the gut microbiome and inflammation · 2018. 10. 8. · valdes et al., 2018. composition and...
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TheGutMicrobiomeandInflammation
Kanneboyina Nagaraju, DVM, PhDProfessor and Founding Chair
Department of Pharmaceutical sciencesSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Binghamton University,State University of New York
Binghamton, NY, USA
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What is the Microbiome
• Collective genomes of microbial flora harbored by humans
• Microfloraisthecommunityofmicroorganisms,includingalgae,fungi,andbacteriathatliveinoronanotherlivingorganismorinaparticularhabitat
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• Theratiooftheamountofmicrobestocellsinourbodiesis10:1• MostidentifiedDNAsequencesfloatinginourbloodplasmabelongtoviruses• Wearemorethemthanweareus
http://linxc10.wixsite.com/microbes/the-microbiome
TheMicrobiome
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Depictionofthehumanbodyandbacteriathatpredominate
GriceandSerge2011
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GriceandSerge2011
SkinhistologywithmicroorganismsEcosystem:
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Functio
nsofm
icrobiota
YoungVB2017
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PrebioticNutrientsthatfavorthegrowthandpredominanceofbeneficialmicrobesandtheirinherentfunctions.Mostofthesehavebeencarbohydratesthatcannotbebrokendownbythehumandigestivemachinerybutaremetabolizedbyspecificmembersofthemicrobiota
ProbioticCommonlydefinedas“livemicro-organismswhich,whenadministeredinadequateamounts,conferahealthbenefitonthehost.”Inthepast,thesewereoftenorganismsthatwerefirstrecognizedinfermentedfoodproducts.Currently,thereisinterestinidentifyingpotentialprobioticsthataremembersofthemicrobiotaofhealthypeople
YoungVB2017
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Alldiseasesbegininthegut
HippocratesTheFatherofWesternMedicine
460BC-370BC
Thebacterialcellsharboredwithinthehumangastrointestinaltract(GIT)outnumberthehost’scellsbyafactorof10andthegenesencodedbythebacteriaresidentwithintheGIToutnumbertheirhost’sgenesbymorethan100times.
Approximately100trillionmicro-organismsinthegut
BullandPlummer2014
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Roleofthe
gutm
icrobiotainhealth
and
dise
ase
Valdesetal.,2018
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Compositionandluminalnumbersofdominantmicrobialspeciesinthehumangastrointestinaltract.
SartorandMazmanian 2012
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• Lowerbacterialdiversityhasbeenreproduciblyobservedinpeoplewithinflammatoryboweldisease, psoriaticarthritis, type1diabetes, atopiceczema, coeliacdisease, obesity,type2diabetes, andarterialstiffness, thaninhealthycontrols.
• Germ-free mice that receive faecal microbes from obese humans gain more weight than mice that receive microbes from healthy weight humans
Thegutmicrobiotaanddiseases
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IBD:UlcerativeColitisandCrohn’sdiseaseColitisisreducedorabsentingermfreeanimalsandthosetreatedwithantibiotics
Moreinflammation
MorediseaseactivityShiftincomposition-perpetuationofthedisease
Shortchainfattyacids
Inflammation
Clementeetal.,2018
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Arthritisisreducedorabsentingermfreeanimals
Clementeetal.,2018
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Valdesetal.,2018
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Valdesetal.,2018
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Valdesetal.,2018
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Valdesetal.,2018
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Valdesetal.,2018
Consensusanduncertainties
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Potentialstrategiesfortherapeuticmicrobiomemanipulation
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Clementeetal.,2018