the french wars of religion were fought between catholics and calvinists. militant- combative...
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• The French Wars of Religion were fought between Catholics and Calvinists.
• Militant- combative religions • Huguenots- French Protestants influenced
by John Calvin• House of Bourbon- Huguenot nobles who
ruled the southern French kingdom. • Massacre of Vassy- murder of Huguenots
by Catholics: considered the incident that led to war.
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• Ultra-Catholics- extreme Catholic party who strongly opposed the Huguenots.
• Causes of the French Wars of Religion:• 1. Religion• 2. Resistance to the monarchy• 3. Huguenot Nobles • Henry of Navarre- political leader of the
Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty.
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- targeted assassination attempts at prominent Huguenot leaders.
Result Huguenot political movement is
crippled because of this massacre.
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Edict of Nantes (1598)- recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave the Huguenots the right to worship.
The Spanish and Philip II Philip II- king of Spain known as “ The Most
Catholic King” Major goals of Philip II: 1. Consolidate
Spanish lands, 2. Spread Catholic Christianity
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William the Silent- Dutch leader known as the “ Prince of Orange” who resisted the Spanish.
Spain seemed to be the greatest power in the world but power had shifted to France and England.
England’s Elizabeth Elizabeth Tudor- under her reign England
became the leader of Protestant nations.
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Queen Elizabeth’s religious actions: 1. Repelled laws protecting Catholics 2. Moderate Church of England
Armada- fleet of warships
Spanish sail back to England around Scotland and Ireland.
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Inflation- rise in the general level of prices over a period of time.
Causes of Inflation in Europe: 1. Influx of gold and silver from the
Americas 2. Growing population Witchcraft- belief in magic Inquisition- church institution for
suppressing heresy.
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Common people and women were the most often accused of witchcraft
The Thirty Years’ War- fought between the Roman Catholics and Protestants over the crown of Bohemia.
Holy Roman Empire- Thirty Years’ War starts here
Bohemia- city where Protestants rebelled against Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors
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This war was the most destructive conflict Europeans had yet experienced.
The Peace of Westphalia- ended the Thirty Years’ War.
Effects of the Peace of Westphalia: 1. All German states could determine
their religion 2. Holy Roman Empire states were
recognized as independent
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James I- king of Scotland who would become James I of England through accession
Divine right of kings- belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.
English Civil War- known as the English Revolution
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Major causes of the war: 1. Divine right of kings 2. Religion Puritans- protestants in England
inspired by Calvinist ideas Cavaliers- supporters of the king Roundheads- supporters of parliament Oliver Cromwell- military genius who
created The New Model Army
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Commonwealth- a republic Exclusion Bill – bill which would have
barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic.
Whigs- supporters of the Exclusion Bill Tories- those who did not support the
Exclusion bill James II- foils the Exclusion Bill by
dismissing Parliament.
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William of Orange- Dutch leader who invaded England.
England’s Revolution is called the Glorious Revolution because their was almost no blood shed
Bill of Rights- gave Parliament certain rights as well as individuals
Toleration Act of 1689- granted Puritans the right of free public worship.
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Absolutism- system in which a ruler holds total power.
Louis XIV- his reign has been regarded as the best example of absolutism Cardinal Richelieu- Louis III chief minister
who strengthened the power of the monarchy
Cardinal Mazarin- Louis XIV chief minister who took the throne because of Louis age
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Louis XIV considered himself the Sun King The Royal Court at Versailles served three
purposes: 1. Personal household, 2. Chief government offices located there, 3. Haven for powerful subjects
Baptiste Colbert- general of finances for Louis who used the ideas of mercantilism to increase wealth in France
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Accommodate up to 5000 people Took 27 years to complete Over 30,000 laborers worked on it Cost over 2 billion dollars Palace and gardens are set on about
20,000 acres
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Louis XIV left France with huge debts and a number of enemies
Prussia and Austria emerged as great powers after the Thirty Years’ War.
Frederick William the Great Elector- laid the foundation for the Prussia state
The new Austrian Empire was made up of the following present day countries: Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary.
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Ivan IV- known as Ivan the Terrible for his terrible deeds and was the first Russia ruler to take the title of czar.
Czar- Russian word for Caesar Boyars- Russian nobility Peter the Great- Czar of Russia who
ruled as an absolute monarch and claimed the divine right to rule.
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Reforms of Peter the Great 1. Westernize Russia 2. Reorganize the army 3. Divided Russia into provinces
St. Petersburg- becomes Russia’s “window to the west”
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Mannerism- new art movement that replaced the artistic Renaissance period.
Characteristics of Mannerism1. Rules of proportion ignored2. Suffering3. Heightened emotions4. Religious bliss
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El Greco- Mannerism reaches its high point under his work.
Baroque- new art movement that replaced mannerism.
Baroque art sought to bring together the artistic style of the Renaissance with the spiritual feelings of the period.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini- known as the greatest figure of the Baroque period.
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William Shakespeare- one of the greatest dramatists of the Elizabethan Era.
Miguel de Cervantes- writer during the golden age of Spanish literature who authored Don Quixote.
Thomas Hobbes- wrote Leviathan which dealt with political thought.
Believed before society was organized human life was poor ,nasty, and solitary.
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Social Contract- proposed by Hobbes which stated people enter this contract in order to save society.
John Locke- authored the Two Treatises of Government which was based of political authority.
Natural Rights-rights people are born with. ( life, liberty, & property.