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The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials
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Table of contents
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................... 43
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... 45
Two-dimensional (2D) materials..................................................................... 45
Graphene........................................................................................................ 46
Short term opportunities.............................................................................. 48
Medium-Long term opportunities............................................................... 48
Remarkable properties................................................................................ 49
Global funding............................................................................................. 50
Products and applications......................................................................... 51
Production.................................................................................................... 54
Market drivers and trends........................................................................... 56
Production exceeds demand................................................................. 56
Market revenues remain small................................................................ 58
Scalability and cost................................................................................. 59
Applications hitting the market.............................................................. 61
Wait and see?........................................................................................... 62
Asia and US lead the race...................................................................... 63
Competition from other materials........................................................... 63
The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials
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Market and technical challenges............................................................. 64
Inconsistent supply quality...................................................................... 64
Cost............................................................................................................ 66
Product integration.................................................................................. 66
Regulation and standards....................................................................... 66
Lack of a band gap................................................................................. 67
PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS................................................................. 67
Categorization................................................................................................. 69
GRAPHENE........................................................................................................ 71
3D Graphene............................................................................................... 75
Graphene Quantum Dots........................................................................... 76
Properties...................................................................................................... 76
CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE................................................. 78
Comparative properties................................................................................. 80
Cost and production...................................................................................... 82
Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids........................................................... 84
Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene....................... 85
OTHER 2D MATERIALS...................................................................................... 87
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Phosphorene.................................................................................................... 89
Properties...................................................................................................... 90
Applications................................................................................................. 91
Electronics................................................................................................. 92
Thermoelectrics......................................................................................... 92
Batteries..................................................................................................... 92
Photodetectors......................................................................................... 93
Recent research news................................................................................. 93
Silicene............................................................................................................. 94
Properties...................................................................................................... 95
Applications................................................................................................. 97
Electronics................................................................................................. 97
Photovoltaics............................................................................................ 99
Thermoelectrics......................................................................................... 99
Batteries..................................................................................................... 99
Sensors..................................................................................................... 100
Recent research news............................................................................... 100
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)...................................................................... 101
Properties.................................................................................................... 102
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Applications............................................................................................... 102
Electronics............................................................................................... 103
Photovoltaics.......................................................................................... 104
Piezoelectrics........................................................................................... 104
Sensors..................................................................................................... 105
Filtration................................................................................................... 105
Recent research news............................................................................... 106
Hexagonal boron nitride.............................................................................. 108
Properties................................................................................................. 109
Applications............................................................................................... 110
Electronics............................................................................................... 110
Capacitors and fuel cells....................................................................... 110
Recent research news............................................................................... 111
Germanene................................................................................................... 111
Properties.................................................................................................... 112
Applications............................................................................................... 113
Electronics............................................................................................... 113
Recent research news............................................................................... 114
Graphdiyne................................................................................................... 115
Properties.................................................................................................... 116
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Applications............................................................................................... 116
Batteries................................................................................................... 116
Separation membranes......................................................................... 117
Photocatalysts........................................................................................ 117
Electronics............................................................................................... 117
Photovoltaics.......................................................................................... 118
Graphane...................................................................................................... 118
Properties.................................................................................................... 119
Applications............................................................................................... 119
Electronics............................................................................................... 120
Hydrogen storage................................................................................... 120
Stanene/tinene............................................................................................. 121
Properties.................................................................................................... 121
Applications............................................................................................... 122
Electronics............................................................................................... 122
Recent research news............................................................................... 123
Tungsten diselenide....................................................................................... 123
Properties.................................................................................................... 124
Applications............................................................................................... 124
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Electronics............................................................................................... 124
Recent research news............................................................................... 125
Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2........................................ 126
Properties.................................................................................................... 127
Applications............................................................................................... 127
Electronics............................................................................................... 127
C2N.................................................................................................................. 127
Properties.................................................................................................... 128
Applications............................................................................................... 129
Electronics............................................................................................... 129
Filtration................................................................................................... 130
Photocatalysts........................................................................................ 130
Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.......... 131
GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS................................................................................... 133
Large area graphene films........................................................................... 133
Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................. 134
Production methods...................................................................................... 136
Production directly from natural graphite ore........................................ 138
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Quality........................................................................................................ 139
Synthesis and production by types of graphene....................................... 140
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs).............................................................. 141
Graphene nanoribbons............................................................................ 142
Large-area graphene films........................................................................ 144
Graphene oxide flakes (GO).................................................................... 145
Pros and cons of graphene production methods...................................... 146
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).......................................................... 147
Exfoliation method..................................................................................... 148
Epitaxial growth method.......................................................................... 149
Wet chemistry method.............................................................................. 149
Micromechanical cleavage method...................................................... 151
Green reduction of graphene oxide....................................................... 152
Plasma......................................................................................................... 153
Recent synthesis methods............................................................................. 154
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and University of Western Australia 154
Graphene Frontiers.................................................................................... 154
MIT and the University of Michigan.......................................................... 155
Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Texas/General Graphene 156
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University of Florida/Donghua University.................................................. 157
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Case Western Reserve University 157
Trinity College Dublin................................................................................. 157
Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) 158
Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chonbuk National University and KRICT 158
NanoXplore................................................................................................ 159
Carbon Sciences Inc................................................................................. 159
California Institute of Technology............................................................. 159
Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology.......... 160
Oxford University......................................................................................... 160
University of Tokyo...................................................................................... 160
Synthesis methods by company.................................................................. 162
GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE.................................................................. 165
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS................................................................ 169
Standards....................................................................................................... 169
Environmental, health and safety regulation............................................ 170
Europe......................................................................................................... 170
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United States.............................................................................................. 171
Asia.............................................................................................................. 172
Workplace exposure..................................................................................... 173
PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS...................................................................... 173
Fabrication processes................................................................................... 174
Academia...................................................................................................... 174
Regional leaders............................................................................................ 175
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL................................................................ 180
GRAPHENE INDUSTRY 2013-2016....................................................... 181-226
END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS.................................................... 226
Graphene production volumes 2010-2025................................................. 228
Graphene producers and production capacities.................................... 230
ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................................. 239
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS........................................ 240
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 240
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ITO replacement for flexible electronics............................................... 240
Wearable electronics market growing................................................. 244
Touch technology requirements........................................................... 246
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 246
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 248
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 252
Competing materials............................................................................. 252
Cost in comparison to ITO...................................................................... 252
Problems with transfer and growth....................................................... 253
Improving sheet resistance.................................................................... 254
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 256
CONDUCTIVE INKS.......................................................................................... 258
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 258
Increased demand for printed electronics.......................................... 258
Limitations of existing conductive inks.................................................. 259
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 260
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PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 263
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 265
TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS...................................................... 267
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 268
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 269
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 270
CHALLENGES........................................................................................... 271
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................... 274
MEMORY DEVICES...................................................................................... 276
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 276
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 279
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 279
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................... 281
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PHOTONICS................................................................................................. 283
Optical modulators................................................................................ 283
Photodetectors....................................................................................... 284
Plasmonics............................................................................................... 286
Challenges.............................................................................................. 287
POLYMER COMPOSITES.................................................................................. 288
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 289
Improved performance......................................................................... 289
Multi-functionality.................................................................................. 291
Growth in wind energy market............................................................. 291
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 291
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 292
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 296
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 296
AEROSPACE.................................................................................................... 298
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MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 298
Safety....................................................................................................... 298
Reduced fuel consumption and costs................................................. 298
Increased durability............................................................................... 299
Multi-functionality.................................................................................. 299
Need for new de-icing solutions............................................................ 300
Weight reduction.................................................................................... 301
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 301
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 303
Composites.............................................................................................. 303
Coatings.................................................................................................. 304
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 305
AUTOMOTIVE.................................................................................................. 307
MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS..................................................................... 308
Environmental......................................................................................... 308
Safety....................................................................................................... 309
Lightweighting........................................................................................ 309
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Cost.......................................................................................................... 309
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 310
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 311
Composites.............................................................................................. 311
Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles.......................... 312
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 313
BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE......................................................................... 315
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 315
Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy........................................ 316
Shortcomings of chemotherapies......................................................... 317
Biocompatibility of medical implants................................................... 317
Anti-biotic resistance.............................................................................. 318
Growth in advanced woundcare market........................................... 318
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 318
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 319
Cancer therapy...................................................................................... 321
Medical implants and devices............................................................. 324
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Wound dressings..................................................................................... 325
Biosensors................................................................................................. 326
Medical imaging.................................................................................... 328
Dental...................................................................................................... 329
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 329
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 330
COATINGS....................................................................................................... 332
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 332
Sustainability and regulation................................................................ 332
Cost of corrosion..................................................................................... 333
Improved hygiene.................................................................................. 335
Cost of weather-related damage........................................................ 336
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 338
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 340
Anti-corrosion coatings.......................................................................... 342
Anti-microbial......................................................................................... 345
Anti-icing................................................................................................. 346
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Barrier coatings....................................................................................... 348
Heat protection...................................................................................... 350
Anti-fouling.............................................................................................. 352
Wear and abrasion resistance.............................................................. 354
Smart windows........................................................................................ 355
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 355
FILTRATION AND SEPARATION......................................................................... 357
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 357
Need for improved membrane technology........................................ 357
Water shortage and population growth.............................................. 357
Contamination....................................................................................... 358
Cost.......................................................................................................... 359
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 359
PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS................................................................... 359
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 363
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 364
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ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION................................. 366
BATTERIES..................................................................................................... 367
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 367
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 370
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 372
CHALLENGES........................................................................................... 374
SUPERCAPACITORS..................................................................................... 374
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 374
Problems with activated carbon.......................................................... 376
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 376
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 377
Challenges.............................................................................................. 379
PHOTOVOLTAICS......................................................................................... 380
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 380
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MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 381
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 382
FUEL CELLS................................................................................................... 383
MARKET DRIVERS...................................................................................... 383
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 384
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 385
Challenges.............................................................................................. 386
LED LIGHTING AND UVC............................................................................. 386
Market drivers and trends...................................................................... 387
Market size............................................................................................... 388
Properties and applications.................................................................. 388
OIL AND GAS............................................................................................... 388
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 388
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 390
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PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 391
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 392
SENSORS.......................................................................................................... 398
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 398
Increased power and performance with reduced cost.................... 398
Enhanced sensitivity.............................................................................. 399
Replacing silver electrodes.................................................................... 400
Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market.............. 400
Improved thermal stability..................................................................... 400
Environmental conditions...................................................................... 401
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 401
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 402
Infrared (IR) sensors................................................................................. 405
Electrochemical and gas sensors.......................................................... 405
Pressure sensors........................................................................................ 407
Biosensors................................................................................................. 408
Optical sensors........................................................................................ 411
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Humidity sensors...................................................................................... 411
Acoustic sensors...................................................................................... 411
Wireless sensors........................................................................................ 412
Challenges.................................................................................................. 412
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 413
3D PRINTING.................................................................................................... 415
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 416
Improved materials at lower cost......................................................... 416
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 416
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 417
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 418
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 419
ADHESIVES...................................................................................................... 420
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 420
Thermal management in electronics................................................... 421
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Environmental sustainability.................................................................. 421
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 421
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 422
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 423
LUBRICANTS..................................................................................................... 424
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 424
Cost effective alternatives..................................................................... 424
Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency................... 424
Environmental concerns........................................................................ 424
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 425
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 426
CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 427
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 427
TEXTILES........................................................................................................... 428
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MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 428
Growth in the wearable electronics market........................................ 428
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS.................................................................. 429
Conductive coatings............................................................................. 431
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 432
GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................... 433
Producers and types of graphene produced matrix................................. 433
Graphene industrial collaborations............................................................. 436
COMPANY PROFILES 438-585
TABLES
Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene................................... 47
Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size...................................................................................................... 53
Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities...................... 56
Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 57
Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg....................................................... 61
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Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 70
Table 7: Properties of graphene........................................................................ 78
Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................... 82
Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 84
Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025............................................................................. 86
Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 92
Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news................................................ 94
Table 13: Recent silicene research news........................................................ 101
Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news.............................. 107
Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news........................... 112
Table 16: Recent germanane research news................................................ 115
Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news.......................................... 124
Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news................................... 126
Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132
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Table 20: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 134
Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market........................................................................................................... 135
Table 22: Main production methods for graphene....................................... 137
Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................. 163
Table 24: Graphene market structure............................................................. 166
Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............. 176
Table 26: Leading graphene patentees........................................................ 178
Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014............................................... 179
Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 228
Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230
Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets.......................................................................................................... 231
Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size...................................................................... 240
Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................... 244
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Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 257
Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................. 260
Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 262
Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 266
Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 275
Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 282
Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 285
Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers................................................ 291
Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 292
Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites. 293
Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 294
Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 297
Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 303
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Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 306
Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 311
Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 314
Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size..................................... 320
Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 321
Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry. 331
Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 339
Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings........... 341
Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 355
Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 364
Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 367
Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 378
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Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 392
Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 398
Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............. 403
Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 410
Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 413
Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....... 418
Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 419
Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives........ 422
Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 423
Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................... 425
Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 427
Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................ 430
Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced.................................. 433
Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets.............. 436
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FIGURES
Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene....................................... 51
Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year....................... 58
Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic................................................ 72
Figure 4: Graphite and graphene..................................................................... 73
Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74
Figure 6: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite................................................................................................... 80
Figure 7: Phosphorene structure........................................................................ 90
Figure 8: Silicene structure.................................................................................. 95
Figure 9: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................... 97
Figure 10: Silicene transistor................................................................................ 98
Figure 11: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.......................................... 102
Figure 12: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 104
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Figure 13: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................................... 105
Figure 14: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................ 109
Figure 15: Schematic of germanene............................................................... 112
Figure 16: Graphdiyne structure...................................................................... 115
Figure 17: Schematic of Graphane crystal..................................................... 119
Figure 18: Crystal structure for stanene........................................................... 121
Figure 19: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)......... 122
Figure 20: Schematic of tungsten diselenide................................................. 124
Figure 21: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide....................... 126
Figure 22: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 128
Figure 23: Graphene synthesis methods......................................................... 138
Figure 24: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................ 143
Figure 25: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................... 155
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Figure 26: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................... 156
Figure 27: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 161
Figure 28: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............ 176
Figure 29: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 180
Figure 30: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230
Figure 31: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 243
Figure 32: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel............................................................................... 247
Figure 33: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte............. 250
Figure 34: Flexible transistor sheet.................................................................... 251
Figure 35: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene.............................................................................. 255
Figure 36: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................. 261
Figure 37: Graphene printed antenna........................................................... 264
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Figure 38: BGT Materials graphene ink product............................................. 265
Figure 39: Schematic cross-section of a graphene base transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................... 269
Figure 40: Graphene IC in wafer tester........................................................... 271
Figure 41: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 278
Figure 42: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 281
Figure 43: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.................................................. 286
Figure 44: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 339
Figure 45: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................... 341
Figure 46: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating........................................................................................................................ 350
Figure 47: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 363
Figure 48: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor........................................... 375
Figure 49: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................... 377
Figure 50: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................... 383
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Figure 51: GFET sensors...................................................................................... 407
Figure 52: First generation point of care diagnostics..................................... 409
Figure 53: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................. 410
Figure 54: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 417