The French Revolution

The French Revolution was violent, expensive, and ultimately it leads to a

strong leader taking control.

It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Long Term CausesEnlightenment ideas of classical liberalism and social

reformAmerican Revolution French government was corrupt & ineffective. Louis XVI not suited to be an absolute monarch His queen was hated and lacked sympathy for the

people. Bad cropsBankruptcy of the government and enormous debt!

Why?– French debt stood at $250 billion.

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace ScandalThe Necklace Scandal

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million today][$100 million today]

Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!

Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!

“Madame Deficit”

“The Austrian Whore”

Marie Marie Antoinette Antoinette

and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

Growing Discontent in FranceIn the 1700’s the population of

France grew.The Nobles, Clergy and Bourgeoisie

both attempted to gain revenue.The Third Estate wanted liberty and

equality.The Ancien Regime divided into

three estates which causes widespread resentment.

Cahiers de doleances-list of grievances by the three estates.

The Three Estates of France

Yearly incomes compared

Archbishop of Paris 50,000 livres Marquis de Mainvillette 20,000 livres Prince de Conti 14,000 livres A Paris parish priest 10,000 livres A typical village priest 750 livres A master carpenter 200 livres (The livre was replaced by the franc in

1795. In the 1780s, there were about 4 livres to £1).

Lettres de CachetLettres de Cachet

The French king could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal.

A carte-blanche warrant.

Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV!

Eliminated in 1790.

Financial Crisis in France in 1789

France has huge debts, partly from helping the U.S. in the Revolutionary war and deficit spending.

Louis XVI’s advisors all advised him to tax the first two estates.

In 1789 Louis XVI called the

Estates General for the first time in 175 years.

Urban Commoner’sUrban Commoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%

– Rent 25%Rent 25%

– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%

– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%

– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%

– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%

– Army 25%Army 25%

– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%

– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%

– Loans 25%Loans 25%

– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%

– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

French Budget, 1774French Budget, 1774

The French Urban PoorThe French Urban Poor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

The Estates General of France

All the causes leading to the All the causes leading to the RevolutionRevolution

SocialPoliticalIntellectualEconomic

Crane Brinton’s Crane Brinton’s Anatomy Anatomy of a of a RevolutionRevolution

Y He borrowed his terms from pathology.

Y Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease:

The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.”

It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”

The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.

A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.

Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution OccursBefore a Revolution Occurs

1. People from all social classes are discontented.

2. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt.

3. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for.

4. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes.

5. The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.

Crane Brinton: Conditions Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Present Before a Revolution OccursOccurs6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society

operates.

7. The government does not respond to the needs of its society.

8. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups.

9. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself.

10. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.