french revolution & napoleon i. causes of the french revolution
TRANSCRIPT
French Revolution & Napoleon
I. Causes of the French
Revolution
I. Causes of the French Revolution
A. Political
1. Absolutism
2. Corruption
3. Censorship
4. Lettres de Cachet
5. Increasingly unpopular government
Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
The Affair of the Necklace
Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Valois Comtesse de Lamotte
Cardinal de Rohan
Diamond Necklace commissioned byLouis XV for his mistress Mdme.du Barry
I. Causes of the French Revolution
A. Political
B. Social
*Rigid Social Class Structure
1. 1st Estate
2. 2nd Estate
3. 3rd Estate
The Three Estates
I. Causes of the French Revolution
A. PoliticalB. SocialC. Economic
1. Taxes ↑a. Tailleb. Gabellec. Corveed. Tithe
2. Crippling Debt Corvee
I. Causes of the French Revolution A. Political
B. Social
C. Economic
D. Intellectual1. Enlightenment Ideas
2. Influence of the American RevolutionRousseau Voltaire
II. The French Revolution
A. Estates General
● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes
Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes
What is the Third Estate?
“What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire? To be something.”
2) Representatives equal to the other two orders taken together
3) Votes taken by head, not by orders
What the people want:
1) Genuine representatives in the Estates General
II. The French Revolution
A. Estates General
● Mirabeau, Abbe Sieyes
1. Convened at Versailles (May 5, 1789)
2. 3rd Estate → National Assembly
(June 17, 1789)
3. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789)
Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes
II. The French Revolution
A. Estates General
B. Moderate Beginnings
1. Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
2. Great Fear (July – August 1789)
3. Declaration of the Rights of Man
(Aug. 27,1789)
●Lafayette
The Bastille
Lafayette
II. The French Revolution
B. Moderate Beginnings (cont.)
4. March to Versailles (Oct. 5, 1789)
5. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July, 1790)
6. Flight to Varennes (June, 1791)
II. The French RevolutionB. Moderate Beginnings (cont.)
7. Declaration of Pillnitz (August, 1791)
8. Constitution of 1791 (Sept. 3, 1791)
9. France declares war on Austria
(April, 1792)
Leopold II Frederick William II
II. The French Revolution
C. Growing Radicalism
●Danton, Marat, Robespierre
Georges Danton (1759-1794)
Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793)
MaximilienRobespierre(1758-1794)
The Assassination of MaratJuly 13, 1793
The Death of Marat (1793) Jacques-Louis David
Charlotte Corday after the Murder of Marat (1861)Paul Jacques Aime Baudry
II. The French Revolution
C. Growing Radicalism
●Danton, Marat, Robespierre
1. War effort goes badly
2. Republican movement
● Girondists v. Mountain
3. September Massacres
(September, 1792)
● San-culottes San-culottes
II. The French Revolution4. Execution of Louis XVI (January,1793)
5. Committee of Public Safety
(April -June, 1793)
6. Reign of Terror (July, 1793-July, 1794)
7. Armies of France victorious
(Spring, 1794)
8. Execution of Robespierre (July, 1794)
Robespierre
Death of Louis XVI
II. The French RevolutionD. Thermidorean Reaction (1794-
1799)1. Constitution of 1795 (3rd)
a. Directoryb. 2-house legislature
2. Discontenta. War continuesb. Corruptionc. Economic hardshipd. Revival of royalist feeling
II. The French Revolution
D. Thermidorean Reaction (1794-1799)
1. Constitution of 1795 (3rd)
2. Discontent
3. Rise of Napoleon
a. Tool of the Directory (1795)
b. Coup d’ etat (1799)
●ConsulateNapoleon as a young officer
III. The Age of Napoleon
A. Consolidation of Power
●Plebiscite
1. 1st Consul (1799)
2. Consul for Life (1802)
3. Emperor (1804)
Emperor Napoleon
First Consul Napoleon
III. The Age of NapoleonB. Domestic reforms
1. Concordat of 18012. Code of Napoleon →
a. Equality under the lawb. Abolished serfdomc. Religious toleration
3. Merit system for civil service4. Efficient tax system5. Furtherance of Public Education
III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies
1. Grand Empire a. Holland, Spain, German states (excluding Austria & Prussia), Warsaw, Swiss republic, Italyb. Trafalgar (1805)c. Austerlitz (1805)
Napoleon’s Empire
III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies
1. Grand Empire2. Downfall-Continental System (1806)
a. Peninsular War-Spain (1808-1814)
b. Invasion of Russia (1812)●Scorched-earth policy
c. War of Liberation (1813) 1) Leipzig
●Battle of the Nations
2) Exile - Elba
Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia
Guerrilla warfare in Spain
III. The Age of Napoleon C. At war ● Expansionist policies
1. Grand Empire2. Downfall3. The Hundred Days (1815)
a. Waterloob. Exile – St. Helena
Duke of Wellington
Field Marshal Blucher
Napoleon musing at St. Helena
IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals
A. Congress of Vienna (1815)→1. Leaders
a. Metternich (Austria)b. Castlereagh/Wellington (Britain)c. Frederick William III (Prussia)d. Alexander I (Russia)e. Talleyrand (France)Prince Klemens
von Metternich
IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals
A. Congress of Vienna (1815)
1. Leaders
2. Settlements
a. Principle of legitimacy
b. Principle of compensation
IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals
A. Congress of Vienna (1815)
B. Quadruple Alliance
●Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain
1. Support Vienna settlements
2. Suppress revolutions
IV. The Age of Metternich ● Contempt for revolutionary ideals
A. Congress of Vienna (1815)
B. Quadruple Alliance
C. Revolutions of 1848
●France, Austria, Germany, Italy
Berlin, March 1848