The history of the United The history of the United States 1877-1945States 1877-1945

Lecture 1András Tarnóc PhD

The rise of Modern AmericaThe rise of Modern America

Reconstruction 1865-77What to do with the seceded states?What to do with the freed slaves?Presidential Reconstruction v.

Congressional Reconstruction

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Punish the South for secessionState suicide theory-conquered territoriesIronclad oathStrong protection for black civil rights

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

More lenient attitude toward the South„With malice toward none: with charity for

all”States did not secede, were misled10 percent governments Re-admission into the Union

African-AmericansAfrican-Americans

1865: Freedmen’s BureauThirteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment: citizenship, equal

protection of lawsFifteenth Amendment: black men receive

the right to vote

Evaluation of the ReconstructionEvaluation of the Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction is victoriousAndrew Johnson: a weaker President,

problems with Congress, impeachmentCompromise of 1877Unfinished Revolution (Eric Foner)

The New SouthThe New South

Freedom from paralyzing nostalgiaCreating a new region and new society

with small farms, successful industries, and busy cities

Spokesman: Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution

The New South CreedThe New South Creed

“The Old South rested on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The New South presents a perfect democracy […] a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace―a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age”

The promotion of industryThe promotion of industry

Textile industryTobacco Industry Washington DukeLumbering, wood industry Georgia pinesHydro-electric powerPetroleum industry

Agriculture in the SouthAgriculture in the South

Under developed areaMain crops, tobacco, cotton, sugar remainAbsentee landownershipTenant farmingShare croppingCycle of poverty

The Bourbon SouthThe Bourbon South

Insistence on old waysBlack Codes limiting former slaves’

freedomThe formation of the Ku Klux KlanPoll tax, literacy or understanding testsGrandfather clause

SegregationSegregation

A legally justified separation of the racesPlessy v. Ferguson 1896 „Separate but

equal”Jim Crow lawsPsychological, social, economic crisisPaul Lawrence Dunbar: „caged bird”

syndrome

Directions for the Black Directions for the Black communitycommunity

Booker T. WashingtonAccommodationist, slave mother, white

fatherUp from SlaveryBlack should not antagonize whites, “cast

down your bucket where you are[…]cast it down in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service and in the professions”

Directions for the Black Directions for the Black communitycommunity

W. E. B. DuboisFree parentsInsistence on higher educationTalented Tenth

The New WestThe New West

The Great American Desert is convertedNatural resources: gold in California, silver

in Nevada, copper in Arizona1849 California Gold Rush, gold found at

Sutter’s Mill, near the American RiverThe organization of the territories into

states 1864-1912 the continental forty eight states are completed

The Indian WarsThe Indian Wars

1830 Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal Act1831 Domestic dependent nation1838 Trail of Tears1864 Sand Creek Massacre1867 Medicine Lodge ConferenceKiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne

accept lands in Western OklahomaSioux in Black Hills of the Dakota territory1876: Custer’s Last Stand, the battle of Little

Big Horn

Efforts to deal with the IndiansEfforts to deal with the Indians

1887 Dawes Severalty Actintroduces individual landownership Christianitytribal self-government Indian society in crisis, “the vanishing

American”