the human body: an orientation. physiology/intro%20to%20anatomy% 20and%20physiology/theamazinghu...

The Human Body: An The Human Body: An OrientationOrientation

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AnatomyAnatomy The study of the The study of the structuresstructures or or parts of the body. parts of the body.

PhysiologyPhysiology The study of the The study of the functionfunction of the of the body. (How the parts work.)body. (How the parts work.)

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy– Large

structures– Easily

observable

Anatomy – Levels of Anatomy – Levels of StudyStudy

Microscopic Anatomy– Very small

structures– Viewed with

a microscope

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization AtomsAtoms form form moleculesmolecules MoleculesMolecules form form cellscells (the smallest (the smallest

units of living things)units of living things) A A tissue tissue consists of consists of cellscells working working

together to perform a together to perform a common common functionfunction

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization AnAn organ organ consists of 2 or more consists of 2 or more tissuestissues

working togetherworking together An An organ systemorgan system is a group of is a group of organsorgans

working together working together An An organismorganism consists consists ofof organ systems organ systems

working togetherworking together

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Integumentary Integumentary SystemSystem

Forms the Forms the external external body coveringbody covering and and protects the protects the internal organs internal organs from infection.from infection.

Includes Includes skin, hair skin, hair and nailsand nails. .


Skeletal Skeletal SystemSystem

Functions in Functions in Movement and Movement and SupportSupport

Includes Includes bones, bones, cartilage, cartilage, ligamentsligaments


Muscular SystemMuscular System Functions in Functions in

movementmovement of the of the body and through the body and through the bodybody

Includes Includes three typesthree types of of musclesmuscles

Skeletal, cardiac and Skeletal, cardiac and smooth (visceral)smooth (visceral)


Nervous Nervous SystemSystem

Fast acting Fast acting control systemcontrol system

Also functions in Also functions in communicationcommunication

Includes Includes brain, brain, spinal cord and spinal cord and nervesnerves


Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem

Slower acting Slower acting control systemcontrol system of of the bodythe body

GlandsGlands secrete secrete hormoneshormones to to regulate the bodyregulate the body


Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Transports Transports materials materials through through the body via the the body via the bloodstreambloodstream

Includes Includes heart and heart and blood vesselsblood vessels


Lymphatic System– Returns tissue

fluid to blood vessels

– Important in immunity


Respiratory System– Supplies

oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

– Includes lungs, trachea, etc.


Digestive System– Digestion of food

for absorption of nutrients

– Includes stomach, intestines, etc


Urinary System– Filters toxins

from the blood

– Includes kidneys, bladder, etc.

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems Reproductiv

e Systems– Produces

offspring– Includes

male and female genitalia

Necessary Life Necessary Life FunctionsFunctions

1.1. Maintaining boundaries between Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environmentsinternal and external environments

– Plasma membranes Plasma membranes – SkinSkin

2.2. Movement (contractility)Movement (contractility)– Of body parts (skeletal muscle)Of body parts (skeletal muscle)– Of substances (cardiac and smooth Of substances (cardiac and smooth

muscle)muscle)


3.3. Responsiveness: The ability to Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimulisense and respond to stimuli

– Withdrawal reflex Withdrawal reflex – Control of breathing rateControl of breathing rate

4.4. DigestionDigestion– Breakdown of ingested foodstuffsBreakdown of ingested foodstuffs– Absorption of simple molecules into Absorption of simple molecules into

bloodblood


5.5. Metabolism: All chemical Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cellsreactions that occur in body cells

– Catabolism and anabolismCatabolism and anabolism

6.6. Excretion: The removal of Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and wastes from metabolism and digestiondigestion

– Urea, carbon dioxide, fecesUrea, carbon dioxide, feces


7.7. Reproduction Reproduction – Cellular division for growth or repairCellular division for growth or repair– Production of offspringProduction of offspring

8.8. Growth: Increase in size of a Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organismbody part or of organism

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

1.1. NutrientsNutrients– Chemicals for energy and cell Chemicals for energy and cell

building building – Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, Carbohydrates, fats, proteins,

minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins

2.2. OxygenOxygen– Essential for energy release (ATP Essential for energy release (ATP

production)production)

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

3.3. WaterWater– Most abundant chemical in the bodyMost abundant chemical in the body– Site of chemical reactionsSite of chemical reactions

4.4. Normal body temperatureNormal body temperature– Affects rate of chemical reactions Affects rate of chemical reactions

5.5. Appropriate atmospheric pressureAppropriate atmospheric pressure– For adequate breathing and gas For adequate breathing and gas

exchange in the lungsexchange in the lungs

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment – Temperature, fluid levels, pH, etc.

Must be maintained for normal functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance – can result in disease or death

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through nervous and endocrine systems consisting of 3 basic components1) Receptor

Detects a stimulus

2) Control centerAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate response

3) Effector (Muscles or glands)Responds to the stimulus

Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body– Production of energy– Making body structures

Maintaining Homeostasis

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback– Includes most homeostatic

control mechanisms– The response shuts itself off

when it reaches the setpoint. – Example: Household thermostat

Figure 1.5

Sweat glands activated

Shiveringbegins

StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE

Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter

Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter

Afferentpathway

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

Efferentpathway

Information sentalong the efferentpathway toeffectors

Information sentalong the efferentpathway to effectors

StimulusBody temperature falls

ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain

ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain

EffectorsSweat glands

EffectorsSkeletal muscles

Control Center(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

Control Center(thermoregulatory

center in brain)

ResponseEvaporation of sweatBody temperature falls;stimulus ends

ResponseBody temperature rises;stimulus ends

Negative Feedback: Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Regulation of Blood Volume by ADHVolume by ADH Receptors sense decreased blood Receptors sense decreased blood

volumevolume Control center in hypothalamus Control center in hypothalamus

stimulates pituitary gland to release stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the bloodto return more water to the blood

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback– Increases the intensity of the

original stimulus until ultimate goal is reached

– In the body, this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.

Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.

Positivefeedbackloop

Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.

Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.

Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.

Platelet plugforms.

1

23

4

Figure 1.6



1

Figure 1.6, step 1




1

2

Figure 1.6, step 2






1

23

Figure 1.6, step 3

Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.






Platelet plugforms.

1

23

4

Figure 1.6, step 4

Body MembranesBody Membranes

The organs within the cavities are The organs within the cavities are surrounded by a type of two surrounded by a type of two layered membrane called the layered membrane called the SEROUS MEMBRANE SEROUS MEMBRANE

The outer layer of each The outer layer of each membrane is called the membrane is called the PARIETALPARIETAL layer and forms a "lining" against layer and forms a "lining" against the inner wall of each cavitythe inner wall of each cavity

The inner layer of each membrane The inner layer of each membrane covers the surface of each organ covers the surface of each organ and is called the and is called the VISCERALVISCERAL layer layer

Membranes:Membranes: 1. 1. PleuraPleura (or pleural membrane) - (or pleural membrane) -

surrounds the surrounds the lungslungs--outer layer = parietal pleura--outer layer = parietal pleura--inner layer = visceral pleura--inner layer = visceral pleura

2. 2. PericardiumPericardium (or pericardial (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the membrane) - surrounds the heartheart--outer layer = parietal --outer layer = parietal pericardiumpericardium--inner layer = visceral --inner layer = visceral pericardiumpericardium

3.3. Peritoneum Peritoneum (or peritoneal (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds all the membrane) - surrounds all the organsorgans within the within the abdominopelvic abdominopelvic cavitycavity--outer layer = parietal peritoneum--outer layer = parietal peritoneum--inner layer = visceral peritoneum--inner layer = visceral peritoneum

Between the layers of each Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called which is called SEROUS FLUIDSEROUS FLUID

the human body: an orientation. physiology/intro%20to%20anatomy% 20and%20physiology/theamazinghu...

Documents

external body

body cellscatabolism

human body

togetheran organ system

internal organs

blood vesselsimportant

parts work

control systemalso functions