the first global age. the search for spices trade with asia for spices for hundreds of years wanted...
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The First Global Age
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The Search for Spices
Trade with Asia for spices for hundreds of years
Wanted to find a way to Asia without going through the Mediterranean
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New TechnologyCartographers – Map MakersAstrolabe – Instrument used to
determine latitude at seaCaravel – Portuguese ship square
and triangle sails
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Mapping the African Coast
Prince Henry of PortugalBartholomeu Dias – Cape of Good
Hope
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On to India Vasco da Gama
10 Months to Calicut (Spice Port)
Scurvy – Disease caused by lack of Vitamin C
Many died, survivors made lots of money
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Columbus Wanted western
route to India Two Mistakes
Earth was huge Didn’t know two
continents were in the way
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ColumbusPortugal refused to fund him, Spain
wanted to spread ChristianityAugust 3, 1492 – Nina, Pinta, Santa
MariaOctober 12 – Thought he reached the
IndiesColumbus was convinced he landed
in Asia for a few years
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Line of Demarcation
Pope Alexander VI set lineSpain had rights to the WestPortugal had rights to the East
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Naming the New World 1507 Italian Sailor
Amerigo Vespucci wrote about “New World”
German cartographer read reports he had written and named it America
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Around the Globe Magellan found the Pacific Ocean,
continued to Asia Circumnavigate - Sail around the world England’s King Henry VII sent John Cabot
to find Northwest Passage
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Diverse Southeast Asia Geography
Two Regions Mainland Southeast Islands –
20,000 Islands allow for rich
trade routes Monsoons (seasonal
winds) caused problems for ships
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People
Had been there for 5,000 yearsDiverse groups, distinct culturesWomen had great powerMatrilineal – Inheritance through the
mother
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IndiaIndian merchants and Hindu priests
spread culture in AsiaSpread Islam religion and Muslim
civilizationStill a large influence
in the region
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Portuguese Trading PostPortuguese built whole trading empire
on the seas using outpostsOutpost – Distant areas under foreign
controlDidn’t have enough power to keep
land controlOther countries bypassed Portuguese
ports and conquered
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Rise of the Dutch
Built ports in Cape Town, Africa and Asia
Started Dutch East India CompanyMade them a major power worldwide
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Spain in the Philippines Magellan claimed
islands for Spain in 1521
Named islands for King Philip II
Used islands as outposts for shipping from Americas over the Pacific Ocean
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India and Europe
Silk, cotton, crafts, and ship partsEuropean wealth grewMid-1700s, England and France
fought for world powerWar affected lands in
both Europe and Asia
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Encounters with East Asia
Trade with China Ming Dynasty had
strict rules on trade Scholars and
missionaries also had influenced
Chinese welcomed Renaissance learning
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Manchu ConquestConquered north China from the Ming’sNot allowed to follow Chinese traditionsWanted to gain loyalty of ChineseHad two rulers, one Chinese, one
ManchuGood economy and huge populationVery restrictive to Europeans
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Korea
More restrictive than Manchu’s Invaded by both Japan and Manchu’sChose to be isolated for 250 years
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Japan
Welcomed WesternersReligious tolerance to ChristiansFelt that the Pope was taking too
much of their allegianceBarred Westerners, Japanese
couldn’t leave
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Indians and Conquistadors
Spanish ConquistadorsHerman Cortes invaded
Aztecs and conqueredFrancisco Pizarro
took over Incas
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Reasons For Victories
Superior military technologyIndians divided and discontentDisease and weakened Indian PeopleBelieved the Spanish
signaled the end of the world
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Spanish EmpireHad viceroys who ruled in
name of King in the New WorldViceroy – RepresentativeSpreading Catholic religion as
important as gaining landConverted thousands of
Natives
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Economy
Spain controlled trade very carefully
Sugar Cane was introduced Had to be grown on plantations
Plantation – Large estates run by one owner
Monarchs gave conquistadors encomiendas Encomiendas –right to demand labor or tribute from
Natives Used this system to force natives to work or die
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Bringing WorkersLabor shortage cause the
Spanish to bring people over
Chose Africans because they were immune from Tropical Diseases
Sugar demand increased, millions of slaves brought over
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Colonial Society and Culture
Social structure Peninsulares – People born in Spain, got
highest offices Creoles – American born descendants of
Spanish settlers, got plantations/mines Mestizos – Mix of Natives/European Mulattoes – Mix of African/European Bottom rung was African/Native mix
people
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Education
Set up many universities for studyConvents set up to teach girls to be
nuns
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Cultural Blending
Mix of three cultures made a new culture
Spanish, Native American, and African
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Challenging SpainSpain was most powerful
country in the worldOther countries were very
enviousPrivateers – type of pirateEuropean nations
challenged Spain’s power
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Building New France France sent missionaries to spread
Christianity and find land Missionary – someone sent on religious
mission French explorers claimed east coast from
Canada to Gulf Population didn’t grow fast King set up forts, missions, trading posts
to boost revenues Revenues – Income from taxes
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13 Original Colonies1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth RockSigned the Mayflower CompactCompact – agreement among peopleEnglish set up
13 colonies, combination of France and Spain
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Competing for Power
Spain, France, England, DutchWorldwide but especially in the CaribbeanBritish and French fought on four
continentsSigned 1763 Treaty
of Paris ending worldwide war
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Impact on Natives
Settlers brought disease that natives weren’t immune to
War killed manyDid have large
impact on cultureFood, holidays,
medicine, trade routes
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The Atlantic Slave Trade Most European countries had trading
posts all over African coast Slavery = ancient times In 1500s, Slaves were most important
trade item from Africa 1500 – 1800 became huge, profitable
business Tens of thousands of Africans enslaved
and sold
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Triangular Trade1st Leg - Goods to
Africa for slaves2nd Leg – Slaves
sent to West Indies3rd Leg – Slaves
sold for goods and goods shipped to Europe
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Middle Passage2nd leg of Triangle TradeHundreds of people packed below ship
decksShips became
floating coffinsDied from
disease and beatings
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Slave Trade
African Rulers tried to stop the trade
Didn’t have enough powerImpact
At peak 80,000 slaves a year Close to 11 million over 300 years Affected culture of New World
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Global ExchangeNew Food – Tomatoes, pumpkins,
potatoes, cornMore food allowed for more peopleMillions moved
to the AmericasLanguage and
cultures mixed worldwide
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Commercial Revolution Inflation occurred because demands rose Capitalism – Investment of money to make a
profit Entrepreneurs – Enterprising merchants
taking risks in business Trade was risky, got rich fast, lost money fast Guild system fell apart Too many people doing too many things to
keep track of
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Mercantilism
New economic policy Nation’s wealth based on gold and silver
supply Colonies filled this need and much more Nations imposed tariffs to protect local
industries from foreign competition Tariff – taxes on imported goods
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Ordinary PeopleRich got richer, poor became more
poorFew became middle classWomen still had very few rights