the impact of intra-eu mobility on national welfare states: who ...€¦ · (ruhs and palme, 2018;...

The impact of intra-EU Mobility

on National Welfare States:

Who Receives Which Benefits ?

Presentation for

ESPAnet Conferences 2018

In Vilnius and Florence

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES

Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ?

PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI 1

I. Introduction

II. Research Design, Data & Method

III. Empirical Results

IV. Limitations & Further Research


Outline

2 Intra-EU Mobility : Who Receives Which Benefits ?

PAPER 1_PhD Candidate MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI


Introduction to the Topic

3

After the EU Eastern Enlargements and 2008 economic crisis, national

leaders campaigning against Freedom of Movement within the EU

(Mikl-Leitner, Friedrich, Teeven and May, 2013)

Possible explainations:

1. ACTORS: Populist and right-wing parties riding the wave of

welfare chauvinism to scapegoat the EU citizens for wider issues (Ferrera 2017; Geddes and Hadj-Abdou, 2016; Collier, 2014)

2. INSTITUTIONS: National institutions attract different numbers

and types of EU citizens, while offering them different opportunities (Ruhs and Palme, 2018; Afonso and Devitt, 2016)




Literature of Reference

4

Economics of Migrations Instead of FISCAL IMPACT and ‘WELFARE MAGNET’ hypothesis, focus

on the less explored stream concerning the USE OF WELFARE

(Zimmerman et al. 2012; Medgyesi and Poloskei 2013)

Different rates of receipt among EU Citizens VS Natives



Comparative Welfare Studies Cross-country analyses on BENEFICIARIES are a novel research frontier, to

be combined with SOCIAL RIGHTS and SOCIAL EXPENDITURE approaches

(Van Oorschot 2013)

Actual recipients of social benefits through Survey Data


The Research Questions and Hypotheses

5

1. Do the populations of European citizens vary across

Member States according to their characteristics?

HP1) EU citizens present substantially different demographic and

socio-economic characteristics across countries;

Descriptive analysis

2. Are EU citizens enjoying benefits in the same way of

natives in the country of destination ?

HP2) The use of welfare by European citizens is alternatively :

• Similar (same rate of receipt of natives) – Assimilation

• Different (either higher or lower) – Segregation

Probit regressions



Selection of benefits: Unemployment and Family Benefits

More likely to function as a magnet for migrants (Zimmerman et al., 2012)

Presenting higher rates of receipts among migrants (Afonso and Devitt, 2016)


Case Selection and Data



Selection of countries: 5 Main Destinations

Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS)

for Unemployment benefits (variable

„Register‟ to avoid exported benefits)

EU Statistics on Income and

Living Conditions (EU-SILC)

for Family benefits (variable „hy050g‟)

Starting point: Replication and Updating of the study for

the EU Commission by Márton Medgyesi and Péter Pölöskei


Innovations compared to Previous Literature

• All EU Member States Focus on 5 main Destinations

• All benefits 2 types of benefits: Unemployment & Family

• Data EU-SILC wave 2010-2011

both LFS & SILC wave 2015

• Novelty EU Citizens split into:

EU15 ‘Old’ Europe

EU10 (2004 Enlargement)

EU3 (2007 and 2013)



‘New’

Europe


Population in the Samples according to Origin

8

MAIN LIMITATIONS:

EU and non-EU

are grouped for

Germany, Poland

and Romania

All EU are in a

single group

in EU-SILC

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES 9

Employment Opportunities and Job Quality




EU Citizens Populations along Years of Residence



Composition

according to

the group of

EU origin:

EU15

EU3

Inverted-U shape


Assimilation Process: the welfare use by EU citizens approaches the one of natives with

Duration of Stay

Prevailing Assimilation scenario: EU citizens have a use of welfare similar to natives

12


Descriptive analysis on the only case of Segregation emerged:

13


Results and Conclusion

14

HP1) The populations of EU citizens present substantially

different characteristics across host Member States.

They are more likely :

Female, Highly Educated BUT not always younger ! (AT and HU)

At higher Risk of Unemployment everywhere (compared to natives)

X From ‘Old’ Europe in AT and DK, while ‘New’ Europe in HU and IT

X Higher % of Professionals among EU15, lower among EU10 & EU3

X Waves of Arrival vary according to countries of Origin & Destination

X HP2) The use of welfare by mobile European does not

significantly differ from the one of natives across countries.

Prevailing ASSIMILATION (or Process of) scenario




Limitations and Further Research



Not enough evidence to connect in a single narrative

(HP1) the European Citizens’ Profiles with

(HP2) their Use of Welfare in each Country

Limited data availability:

• Small Sample Size (especially among beneficiaries)

• Anonymization Procedure (country of origin, years since arrival, age)

Further Research should explore:

Migration trajectories (Specific combinations of origin & destination)

Longitudinal Dynamics (Along years of residence; Pre & Post 2008 crisis)

Role of National Institutions (Welfare regimes; Labour market features; etc.)

E-mail contact:

[email protected]

Afonso A. and Devitt C. (2016), Comparative Political Economy and International Migration, Oxford,

Socio-Economic Review, Vol. 14 N. 3, pp. 591–613

Boeri T. (2009), Immigration to the Land of Redistribution, IZA Discussion Paper n. 4273, June 2009

Borjas, G.J. (1999), Immigration and welfare magnets, Journal of Labor Economics, 17(4), 607–637

Bruzelius C., Reinprecht C. and Seeleib-Kaiser M. (2017), Stratified Social Rights Limiting EU

Citizenship, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 55 n. 6, pp. 1239-1253

Cameron D. (2013), Free movement within Europe needs to be less free. Vast migrations extract talent

from countries that need their best people, article published on „Financial Times‟, 26th November 2013

Castro-Martin T. and Cortina C. (2015), Demographic Issues of Intra-European Migration: Destination,

Family and Settlement, Springer

Cattaneo C., Fiorio C. e Peri G. (2013), Immigration and careers of European workers: effects and the

role of policies, IZA Journal of European Labour Studies Vol. 2:17 pp. 1-26

Chiswick B.R. and Liang Lee Y. (2005), A Longitudinal Analysis of Immigrant Occupational Mobility: A

Test of the Immigrant Assimilation Hypothesis, Centre for Migration Studies of New York, IMR Vol. 39(2)

pp. 332-353

Collier P. (2014), Immigration's 'dark side': a challenge for the left, Article published online on „Policy

Network‟, 5th December 2014

Dustmann C. and Frattini T. (2015), The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK, Centre for Research

and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, CDP n. 22

De Wispelaere F. and Pacolet J. (2015), Posting of Workers: The Impact of Social Security Coordination

and Income Taxation Law on Welfare States, Working Paper HIVA center at KU Leuven, November 2015


References (I)



ECAS report (2014), Fiscal Impact of EU Migrants in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and UK, Report

by the „European Citizen Action Service‟, Brussels

Esping-Andersen G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity Press

Eurobarometer (2016), Public opinion in the European Union. First results, Standard n. 85, Spring 16

Ferrera M. (2017), The Contentious Politics of Hospitality:Intra‐EU Mobility and Social Rights, European

Law Journal Online 25th May 2017

Ferrera M. (2005), The boundaries of welfare. European integration and the new spatial politics of social

protection, ed. Oxford University

Geddes A. and Hadj-Abdou L. (2016), An unstable equilibrium: Freedom of Movement and the Welfare

State in the European Union, in „Handbook on migration and social policy‟ of Freeman and Mirilovic, ed.

Edward Elgar, p. 222-238

Heindlmaier A. and Blauberger M. (2017), Enter at Your Own Risk: Free Movement of EU Citizens in

Practice, Western European Policies, ed. Routledge

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the entitlements of non-active intra-EU migrants to special non-contributory cash benefits and healthcare

granted on the basis of residence, DG EMPL via DG Justice Framework Contract, final report by ICF

GHK, Milieu Ltd

Kaczmarczyk P. and Rapoport H. (2014), Migrants Undermine Our Welfare Systems, Stereotype 4 in

Fargues P. 'Is What We Hear About Migration Really True?' Full Report, EUI Migration Policy Centre

Manafi et al. (2017), Mobility in Europe: Recent Trends from a Cluster Analysis, International Migration –

Economic Implications, Amfiteatru Economic, 19(46), pp. 711-726


References (II)



Maquet I., Maestri V. and Thévenot C. (2016), The coverage rate of income support measures in the

EU: measurement and challenges, Working Paper 2/2016 by EU Commission, DG Employment, Social

Affairs & Inclusion, ISSN: 1977-4125

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Union: Dynamic Rules, Limited Outcomes, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3123000

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welfare state: testing the ‘welfare burden’ thesis, Danish national Centre for Social Research, WP n. 6

Medgyesi M. and Poloskei P. (2013), Access of mobile EU citizens to social protection, TÁRKI Social

Research Institute, Research note n. 10 by EU Commission, Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion

May et al. (2013), Letter to the presidency of the European Council for Justice and Home Affairs, 23rd

April 2013

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Canada, European Journal of Migration and Law n. 15, p. 91–110

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Welfare Provision, Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht 2017

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References (III)



https://ssrn.com/abstract=3123000






Recchi E. (2016), Mobile Europe. The Theory and Practice of Free Movement in the EU, Palgrave

Macmillan, London ISBN 978-1-349-59147-3

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References (IV)


Research Design of PAPER 1_MARIA GIULIA MONTANARI 20

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