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The Greek Way The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Humanism and the Western Tradition Tradition

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Page 1: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

The Greek WayThe Greek Way

Humanism and the Humanism and the Western TraditionWestern Tradition

Page 2: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

I. Tale of Two WarsI. Tale of Two Wars

Myth, History and the Greek MindMyth, History and the Greek Mind

Page 3: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. The Anger of AchillesA. The Anger of Achilles

Achaeans (Greeks)Achaeans (Greeks)

Page 4: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

B. Nike! B. Nike!

Page 5: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Heroes and HistoryHeroes and History

Archaic PeriodArchaic Period

- “heroic individualism”- “heroic individualism”

- acceptance of Fate- acceptance of Fate

The IliadThe Iliad & & The OdysseyThe Odyssey HomerHomer

ca. 800-700 BCEca. 800-700 BCE

Page 6: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Marathon, 490 BCE Marathon, 490 BCE v. Darius Iv. Darius I

Thermopylae, 480 BCE Thermopylae, 480 BCE v. Xerxesv. Xerxes

Salamis, 480 BCESalamis, 480 BCE

Platea, 479 BCEPlatea, 479 BCE

Page 7: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Herodotus the “Father of Herodotus the “Father of History”History”- continuity- continuity- freedom- freedom- interest in other cultures- interest in other cultures- hubris- hubris

History without mythHistory without myth- human actors, motivations- human actors, motivations

Page 8: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

The Lust for LifeThe Lust for Life

Odysseus and AchillesOdysseus and Achilles

I would rather be a paid servant in a poor I would rather be a paid servant in a poor man's house and be above ground man's house and be above ground than king of kings among the dead.than king of kings among the dead.

Humanism Humanism

Page 9: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

II. EpochsII. Epochs

Bronze Age pre 1200 BCEBronze Age pre 1200 BCE

MycenaeansMycenaeans

Minoans Minoans

Page 10: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Greek Dark Ages Greek Dark Ages 1200-800 BCE1200-800 BCE

Page 11: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. Archaic Environment A. Archaic Environment & Culture& Culture

Crossroads of civilizationCrossroads of civilization

Necessity and inventionNecessity and invention

Page 12: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Ionian philosophyIonian philosophy

1.1. RationalismRationalism

- nature composed of elements- nature composed of elements

- universe was not random (laws)- universe was not random (laws)

- gods in-active- gods in-active

Page 13: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Thales of Miletus 2. Thales of Miletus ca. 600 BCEca. 600 BCE

Change v. permanenceChange v. permanence

materialismmaterialism

Page 14: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

The PolisThe Polis

- abstract; artificial- abstract; artificial

““The state…aims at the highest good.”The state…aims at the highest good.”- Aristotle- Aristotle

Page 15: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Hoplite CultureHoplite Culture

1. Citizen-soldiers1. Citizen-soldiers

phalanxphalanx

EnfranchisementEnfranchisement

EgalitarianEgalitarian

PatrioticPatriotic

PatriarchalPatriarchal

Athenian Athenian hoplitehoplite

Page 16: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

TyrannyTyranny

- anti-king, law-givers- anti-king, law-givers

- merit v. heredity- merit v. heredity

Page 17: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Cultural lifeCultural lifeCentrality of human existence to artsCentrality of human existence to arts

Discobulus Discobulus by Myronby Myron 400s BCE 400s BCE

Page 18: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

II. Hellenic PowersII. Hellenic Powers

Sparta and AthensSparta and Athens

Page 19: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. SpartaA. Sparta

1.1. Conquest, class and conflictConquest, class and conflict 600s BCE600s BCE

helotshelots

Page 20: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Reforms of Lycurgus 2. Reforms of Lycurgus ca. 600 BCEca. 600 BCE

““eunomia”eunomia”

- state support- state supportkleroskleros

Page 21: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

3. Service to the state3. Service to the state- - mentorsmentors

Delayed citizenshipDelayed citizenship

XenophobiaXenophobia

4. “Liberated” women4. “Liberated” women

Page 22: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

C. AthensC. Athens

Page 23: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

1. Draco1. Draco 620 BCE620 BCE

- written codes- written codes

2. Along came Solon2. Along came Solon 594 BCE594 BCE

wealth corrupted menwealth corrupted men

Militarism cowed menMilitarism cowed men

Economic reformsEconomic reforms

Page 24: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

3. Cleisthenes3. Cleisthenes 508 BCE508 BCE

- political reform- political reform

- - demosdemos → → “the people”“the people”

Page 25: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

III. The Hellenic III. The Hellenic AchievementAchievement

Classical Age, 500-323 Classical Age, 500-323 BCEBCE

Page 26: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. The Persian WarsA. The Persian Wars

1.1. Miletan Revolt Miletan Revolt 499 BCE499 BCE

[ Cyrus the Great[ Cyrus the Great d. 530 BCE]d. 530 BCE]

- Darius I d. 485- Darius I d. 485

Page 27: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Battle of Marathon 2. Battle of Marathon 490 BCE490 BCE

Page 28: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

3. Greek unity3. Greek unity

- Thermopylae 480 BCE- Thermopylae 480 BCELeonidasLeonidas

- Salamis 479 BCE- Salamis 479 BCE ThemistoclesThemistocles

Conclusion?Conclusion?- Go Greek- Go Greek

Page 29: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

B. Athens’ AdvanceB. Athens’ Advance

1.1. PericlesPericles 495-421 BCE495-421 BCE

- links freedom to expansion- links freedom to expansion

Page 30: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

C. Limits of democracyC. Limits of democracy

1.1. The Delian LeagueThe Delian League 477 BCE477 BCE

- prosperity / slavery rise- prosperity / slavery rise

Page 31: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Women and public life2. Women and public life- heirs v. wives- heirs v. wives

Aspasia, a Aspasia, a hetairahetaira

Teaching a woman to read and write? Like Teaching a woman to read and write? Like feeding a vile snake on more poisonfeeding a vile snake on more poison

- Menander the Athenian- Menander the Athenian

Page 32: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

D. Peloponnesian War D. Peloponnesian War 431-431-404 BCE404 BCE

1. War on land and sea1. War on land and sea

Page 33: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. War and democracy2. War and democracy- demagoguery- demagoguery

- impatience- impatience

- slave revolt - slave revolt

Alcibiades Alcibiades

Page 34: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

3. Defeat of Athens3. Defeat of Athens- Greece vulnerable to conquest- Greece vulnerable to conquest

- dramatic reassessment of human - dramatic reassessment of human nature, nature, politicspolitics

Page 35: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

IV. Age of IntrospectionIV. Age of Introspection

The heights of Classical thoughtThe heights of Classical thought*from external to internal philosophy**from external to internal philosophy*

Page 36: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. PhilosophyA. Philosophy

1.1. The SophistsThe Sophists

- radical skepticism / relativism- radical skepticism / relativism

Man is the measure of all thingsMan is the measure of all things - Protagorus- Protagorus

Page 37: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Socrates2. Socrates 469-399 BCE469-399 BCE

- - Socratic MethodSocratic Method dialogue or dialecticdialogue or dialectic

- knowledge (virtue) developed - knowledge (virtue) developed from withinfrom within

Challenge all popular beliefsChallenge all popular beliefs

Page 38: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

3. Plato3. Plato 429-347 BCE429-347 BCE

The RepublicThe Republic- why did Athenian democracy fail?- why did Athenian democracy fail?

- Allegory of the Cave- Allegory of the Cave

Page 39: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

B. The HumanitiesB. The Humanities

1. Drama1. Drama

- focus on human dilemmas - focus on human dilemmas “reality”“reality”

Sophocles Sophocles Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex and and AntigoneAntigone

Page 40: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. History2. History

- Herodotus- Herodotus““lesson,” or thesislesson,” or thesis

- Thucydides- Thucydidesobjective, investigativeobjective, investigative

Page 41: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

VII. The Hellenistic PeriodVII. The Hellenistic Period

Page 42: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

A. MacedoniansA. Macedonians

1. Philip II1. Philip II d. 336 BCEd. 336 BCE

- Hellenization- Hellenization- showdown with Persia- showdown with Persia

Page 43: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

B. AlexanderB. Alexander

1.1. War & legitimacyWar & legitimacy- Calisthenes- Calisthenes

- Granikos River 334; - Granikos River 334; Gaugamela, 331Gaugamela, 331

Page 44: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Alexandrian empire 2. Alexandrian empire 336-323 BCE336-323 BCE

Page 45: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

C. The Hellenistic C. The Hellenistic EnvironmentEnvironment

1. Division1. Division

Page 46: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Cultural fusion2. Cultural fusion

- migration- migration

- - koinekoine “common Greek” “common Greek”

3. Decline of the 3. Decline of the polispolis

Page 47: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

D. Hellenistic philosophyD. Hellenistic philosophy

1. Aristotle 1. Aristotle 384-322 BCE384-322 BCE

- empirical data, careful observation- empirical data, careful observation

- minimize errors of senses- minimize errors of senses

- another early basis of scientific - another early basis of scientific methodmethod

Page 48: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

2. Anti-Aristotle2. Anti-Aristotle

ZenoZeno- Stoicism- Stoicism

EpicurusEpicurus- purpose is pleasure- purpose is pleasure

DiogenesDiogenes- Cynicism- Cynicism

Page 49: The Greek Way Humanism and the Western Tradition

Hellenistic LegacyHellenistic Legacy

1. Language of the ancient world1. Language of the ancient world

2. Western “achievement” not 2. Western “achievement” not confined to Greeksconfined to Greeks

3. Accelerated the rise of Rome3. Accelerated the rise of Rome


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