The human dimension of growth Dr. Ibtisam Satti Ibrahim Deputy Dean Faculty of Economic & Social Studies

“Each generation will reap what the former generation has sown” Chinese proverb

“The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: Economic efficiency, Social Justice and Individual Liberty.” John Maynard Keynes

Quotes from the 2013 Human Development Report

The Human Dimension of Growth

HDR 2013 Findings

Growth

HDI trends

Growth and Sustainable Human Development

� Growth alone does not lead to Sustainable Human development.

� What other factors are then important?

Exports do matter

But the report also found that …

a mother’s education is more important to her child’s survival than is household income or wealth.

And that … the adverse effects of environmental pressures, lack of participation and demographic challenges have the potential to shift the HDI trend to decrease globally by 8 – 12%.

Report Findings

� More than 40 developing countries have made greater human development gains in recent decades than would have been predicted.

� Achievements are largely attributable to sustained investment in education, health care and social protection, and open engagement with an increasingly interconnected world.

Report Findings

� The South faces long-term challenges shared by industrialized countries of the North.

� These require both national and global solutions if developing countries are to maintain their human development momentum.

� Well-conceived policies can sustain this human development progress in coming decades and expand its reach to still more developing countries.

Sudan | ?

Sudan |Growth Sudan: Trends in Per Capita GDP

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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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The agriculture sector employs 80% of the workforce and contribute for 39% of GDP. Export revenues of Sudan mainly come from oil (86%)

Sudan |Unemployment

Youth unemployment (15-24) stands in Sudan at 33.8%, out of which 28.6% male and 44.8 % female. From the total number of employed (52.4) 76.1% are males while 23.9 are females. The labour market thus faces the serious incidence of unemployment.

Sudan | Public Spending in Health, Education

The overall literacy rate is 53%,(Males 64%, Females 42%) Growth enrolment in 2004 was 65% In 2011 the rate is 71%. There is emphasis on academic education at the expense of technical education

Sudan |Public Spending in Health, Education

Between 2001-2009 annual real growth in public education spending was15.5. In 2011, spending on education as percentage of GDP, was less than 3.% of public spending.

Sudan |Public Spending in Health, Education � Family spending in education is 3% of its

total consumption which is a barrier to education

� and spends 15 SDGs per student while the government spends12 SDGs in school running cost per student

Sudan | Public Spending in Health Education � Enrolment increased in: � Preschool education 10% � Basic education 5% � Secondary education6% � Higher education 7% � But Disparities by region, location, gender

and income exist.

Sudan | Public Spending in Health, Education

� Challenges: � Poor school materials and structures � High dropout rate (6% per grade) � Weak learning outcome � 1 in 6 had no access to school � Low quality education

School environment

Sudan | Public Spending in Health, Health � Healthcare system is characterized by

inequality and mal-distribution of the available facilities.

� The cycle of poverty, Malnutrition and loss of productivity exposes the population and put it at risk of serious diseases.

Sudan | Public Spending in Health, Health � There is an obvious reduction in IMR

and U5M, and increase in Life expectancy at birth

� MMR declined from 1107 /100000 to 216 / 100000

� More health insurance coverage , free and equitable health care, quality service are needed specially for vulnerable groups.

Sudan |Social Protection Though Sudan established a net work of social safety nets since 1992 , Challenges experienced in the past lowered the social protection floor.

Sudan |Social Protection � Social development ranked very

low as a government priority.

� Social spending has positive effect on economic growth. Not only protective effect but also productive effect.

HDI for health is 0.414

HDI for education is

Sudan |Social Protection � Pro poor public spending of the GDP

increased from 6.21 in 2004 to 10.22 in 2009

� National pension fund(serves183,000 pensioners)increased pensions by 20 %

� Zakat chamber devoted 68.6 for poor with an increase of 12.2 from 2009

Sudan |Social Protection

� Beneficiaries number of the health insurance fund is10.7 million

� HDI value for health is 0.414 and there is a decrease in 2010/2011.

Sudan |Social Protection Though Sudan established a net work of social safety nets since 1992 , Challenges experienced in the past lowered the social protection floor.

SO…. � Improving social justice

requires spending on social services including health and education

investments in social services

Social protection

youth employment

Economic growth

Absence of development

Social responsibility Human Development

problem process Goal

May I leave you with some questions?

� Are agricultural exports the answer to growth?

� Can Sudan afford more investments in health, education and social protection?

� What is the role of the private sector, of the government, and of international partners?

� How can we successfully tackle youth unemployment in Sudan?

� Can Sudan grow in a socially responsible way?

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