The French The French RevolutionRevolution

3 estates 3 estates – 1% Church (owned 15% of land)1% Church (owned 15% of land)– 2% Nobility 2% Nobility – 97% (top were the bourgeoisie) 97% (top were the bourgeoisie)

ProblemsProblems– Paying taxes and tithesPaying taxes and tithes– Bourgeoisie wanted power and positionBourgeoisie wanted power and position

Financial CrisisFinancial Crisis– Debt from war and expensive habitsDebt from war and expensive habits– Pay from taxing Pay from taxing – Called the meeting of the Estates Called the meeting of the Estates

General to approve new taxesGeneral to approve new taxes

The 3The 3rdrd Estate Carrying the Estate Carrying the othersothers

The BeginningThe Beginning Recall of the Estates GeneralRecall of the Estates General May 4, 1789; Opened in VersaillesMay 4, 1789; Opened in Versailles 33rdrd Estate wasn’t allowed in Estate wasn’t allowed in

– Met at the Tennis CourtsMet at the Tennis Courts– Would Stay and make a constitutionWould Stay and make a constitution– National Assembly created; Replaces National Assembly created; Replaces

Estates GeneralEstates General *Commoners Meet at the Bastille*Commoners Meet at the Bastille *Wanted release of the political prisoners*Wanted release of the political prisoners *Took the Bastille and destroyed it*Took the Bastille and destroyed it *Start of the Revolution on July 14*Start of the Revolution on July 14thth 1789 1789

-National Guard created-National Guard created -New flag of the people-New flag of the people

National Assembly began reformNational Assembly began reform Outlawed the titheOutlawed the tithe Canceled Feudal DuesCanceled Feudal Dues Removed privileges of the first two estatesRemoved privileges of the first two estates August 4, 1789 Feudalism is goneAugust 4, 1789 Feudalism is gone

A movement of Emigration BeginsA movement of Emigration Begins NoblesNobles Kings FamilyKings Family ClergyClergy

Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man August 27, 1789August 27, 1789 Fundamental Natural RightsFundamental Natural Rights Freedom of Speech, press, religion, right to Freedom of Speech, press, religion, right to

a fair triala fair trial All MEN could take part in GovernmentAll MEN could take part in Government

Bread RiotsBread Riots Women played a leading roleWomen played a leading role

Marched on VersaillesMarched on Versailles Goal was to bring it to the attention of the Goal was to bring it to the attention of the

kingkingKing and his family return to ParisKing and his family return to Paris

National AssemblyNational Assembly National Assembly passed many lawsNational Assembly passed many laws

Divided country into 83 DepartmentsDivided country into 83 DepartmentsElections of all officialsElections of all officialsSeized lands owned by the churchSeized lands owned by the church

Sold it to the publicSold it to the publicProceeds used for paying down the debtProceeds used for paying down the debt

Changes in the ChurchChanges in the Church Catholic Clergy had to take an oathCatholic Clergy had to take an oath

Oath backed up the constitutionOath backed up the constitutionCalled Civil Constitution of ClergyCalled Civil Constitution of ClergyPeople in parishes would now elect own People in parishes would now elect own

clergyclergy In return for seizing church land In return for seizing church land

Government would pay for salaries of Government would pay for salaries of Priests and BishopsPriests and BishopsCreates Uproar in RomeCreates Uproar in Rome

Breach of the ChurchBreach of the ChurchCan’t be under French Government controlCan’t be under French Government control

End of the National AssemblyEnd of the National Assembly 1791: Constitutional Monarchy1791: Constitutional Monarchy

Created Legislative AssemblyCreated Legislative AssemblyReplaces National AssemblyReplaces National Assembly

Created three branches of GovernmentCreated three branches of GovernmentJudicial, Executive, legislativeJudicial, Executive, legislative

Limits power of the MonarchyLimits power of the MonarchyKing could no longer make or block laws on his King could no longer make or block laws on his

ownown

Tax paying MEN could Vote for ElectorsTax paying MEN could Vote for Electors

Continued Economic ProblemsContinued Economic Problems Paid off old bonds with new bondsPaid off old bonds with new bonds Continued to make more and moreContinued to make more and more Finally forced to accept as moneyFinally forced to accept as money

The KingThe King King Louis XVI tries to escape FranceKing Louis XVI tries to escape France

Felt he could regroup and take over from Felt he could regroup and take over from abroadabroad

Makes it to VarennesMakes it to VarennesForced to return to ParisForced to return to Paris

As a prisonerAs a prisoner

Emigration of Nobles increasesEmigration of Nobles increasesSince king tried to leave; oath to him no longer Since king tried to leave; oath to him no longer

matteredmattered

The King’s Arrest at The King’s Arrest at VarennesVarennes

The ConstitutionThe Constitution Not everyone happy with the new Not everyone happy with the new

constitutionconstitutionLasted less than a yearLasted less than a yearBreaks into three groupsBreaks into three groups

ConservativesConservativesModeratesModeratesRadicalsRadicals

Frequent deadlocks on domestic issues Frequent deadlocks on domestic issues between groupsbetween groupsUntil foreign threat of warUntil foreign threat of warEven King Louis XVI wants warEven King Louis XVI wants war

Hoped for French defeatHoped for French defeat

WARWAR April 1792: France Declares war on April 1792: France Declares war on

AustriaAustriaPrussia and Sardinia join AustriaPrussia and Sardinia join AustriaEvery city they hit surrenderedEvery city they hit surrendered

September Massacres September Massacres Prussians kill thousands that were in prisonsPrussians kill thousands that were in prisonsPrussia warns for no harm to come to the king Prussia warns for no harm to come to the king

and his familyand his familyIn response the Commune calls for the abolition of In response the Commune calls for the abolition of

the Monarchythe Monarchy

AUGUST 10, 1792: Abolition of the MonarchyAUGUST 10, 1792: Abolition of the Monarchy

Republic declared and Arrested the King and Republic declared and Arrested the King and FamilyFamily

The National ConventionThe National Convention Delegates elected through Universal Delegates elected through Universal

Manhood suffrageManhood suffrageAny male could now voteAny male could now vote

Divided into three groupsDivided into three groupsGirondins (moderates)Girondins (moderates)Jacobins (some more radical)Jacobins (some more radical)Those with no definitive viewThose with no definitive view

Wrote a new constitutionWrote a new constitutionDeclared end to monarchyDeclared end to monarchyBeginning of a RepublicBeginning of a Republic

Brought King Louis XVI to trialBrought King Louis XVI to trialCharged with plotting against security of the Charged with plotting against security of the

nationnationJanuary 1793: Majority votes for immediate death January 1793: Majority votes for immediate death

of the Kingof the KingJanuary 21, 1793: GuillotineJanuary 21, 1793: Guillotine

The WarThe War French were doing very well pushed French were doing very well pushed

armies out of Francearmies out of France So they decided to attack the So they decided to attack the

NetherlandsNetherlandsThis scares other nationsThis scares other nationsGreat Britain, Netherlands, and Spain join Great Britain, Netherlands, and Spain join

forces with Austria, Prussia and Sardinia forces with Austria, Prussia and Sardinia push France out of the Netherlands and push France out of the Netherlands and the fighting is back in Francethe fighting is back in France

The Draft beginsThe Draft beginsAny man with proven abilities could become Any man with proven abilities could become

an officeran officer

The creation of the Committee of Public The creation of the Committee of Public SafetySafetyCreated to meet the threat of invaders Created to meet the threat of invaders Led by RobespierreLed by RobespierreWanted to stop counter-revolutionariesWanted to stop counter-revolutionariesMany Girondin’s arrestedMany Girondin’s arrestedStart of …THE REIGN OF TERRORStart of …THE REIGN OF TERROR

The Reign of Terror…The Reign of Terror… The guillotine is named The guillotine is named

for Dr. Joseph Ignace for Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin, who Guillotin, who endeavored to endeavored to commission a device commission a device that would deliver a that would deliver a swift and honorable swift and honorable death to people of all death to people of all classes. classes.

Before the French Before the French Revolution, only nobles Revolution, only nobles were executed by were executed by decapitation -- other decapitation -- other lower-class capital lower-class capital criminals were criminals were subjected to burning, subjected to burning, drowning and maiming.drowning and maiming.

THE REIGN OF TERRORTHE REIGN OF TERROR September 1793-July 1794September 1793-July 1794 Rational: Kill all those who Rational: Kill all those who

oppose the revolution; whether oppose the revolution; whether at home or abroadat home or abroad

Beginning of Totalitarian Beginning of Totalitarian GovernmentGovernment

Leaders were Leaders were RobespierreRobespierre and Dantonand DantonHad 300,000 arrestedHad 300,000 arrested Just needed suspicionJust needed suspicionEither not guilty or guilty Either not guilty or guilty

and beheadedand beheadedTrials could end as soon as Trials could end as soon as

juries heard enoughjuries heard enoughMost that died were Most that died were

Bourgeoisie and peasantsBourgeoisie and peasantsThe peasants in greater The peasants in greater

numbersnumbers

When France was out of When France was out of danger in the war Danton danger in the war Danton called for the end of the called for the end of the killingskillings

Robespierre calls him a Robespierre calls him a traitor and had him and his traitor and had him and his followers killedfollowers killed

Now his friends are Now his friends are nervousnervous

July 1794 Robespierre was July 1794 Robespierre was arrestedarrested He tries to commit suicideHe tries to commit suicide They had him beheadedThey had him beheaded Mass executions endMass executions end

Pendulum swings back to the Pendulum swings back to the rightrightJacobins lose powerJacobins lose powerJudges go on trialJudges go on trialSome people favoring Some people favoring return of the monarchyreturn of the monarchy

Act of JusticeAct of Justice

THE NATIONAL CONVENTION THE NATIONAL CONVENTION (Again)(Again)

Republic of VirtueRepublic of VirtueCreates SchoolsCreates SchoolsUniversal elementary educationUniversal elementary educationWage and price controlsWage and price controlsAbolished slavery in coloniesAbolished slavery in coloniesEncouraged religious toleranceEncouraged religious toleranceReplaced weights and measures with Replaced weights and measures with

metric systemmetric systemCreated new calendarCreated new calendar

ANOTHERANOTHER NEW CONSTITUTION NEW CONSTITUTION Had a two House LegislativeHad a two House Legislative 500 members proposed laws500 members proposed laws 250 more powerful members accepted 250 more powerful members accepted

or rejected these lawsor rejected these laws Also had the power to pick executive Also had the power to pick executive

leaders called the DIRECTORYleaders called the DIRECTORY Eliminated manhood suffrage Eliminated manhood suffrage Now only male property owners could Now only male property owners could

votevote The DIRECTORY leads for four yearsThe DIRECTORY leads for four years

Corruption within the members and Corruption within the members and suffering from the peasants and workers suffering from the peasants and workers makes it very unpopularmakes it very unpopular