data, either globally or basin/play specific

– Utilize industry accepted general models to characterize properties (i.e. Schmoker 1979, 1981 equations or Passey’s Δ log R)

– Use Service company specific methodology

• Biggest RisksBiggest Risks– Regional or global equations do not apply locally and this fact is unknown

– Variable selected does not really correlate very well with property of interest (i e assumption that GR α TOC→ V is not a simple functioninterest (i.e. assumption that GR α TOC → Vuranium is not a simple function of TOC)

– Co‐linearities (using density to predict both ф and TOC can be problematic)problematic)

Page 7: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Approaches to Approaches to Shale Log Analysis Shale Log Analysis -- 33

• Local/deterministic– Calibrate log models in restricted areas, down to individual wells or single cores

– Simple linear & non‐linear regressions• GR vs. TOC, RHOB vs. TOC

– Multiple linear regression methods

– Multiple non‐linear regression p g

Page 8: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

What distinguishes these 3 What distinguishes these 3 approaches?approaches?approaches?approaches?

• Each method has its advantages in certain settings or types of wells– Rich suite of modern logs available or just old public domain logs coverage?Rich suite of modern logs available, or just old, public domain logs coverage?– Is core data available for log calibration?

• Transparency– Some methods are basically black boxes & are difficult or impossible to reproducey p p– Others are totally transparent, you can write out a set of equations and you may 

agree or not, but there they are

• TransportabilityS l ti i i t ft l d ll it– Some solutions require proprietary software, or only one vendor can really run it.

– Others require very specific logging measurements 

• Return on Investment– Some solutions are powerful and accurate but may be expensive– Some solutions are powerful and accurate, but may be expensive.– Sometimes close enough is good enough – Basically comes down to client specific objectives and required level of certainty to 

make informed business decisions

Page 9: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Local Deterministic Shale Gas LogLocal Deterministic Shale Gas Log Analysis – Most Accurate and Recommended Approach Recommended Approach

Page 10: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Practical Practical Issues when Performing Issues when Performing Local/Deterministic Log EvaluationLocal/Deterministic Log Evaluationgg

• Sample depths have to be accurate

• Core‐log depth shifting has to be precise

• Need to work in consistent units e g fractional bulk volume– e.g. fractional bulk volume

• Need to extract log data to correlate with core values at the appropriate depths

– Its typically inappropriate to average log data because it’s already sampling a much larger reservoir volume than discrete core data.

Page 11: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Merge and Merge and Convert Core Data Convert Core Data into into One SpreadsheetOne Spreadsheetpp

Page 12: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Perform CorePerform Core--log Depth log Depth Shift CorrectionsShift Corrections

• Merge in the core gamma scang g

• Perform depth shifts, honoring the physical breaks (i.e. don’t interpolate)

• Convert core depths to log depth

• It’s important to keep an audit trail so you know where things are and whereyou know where things are and where they were!

Page 13: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Export the Export the Log DataLog Data

• Once we know where the core data belongs, we export the log d l d h f l i icurve data at every core sample depth for analysis in a 

statistical software package

• Merge the core and log data setsMerge the core and log data sets

• The more data you have at the same depths, the better

Page 14: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Some Critical Variables are not Some Critical Variables are not Measured in the LaboratoryMeasured in the Laboratoryyy

Sondergeld et al, SPE 131768g ,

• Inorganic grain density and kerogen density are not directly measured.

• Have to solve for these two properties by comparing modelHave to solve for these two properties by comparing model prediction to core measured TOC, XRD, porosity, and log RhoB.   

Page 15: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Harness the Sophisticated Computing Harness the Sophisticated Computing Power of Statistical SoftwarePower of Statistical Software

3

XRD_CLAY / Standardized residuals

65

Pred(XRD_CLAY) / XRD_CLAY1

2

d residu

als

40

45

50

55

60

65

RD_C

LAY

‐2

‐1

0

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Stan

dardized

20

25

30

35

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65XR

‐3XRD_CLAY

Pred(XRD_CLAY)

XRD_CLAY = ‐60.48‐44.90*PHIDN+0.1973*DTC+2.655*ct_root

Omit Any Extreme Outliers from the Data Set

Page 16: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Output Output -- Multiple Linear or Nonlinear Multiple Linear or Nonlinear Regressions Regressions from a from a List List of of Possible VariablesPossible VariablesSummary of the variables selection:

f ll ' k k ' h ' 'No. of variables Variables MSE R² Adjusted R²

Mallows' Cp

Akaike's AIC

Schwarz's SBC

Amemiya's PC

1 ct_root 25.062 0.687 0.620 8.135 127.579 130.906 0.329

2 DTC / ct_root 20.847 0.747 0.691 1.911 121.330 126.321 0.280

3 PHIDN / DTC / ct_root 18.829 0.778 0.727 ‐0.344 118.261 124.915 0.258

4 PHIDN / DTC / DTS / ct_root 19.219 0.780 0.728 1.396 119.928 128.246 0.269

The best model for the selected selection criterion is displayed in blue

Predictive power of multiple variables tends to no longer improve above ~5 curves

Page 17: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Using Best Fit Solutions, Solve for All Using Best Fit Solutions, Solve for All Key VariablesKey Variablesyy

• TOC volumesRh M i i• RhoMa inorganic

• Rho organic matter (kerogen)• Porosity & fluid saturationsPorosity & fluid saturations• Mineral volumes• Permeability• Static Elastic Moduli• Gas content

Its important to recognize development of unique zonal models are often required depending on vertical heterogeneity and statistical significance of the core data from each encountered facies

Page 18: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Gas Gas Content/OGIP CalculationsContent/OGIP Calculations

• Free gas calculated from porosity ‐ Sw computationsR i T t d P G di t d B– Requires Temperature and Pressure Gradients and Bg

– Need to correct for volume occupied by adsorbed gas present under in‐situ conditions (SPE 131772)

Ad b d l l t d L i t d th• Adsorbed gas calculated Langmuir parameters and the computed TOC log trace

– We solve for VL as f (TOC)– PL also comes from Solver instead of average– Typically core analytical programs contain insufficient isotherm data– Often temperature variation with depth is ignored 

• Validate/Compare calculated total gas content results to “ground truth” canister gas empirical measurements 

Page 19: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Marcellus Core Calibrated Log Interpretation Marcellus Core Calibrated Log Interpretation Illustrating Adsorbed Gas SaturationIllustrating Adsorbed Gas Saturation

GIP = 1359.7 A h ρ Gst

• Drainage Area (A) –can be arbitrarily set to 640 acres

• Reservoir thickness (h), bulk d ( ) d ldensity (ρ), and total gas content (Gst) are all calculated from the log traces that were developed and at same resolution of the 

l d ( f ).LAS logs digits (~0.5 ft). 

• Resulting GIP estimates per depth “layer” are summed to provide accurate and high resolution estimates of GIP throughout the target formation

Page 20: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Real World Application ExampleReal World Application Example

• Client – Perpetual Energy Inc.• Target – Colorado Shale Group in Perpetual’s lease holds located in 

h lbsouthern Alberta• Scope of work

– Three locations were selected and wells were drilled. Minimum of 200 meters of core were acquired at each wellof core were acquired at each well

– A comprehensive core and gas analytical program was conducted on each well– Each well was logged with a complete modern log suite 

• Local Deterministic log modeling was done for each wellocal eterministic log modeling was done for each well• All core and log data used to calibrate each individual curve fit equation were merged and used to develop average relationships to describe behavior across the entire dataset. 

• Although there is some loss of accuracy in the property predictions within each individual well, this maximized the applicability of the final model over Perpetual’s entire lease holdings. Furthermore, we selected the most general log predictors possible in all cases to allow the modelthe most general log predictors possible in all cases to allow the model to be applied against older wells and datasets with limited logging suites.

Page 21: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

• Common Colorado Shale• Common Colorado Shale Group log model with calculated gas storage capacities

Page 22: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

• Common Colorado Shale Group log model with calculated lithologygy

Page 23: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Perpetual’sPerpetual’s Application Application of the Common Log of the Common Log Model to Field Development, Southern AlbertaModel to Field Development, Southern Alberta

• Perpetual applied the Colorado Shale Group common log model to 3610 wells, all having the required suite of logs. 

• From the resulting variable models Perpetual developed a suite of maps detailing (among other things) free GIP, adsorbed GIP, and Brittleness (derived from the mineralogical models).

• Using GIP and Brittleness maps as a guide, Perpetual designed a 4 well completion program to test the range of variables and see how the rocks responded to fracture stimulation. 

• The results of those completion tests appear to confirm the areas where higher productive capability were predicted from the common log model.

• Perpetual intends to perform a second phase of completion testing early this summer.  

Page 24: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Isopach Map Indicating High and Low Isopach Map Indicating High and Low Areas of Production Potential Areas of Production Potential

Criteria based on synergy between GIP and brittleness

Page 25: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

ConclusionsConclusions

• Log data are far more abundant than core data, and sample a g , pgreater volume of the reservoir, so accurate log models are essential for our evaluations of plays, areas, and wells

W t lib t d l t th k ( b i l )• We use cores to calibrate our models to the rock (obviously)

• If the core data are inaccurate, or the meaning of the measurement is unclear, our models will be useless and ,misleading

Page 26: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Recognition and ThanksRecognition and Thanks

I wish to recognize and express my deep gratitude to Bob Cluff from the g ff f

Discovery Group and Byron Cooper from Perpetual Energy for their f p gy f

significant contribution to the contents of this presentationf p

Page 27: The Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance … Importance and Value of OpenThe Importance and Value of Open--hole hole Geophysical Log Calibration in Non-Archie Rocks Weatherford

Thanks for Your Participation!Thanks for Your Participation!For additional information, please contact:For additional information, please contact:, p, p

Weatherford Laboratories16161 Table Mountain Parkway

Chad Hartman

Chief Technical Advisor

[email protected] Golden, Colorado 80403Dir: 720‐898‐8200Cell: 303‐519‐9918

@

Matt Bjorum

General Manager

[email protected]