The Growth of CivilizationsThe Growth of Civilizations

c. 2000 B.C. – A.D. 476c. 2000 B.C. – A.D. 476

GreeceGreecewww.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jspwww.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jsp

GeographicallyGeographically Southern part of the Southern part of the

Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula Key geographical Key geographical

feature …feature …

Aegean SeaAegean Seawww.hfac.uh.edu/ mcl/classics/greec.jpgwww.hfac.uh.edu/ mcl/classics/greec.jpg

Most jobs of Greek Most jobs of Greek civilization were sea civilization were sea based based – TradersTraders– FishermenFishermen

Early Greek PeoplesEarly Greek Peoples

MinoansMinoanswww.cretashop.gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan%20fresco.gifwww.cretashop.gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan%20fresco.gif

Located on island of Located on island of CreteCrete

Economy – tradeEconomy – trade Volcano 1628 – Volcano 1628 –

empire starts to empire starts to declinedecline

Defeated by the Defeated by the MycenaeansMycenaeans

Map of Ancient Greece

This map shows the Greek settlements c550 BC

MycenaeansMycenaeanswww.wsu.edu:8080/.../ MODULES/MINOA/TITLE2.GIFwww.wsu.edu:8080/.../ MODULES/MINOA/TITLE2.GIF

Located on Greek Located on Greek mainlandmainland

Controlled Greece Controlled Greece from 1600-1200 B.C.from 1600-1200 B.C.

Greek City-StatesGreek City-States

Polis – A Greek city-state Polis – A Greek city-state

Characteristics of city-statesCharacteristics of city-states

Small (in terms of land)Small (in terms of land) Populations of < 10,000Populations of < 10,000 Forts built on hills of cities (Acropolis)Forts built on hills of cities (Acropolis) Agora= Market Agora= Market Politically independentPolitically independent Greek speakingGreek speaking Saw non-Greeks as barbariansSaw non-Greeks as barbarians

Religious LifeReligious Life

Religion was used to explain natureReligion was used to explain nature Used to explain why emotions caused Used to explain why emotions caused

people to lose controlpeople to lose control Explains the unexplainableExplains the unexplainable Gods have human qualitiesGods have human qualities Benefits:Long life / Good afterlife experienceBenefits:Long life / Good afterlife experience

– Good Fortune Good Fortune – Good harvestsGood harvests

Greek GodsGreek Gods

ZeusZeuswww.madisonastro.org/ astrophotos/play/zeus.gifwww.madisonastro.org/ astrophotos/play/zeus.gif

Chief GodChief God Lived on Mount Lived on Mount

OlympusOlympus

ApolloApollowww.students.sbc.edu/.../ apollo%20belvedere.jpgwww.students.sbc.edu/.../ apollo%20belvedere.jpg

Son of ZeusSon of Zeus God of LightGod of Light

AthenaAthenaweb.mit.edu/.../www/ Europe2002/080402/Athena.JPGweb.mit.edu/.../www/ Europe2002/080402/Athena.JPG

Daughter of ZeusDaughter of Zeus Protector of AthensProtector of Athens Goddess of Wisdom Goddess of Wisdom

and Womanly and Womanly GoodnessGoodness

DionysusDionysusbrainstorm-services.com/ wcu-lit/oedipus-stept...brainstorm-services.com/ wcu-lit/oedipus-stept...

God of fertility and God of fertility and winewine

HermesHermeswww.watson.org/~leigh/hermes.jpgwww.watson.org/~leigh/hermes.jpg

Messenger of the Messenger of the GodsGods

Also the god of Also the god of thieves, travelers, thieves, travelers, shepherds, and shepherds, and merchantsmerchants

AresAreswww.eduteka.org/proyectos/psique/images/ares.jpgwww.eduteka.org/proyectos/psique/images/ares.jpg

God of WarGod of War

www.angelfire.com/.../ familytree.html

Greek God Family Tree

Governing City-StatesGoverning City-States

Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop fortressesfortresses

Needed wealthy nobles because they had money Needed wealthy nobles because they had money to buy chariots, horses,and weapons to fightto buy chariots, horses,and weapons to fight

Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class) was Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class) was born born

Sparta vs. AthensSparta vs. AthensSpartaSparta

Located on PeloponnesusLocated on Peloponnesus MilitaristicMilitaristic

– Whole life built around itWhole life built around it Class systemClass system

– Equals – decended from Equals – decended from invaders – rulersinvaders – rulers

– Half-CitizensHalf-Citizens– Helots - slavesHelots - slaves

Ruled by two kings/Council Ruled by two kings/Council of Eldersof Elders

Boys and Girls attend Boys and Girls attend schoolschool

AthensAthens Located on the Attic Located on the Attic

PeninsulaPeninsula Mostly sea tradersMostly sea traders SocietySociety

– Citizens – All Athenian born Citizens – All Athenian born men, only male educationmen, only male education

– Metics – born outside – paid Metics – born outside – paid taxes – but could not taxes – but could not participate in gov’t or own participate in gov’t or own landland

– SlavesSlaves Early governmentEarly government

– Governed by nine archonsGoverned by nine archons

The Four Founding DictatorsThe Four Founding Dictators

DracoDracowww.auburn.edu/~downejm/ sp/alpcontents.htmlwww.auburn.edu/~downejm/ sp/alpcontents.html

Believed to have Believed to have created Athen’s first created Athen’s first code of lawcode of law

Law harsh and severeLaw harsh and severe Any laws now Any laws now

considered harsh considered harsh today are referred to today are referred to as “Draconian”as “Draconian”

SolonSolonwww.nimispauci.com/ Laerce/SeptSages/Solon.jpgwww.nimispauci.com/ Laerce/SeptSages/Solon.jpg

Erased debt of poorErased debt of poor Settled disputes Settled disputes

between rich and poorbetween rich and poor Outlawed slavery for Outlawed slavery for

debtdebt

PeisistratusPeisistratuswww.learnline.de/angebote/ realideal/apotheose...www.learnline.de/angebote/ realideal/apotheose...

Ruled Athens as tyrant Ruled Athens as tyrant with support of lower with support of lower classesclasses

Economy improvedEconomy improved

CleisthenesCleistheneswww.pbs.org/.../characters/ cleisthenes_p8.htmlwww.pbs.org/.../characters/ cleisthenes_p8.html

Began democracy in Began democracy in AthensAthens– Divided Athens’ citizens Divided Athens’ citizens

into 10 tribes they into 10 tribes they chose 50 chose 50 representatives -> representatives -> formed Council of Five formed Council of Five HundredHundred

Greek ExpansionGreek Expansion

Persian WarsPersian Wars

500-479 B.C.500-479 B.C.

Trouble begins in…Trouble begins in…ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/ ~perlman/myth/lecture15.htmlccwf.cc.utexas.edu/ ~perlman/myth/lecture15.html

Ionia, a Greek ColonyIonia, a Greek Colony Conquered by Conquered by

PersiansPersians Ionian (Greek citizens Ionian (Greek citizens

in Asia Minor) rebel in Asia Minor) rebel against Persian rule.against Persian rule.

Rebellion crushed – Rebellion crushed – but….but….

DariusDariushome.att.net/ ~tabriz/newpage1.htmhome.att.net/ ~tabriz/newpage1.htm

Wanted to punish Wanted to punish Athens for the Athens for the rebellionrebellion

Invade GreeceInvade Greece 11stst major battle… major battle…

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon

490 B.C.490 B.C. Major upset – Major upset –

Athenians although Athenians although outnumbered winoutnumbered win

PhalanxPhalanx Role of PheidippidesRole of Pheidippides

Second InvasionSecond Invasionwww.2frompars.com/ Xerxes%20(Khashayar%20Shah).htmwww.2frompars.com/ Xerxes%20(Khashayar%20Shah).htm

480 B.C.480 B.C. This one led by This one led by

Xerxes, son of DariusXerxes, son of Darius Two major battlesTwo major battles

– Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylae– Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis

Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylaewww.barca.fsnet.co.uk/ punic2-after-greece.htmwww.barca.fsnet.co.uk/ punic2-after-greece.htm

Land battle which Land battle which united all Greeksunited all Greeks

Persians attack Persians attack through narrow through narrow mountain pass- mountain pass- eventually find way eventually find way around around

300 Spartan soldiers 300 Spartan soldiers killed while Athenians killed while Athenians returned home to save returned home to save AthensAthens

joseph_pod.com/.../ id28.html

Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamiswww.livius.org/he-hg/ herodotus/logos8_24.htmlwww.livius.org/he-hg/ herodotus/logos8_24.html

Naval Battle of coast Naval Battle of coast of the island of of the island of SalamisSalamis

Athens won because Athens won because their smaller ships their smaller ships were more mobile than were more mobile than the larger Persian the larger Persian shipsships

Major victory for Major victory for AthensAthens

Effects of the Persian WarsEffects of the Persian Wars

Persia weakens – no longer the power of Persia weakens – no longer the power of the areathe area

Athenian power increases – leader of the Athenian power increases – leader of the new Delian League (league of independent new Delian League (league of independent Greek city-states) purpose was the Greek city-states) purpose was the protection of each of the city-statesprotection of each of the city-states

Athens got rich – from Delian League Athens got rich – from Delian League moniesmonies

Delian LeagueDelian League

This Organization was formed by Athens to This Organization was formed by Athens to Rule over other City StatesRule over other City States

Members had to pool their money in Members had to pool their money in Athenian banksAthenian banks

Members relied on Athenian Military Members relied on Athenian Military defensedefense

Members had to use Athenian lawsMembers had to use Athenian laws

Age of PericlesAge of Pericles24.24.31.212/literature/ POL-HS-Pericles.htm24.24.31.212/literature/ POL-HS-Pericles.htm

11stst citizen of Greece – citizen of Greece – worldworld

Began massive building Began massive building projectsprojects– ParthenonParthenon

Took democracy to a new Took democracy to a new levellevel

Used Delian League Used Delian League money for building projectsmoney for building projects

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War

Sparta vs. AthensSparta vs. Athens

431 B.C. – 404 B.C.431 B.C. – 404 B.C.

StrengthsStrengths

SpartaSparta Had greatest army in Had greatest army in

GreeceGreece Had won over allies Had won over allies

opposed to Athenian opposed to Athenian Delian LeagueDelian League

AthensAthens Had the strongest Had the strongest

navy in Greecenavy in Greece Had allies through Had allies through

Delian LeagueDelian League Had Allies through fearHad Allies through fear

of Sparta.of Sparta.

Purpose of WarPurpose of War

The Peloponnesus (Sparta) and Athens were The Peloponnesus (Sparta) and Athens were both full of young men whose inexperience both full of young men whose inexperience

made them eager to take up arms.made them eager to take up arms.

ThucydidesThucydides

Early Years of WarEarly Years of War

Sparta begins invasion of Attica PeninsulaSparta begins invasion of Attica Peninsula Athenians withdraw behind walls of cityAthenians withdraw behind walls of city Most cities would be besieged – but not Most cities would be besieged – but not

AthensAthens– Great NavyGreat Navy– Long WallsLong Walls

Athens is decimated by a plague – killing Athens is decimated by a plague – killing thousands including Periclesthousands including Pericles

Athens begins to fallAthens begins to fall

Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) – driven Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) – driven back – begins downward spiral of Athensback – begins downward spiral of Athens

Aristocracy overthrown – democracy Aristocracy overthrown – democracy restored – government weakenedrestored – government weakened

Eventually food supply cut off – Athens Eventually food supply cut off – Athens forced to surrender in 404 B.C.forced to surrender in 404 B.C.

Effects of the Peloponnesian WarsEffects of the Peloponnesian Wars

Greece becomes politically unstableGreece becomes politically unstable Athens becomes second class cityAthens becomes second class city Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to

unite Greeceunite Greece

Will eventually be united by an outside Will eventually be united by an outside powerpower

Greece’s Golden AgeGreece’s Golden Age

The ArtsThe Arts

ArchitectureArchitecture

Showed the love of beauty in the buildingsShowed the love of beauty in the buildings– TemplesTemples– gymnasiumsgymnasiums– TheatresTheatres

Types of architecture are still used todayTypes of architecture are still used today

Examples….Examples….

Theatre in Athenswww.spudles.com/travels/ Europe2002Pics/Athens...

PaintingPainting

Most original artwork has been lost or Most original artwork has been lost or destroyeddestroyed

Pottery was two toned using a combination Pottery was two toned using a combination of black, ochre (red), yellow, or orange.of black, ochre (red), yellow, or orange.

Pottery and paintings recorded events, Pottery and paintings recorded events, scenes of life, or mythology.scenes of life, or mythology.

SculptureSculpture

Greatest sculptors= beauty of body-nudes, Greatest sculptors= beauty of body-nudes, mythologymythology– Myron Myron

The Discus ThrowerThe Discus Thrower

– PhidiasPhidias ZeusZeus

– PraxitelesPraxiteles Showed Greek love for the human bodyShowed Greek love for the human body

Greek IdealsGreek Ideals

Expressed in Art in four ways:Expressed in Art in four ways:

1.1. Greek art glorified human beingsGreek art glorified human beings

2.2. Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride in their city-statesin their city-states

3.3. Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, order, and moderationorder, and moderation

4.4. Expressed the Greek belief in combining Expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and usefulnessbeauty and usefulness

Greek PhilosophersGreek Philosophers

Lovers of WisdomLovers of Wisdom

SocratesSocrateslilt.ilstu.edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socrates.jpglilt.ilstu.edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socrates.jpg

Fell victim of frustrations Fell victim of frustrations of Athens’ loss in the of Athens’ loss in the Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War

Forced to drink hemlock Forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting the minds for “corrupting the minds of youth”of youth”

Best known for Socratic Best known for Socratic Method= teach by Method= teach by asking questionsasking questions

PlatoPlatowww.uh.edu/~cfreelan/courses/Plato.JPEGwww.uh.edu/~cfreelan/courses/Plato.JPEG

Began school called the Began school called the Academy – continues for Academy – continues for 900 years900 years

Believed in an Believed in an aristocracyaristocracy

Student of Socrates but Student of Socrates but disagreed with his disagreed with his teachingsteachings

AristotleAristotlewww.hao.ucar.edu/.../ sp/images/aristotle.htmlwww.hao.ucar.edu/.../ sp/images/aristotle.html

Student of PlatoStudent of Plato Based everything on Based everything on

logical thought and logical thought and processesprocesses

Emphasized science Emphasized science and natureand nature

MathematicsMathematics

PythagorasPythagoraswww.uncletaz.com/norsktaz/pythagoras.jpgwww.uncletaz.com/norsktaz/pythagoras.jpg

Came up with the Came up with the Pythagorean TheoryPythagorean Theory

A2 + B2 = C2A2 + B2 = C2

EuclidEuclid

Father of GeometryFather of Geometry

MedicineMedicine

HippocratesHippocrateshistorical-studies.ncl.ac.uk/images/aux_images/hippocrates.jpghistorical-studies.ncl.ac.uk/images/aux_images/hippocrates.jpg

Father of MedicineFather of Medicine Hippocratic OathHippocratic Oath

HistoryHistory

HerodotusHerodotuswww.losttrails.com/media/Herodotus/athens35-30b.jpgwww.losttrails.com/media/Herodotus/athens35-30b.jpg

First known historianFirst known historian Used stories handed Used stories handed

down through timedown through time

ThucydidesThucydideswww.livius.org/a/1/greeks/thucydides.jpgwww.livius.org/a/1/greeks/thucydides.jpg

Historian whose Historian whose greatest works surround greatest works surround the Peloponnesian Warthe Peloponnesian War

Differed from Herodotus Differed from Herodotus by using primary by using primary sources and recording sources and recording stories from veterans of stories from veterans of the warthe war

DramaDrama

Tragedies --dayTragedies --day

Comedies– nightComedies– night

Entertainment and worshipEntertainment and worship

Macedonian Conquests of Macedonian Conquests of GreeceGreece

Phillip II of MacedonPhillip II of Macedonetc.usf.edu/clipart/1200/1254/philip2_1_lg.gifetc.usf.edu/clipart/1200/1254/philip2_1_lg.gif

Called on by Isocrates Called on by Isocrates (Greek Philosopher) to (Greek Philosopher) to invade Greece for the invade Greece for the purposes of unificationpurposes of unification

Became Macedonian Became Macedonian king in 359 B.C.king in 359 B.C.

Builds great armyBuilds great army– New phalanxNew phalanx

Begins take over of Begins take over of GreeceGreece

Downfall of Phillip IIDownfall of Phillip II

337 B.C. Phil divorces wife and mother of 337 B.C. Phil divorces wife and mother of

Alexander and marries daughterAlexander and marries daughter

of high ranking noble who has of high ranking noble who has

son to challenge Alexander’s right son to challenge Alexander’s right

to throneto throne Former guardsman, Pausanias stabs PhillipFormer guardsman, Pausanias stabs Phillip Alexander takes the throneAlexander takes the throne

Alexander the Great and his Alexander the Great and his horse Beusephalishorse Beusephalismurugan.org/research/alexander-m.jpgmurugan.org/research/alexander-m.jpg

Builds great empireBuilds great empire– South to Egypt and east to South to Egypt and east to

IndiaIndia

Spreads Hellenistic cultureSpreads Hellenistic culture– Combination of Greek and Combination of Greek and

eastern customseastern customs

Dies in 328 B.C. after Dies in 328 B.C. after ruling only 12 years and 8 ruling only 12 years and 8 monthsmonths

Empire begins to Empire begins to dismantledismantle

Alexander’s EmpireAlexander’s Empire

www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/maps/Image1b.gif

Hellenistic AchievementsHellenistic Achievements

ArchitectureArchitectureAlexanderia, EgyptAlexanderia, Egypt

www.touregypt.net/village/alex3.jpg

Astronomy and GeographyAstronomy and Geography