the federal democratic republic of ethiopia...the farmers are less participating in culture...

The Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia

Amhara National Regional State

Tana Sub- Basin Integrated Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact

Study Project

Technical Report: Fisheries and Wetlands Assessment

(LUPESP/TSB: 11/2015)

January, 2015

Bahir Dar

Owner: Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Client: Bureau of Environmental Protection and Land Administration and Use

(BoEPLAU) Address: Telephone: +251-582265458 P.O.Box: 145 Fax: +251-+251-582265479 E-mail: Amhara [email protected] Bahir Dar

Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE) Address: P.O.Box: 1921 Telephone: +251-582-180638/1077 Fax: (058) 218-0550/0560 E-mail: amhara [email protected]

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

mailto:amhara%[email protected]

LIST OF REPORTS

Section I: MAIN REPORT

Section II: SECTOR STUDIES

Volume I: Soil Survey

Volume II: Forest and Wildlife Assessment

Volume III: Hydrology and Water Resource Assessment

Volume IV: Land Use and Land Cover

Volume V: Agro Climatic Assessment

Volume VI: Crop Resource Assessment

Volume VII: Watershed Management

Volume VIII: Livestock and Feed Resource Assessment

Volume IX: Human Health Assessment

Volume X Animal Health Assessment

Volume XI: Fisheries and Wetlands Assessment

Volume XII: Sociologic assessment

Volume XIII: Economic Study

Volume XIV: Tourism Assessment

Section III PLANNING

Volume I Approaches, Procedures and Methods

Volume II Land Utilization Types Description and their Environmental Requirements

Setting

Volume III Planning Units Description

Volume IV Land Suitability Evaluation

Volume V Land Use Plan

Volume VI Management plan

Volume VII Implementation Guideline

SECTION IV ANNEXES

Maps albums and data base

Tana Basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands

BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

Human population is increasing in the world, this increases needs of food. So as to get his live, this

human population exerts more pressure on available resources; this is the main threats to the species

habitat loss, alteration, fragmentation, hunting and finally extinction of species. This is because of

poor land use type and system. Therefore, so as to bring sustainable development in Tana Sub basin,

studying of land use planning in this sub basin is fundamental and urgent.

This Tana sub- basin land use study was conducted by taking representative sampling sites and

samples were randomly selected based ACZ and samples were taken randomly. Biophysical

observation sites were identified and selected based on Agro-Climatic Zone and land use and land

cover by using Geographic Information System (GIS). Enough secondary and primary data were

collected

Sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, especially the fishery resource as a cheap source of

animal protein, is mandatory to alleviate the severe suffering of people due to recurring drought and

increasing human population in Ethiopia. Lake Tana, which is the largest lake in the country,

constitutes almost half of the freshwater bodies of the country, has endemic important fish species

and it is means of livelihood for 5472 fishermen who are living in this sub basin the Lake. There are

28 fish species in Lake Tana, from these some of the Labeobarbus fish species spawn by making a

single annual breeding migration to upstream areas of rivers and others spawn in wetlands and in the

Lake shore, but now days the fisheries system in this sub basin is at risk because of the natural habitat

loses, poor land use type. As a result of this as households approved that fish supply decreased

81.35% .Therefore, these breeding and feeding sites must be conserved; the managements are set

according to land use principles. The farmers are less participating in culture fisheries.

Wetlands in Tana sub -basin which are directly or indirectly support millions of people and provide

goods, functions and services to them particularly Negede woyito. People use wetland soils for

agriculture, they catch wetland fish, and they cut wetland trees for timber and fuel wood and wetland

reeds to make mats and to thatch roofs and other many furniture and equipments. Direct use may also

take the form of recreation, such as bird watching or sailing, or scientific study. And also wetlands

are rich in biodiversity, as result it is home of wild-animal which gives tourism development apart


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE iii

from other functions, services and uses. Wetlands are also the best spawning strategy of most

species; it is to ensure high survival of their offspring. They ensure this by responding to the

environment by selecting sites of more food availability and minimum predation pressure for their

juvenile. This condition can be best fulfilled in the swampy and marshy areas of vegetated flood

plains. For this, some fish is seen flocking into the riverine flood plain, where people in mass caught

and wadding into the water using traditional traps or even in hands. But the existing land use system

is unsustainable which results lose of species, less productivity and production and poor quality

produces and it is unsustainable. Especially wetlands, rivers and the lake are degraded because of

this, aquatic animals mainly fish species and its production is decreasing at alarming rate, as result

many fishermen livelihood is in danger or at risk. Some of wrong existing land use system is

allocation of wetlands for cropping, over-exploitation of resources, weed encroachment, Eucalyptus

plantation and others. These things are serious problems for Lake Tana, wild-animals example fish

birds, hippopotamus and other aquatic animals and the whole system. To overcome these problems,

the land use identification and managements of resource is the only alternative to set the best land

use type, with the general objectives of ensuring effective and efficient utilization of lands for

sustainable socio-economic development and identification of potentials to promote sustainability of

wetlands, fisheries and other natural resources bases in Tana sub- basin. Based on these, two LUTs

(culture and capture fisheries) are identified. Managements were discussed to avoid wrong land use

types or to set solutions for these unsustainable land utilization types (wetland degradation, in

appropriate fishing, intern there will be sustainable utilization of resource i.e sustainable development

in the basin, in the region and the Country as a whole.

Among the fisheries management awareness creations, restocking, Prevention of destructive fishing

methods/ tools, licensing of fishers and enforcing the control of illegal fishing, enforcement of

management measures, participatory management approach, institutional capacity and linkage,

managing pollution and the likes are discussed.

Keywords: Fisheries, wetlands, fish spawning, wildlife, land use type, natural resource, sustainable

development


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF REPORTS ........................................................................................................................ i

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ............................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OFAPPENDIX ...................................................................................................................... x

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Backgrounds ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1. Capture Fisheries .............................................................................................................. 2

1.1.2. Aquaculture ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.1.3. Wetlands ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.1.4. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius) ..................................................................... 4

1.1.5. Birds .................................................................................................................................. 4

1.2. The Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................ 5

1.3. Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1. General Objective ............................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2. Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................... 5

1.4. Organization of the Study ........................................................................................................ 6

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 7

2.1. Fish ........................................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. Fish Species ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.2. Spawning of Labeobarbus Fish Species ........................................................................... 8

2.1.3. Decrease of Fish ................................................................................................................ 8

2.1.4. Exploitation of the Fish Potential in Lake Tana ............................................................... 9

2.2. Wetlands ................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1. Importance of Wetlands on Biodiversity ........................................................................ 12

2.3. Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................ 13

2.4. Birds and Hippopotamus ........................................................................................................ 14

2.4.1. Hippopotamus ................................................................................................................. 14

2.4.2. Birds ................................................................................................................................ 14

2.4.3. Federal and regional policies, strategies, regulations concerning fish and wetland ....... 15

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 16

3.1. General Descriptions of the Study Area ................................................................................. 16


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE v

3.2. Materials Used........................................................................................................................ 19

3.3. Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 20

3.3.1. Sampling Methods .......................................................................................................... 20

3.3.2. Biophysical Observation and Site Selection ................................................................... 20

3.3.3. Identification of Source of Data and Data Collection Tools........................................... 21

3.4. Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 24

4. RESULTS AND DISCCUTION .......................................................................................... 25

4.1. Culture Fisheries .................................................................................................................... 25

4.1.1. Existing Land Use Types of Culture Fisheries ............................................................... 25

4.1.2. Problems of current situation culture fisheries ............................................................... 25

4.1.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Culture Fisheries .......................................................... 27

4.2. Capture Fisheries .................................................................................................................... 27

4.2.1. Existing Land Use Types of Capture Fisheries............................................................... 27

4.2.2. Potentials and Opportunities of Capture Fisheries.......................................................... 29

4.2.3. Existing Problems of Lake Tana and Capture Fisheries ................................................. 30

4.2.4. Existing Problems of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 32

4.3. Major Organisms .................................................................................................................... 37

4.3.1. Habitats ........................................................................................................................... 37

4.3.2. Flora ................................................................................................................................ 37

4.3.3. Fauna ............................................................................................................................... 38

4.4. Identification of Land Utilization Types ................................................................................ 42

4.4.1. Description of Land Utilization of Culture Fisheries (LUTs1) ...................................... 42

4.4.2. Description of Land Utilization of Capture Fisheries (LUT2) ....................................... 43

4.5. Fish cooperatives .................................................................................................................... 44

4.6. Plant Location of Fish Processing Sites ................................................................................. 44

4.7. Management Options for Sustainable Production of Fisheries .............................................. 46

4.8. Management Practices for Capture Fisheries, Breeding Sites and Seasons of Commercially

Important Fish Species ...................................................................................................................... 53

4.8.1. General Concepts of Aquatic Ecosystem ........................................................................ 53

4.8.2. Awareness Creation ........................................................................................................ 53

4.8.3. Restocking....................................................................................................................... 54

4.8.4. Prevention of Destructive Fishing Methods/ Tools ........................................................ 55

4.8.5. Licensing of Fishers and Enforcing the Control of Illegal Fishing ................................ 56

4.8.6. Enforcement of Management Measures ......................................................................... 56

4.8.7. Participatory Management Approach ............................................................................. 57

4.8.8. Institutional Capacity and Linkage ................................................................................. 57


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE vi

4.8.9. Managing Pollution ......................................................................................................... 57

4.8.10. Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 58

4.8.11. Closing the Fishery during the Spawning Months ...................................................... 59

4.8.12. Rivers Buffering .......................................................................................................... 62

4.9. Wetlands Situation and Its Management Options for Sustainable Production .................... 63

4.9.1. Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands ............................................................................. 63

4.9.2. The Root Causes of Wetlands Degradation .................................................................... 70

4.9.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Wetlands....................................................................... 70

4.9.4. Conservations and Managements of Lake Tana and Wetlands ...................................... 75

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 80

5.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 80

5.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 81

6. REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................ 83

7. APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 90


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Materials used for study ......................................................................................................... 20

Table 2. Fish culture distribution in Tana Sub- basin woredas............................................................ 27

Table 3. Total fish production in Tana- sub basin ................................................................................ 29

Table 4. Fish supply states for the last years in Tana sub-basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014) ........... 33

Table 5. Additional summarized managements of major factors for sustainable production of culture

fisheries………………………………………………………………………………………….50

Table 6. Factors which affect pond site selection and its correction / Management Option ............... 52

Table 7. Special and temporal breeding of Tana sub-basin fish spp ................................................... 61

Table 8. Standards of Riparian buffers, Recommended Minimum Buffer Widths ............................. 63

Table 9. Change in Area of Key Wetlands, 1987 - 2008 ..................................................................... 64

Table 10. Total area of existing wetlands in Tana sub-basin ................................................................ 74


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of Tana sub basin.............................................................................................................. 17

Fig.2. Map of observations and sampling sites of the study ................................................................ 23

Fig.3. Interest of farmers in fish engaging in Tana sub- basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014) .............. 26

Fig. 4. Poorly managed fish pond at Ebinat Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ................................. 26

Fig. 6. Traditional post harvesting of fish in Alefa Woreda left) and Dembia Woreda (right)

(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014). .......................................................................................................... 28

Fig. 7. Harvested fish transportation (poor) to consumers in Gondar Zaria Woreda(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 29

Fig. 8. Fish production from Lake Tana (1977 - 2006 E.C) (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ..................... 30

Fig. 9. Koga Dam (left) and Rib Dam (under construction) the right (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014). ..... 31

Fig. 10. Agriculture very close to Lake Tana at Gonder Zaria Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .... 34

Fig. 11. Soil erosion at Dangila (the left) and the right at Alefa Woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

....................................................................................................................................................... 35

Fig. 12. Fishing at spawning site and season in Gumara River (around Wanezaye): source, . Livestock

Agency Training Material, 2004……………………………………………………… ............... 37

Fig.13.Migratory bird species from abroad (left) Libo Kemikem and other bird species inFogera

words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)…………………………………………………….. .............. 39

Fig. 14. Killed Crane in Dembia woreda (left) and the other is in Gondar Zaria woredas (Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………………………… ................. 39

Fig. 15. Hippopotamus near to Delgi Town, Alefa Words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ...................... 41

Fig. 16. Fish processing sites ............................................................................................................... 45

Fig. 17. Monofilaments are made by fishers at Takusa (the Right) and Esey Debir, Alefa (Left)

woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................. 55

Fig.18. Agriculture activities on wetlands the left in Gondar Zuria and rests are in ... Dembia woredas

(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………. .......................... 65

Fig.19. Overgrazing of wetlands in Takusa (left) and the middle is in Mecha and the right is

inDembia woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)………………………………………….. .......... 66

Fig. 20. Upper catchments degradation in Takusa (left) and the rest two are in Alefa

woredas(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .............................................................................................. 66


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE ix

Fig. 21. Eucalyptus encroachment at Alefa (left) and the right at North Achefer woredas(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 67

Fig. 22. Alien species in Dembia Woreda Water hyacinth (left) and the right one locally called

Chigign (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)……………………………………………………… ......... 68

Fig. 23. Settlements very closet Lake Tana and wetlands in Bahir Dar city (Courtesy: ADSWE,

2014) ............................................................................................................................................. 69

Fig. 24. Pollution of Wetlands by plastics (left) at Takusa, the middle at South Achefer Woreda ... and

the right at Bahir Dar (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)…………………………………………. ....... 69

Fig. 25. Land use land cover of Tana sub- basin ................................................................................. 71

Fig. 26. Wetland distributions in Tana sub- basin .............................................................................. 72

Fig. 27. Ligidia and other wetlands along Gilgel Abay River, North Achefer Woreda(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014) ............................................................................................................................. 73

Fig. 28. Kurit Bahir Wetland, Mecha Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014) .......................................... 74


BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE x

LIST OFAPPENDIX

Appendix 1: Wetlands in each Woreda within Tana sub- basin ........................................................... 90

Appendix 2: Questionnaires for House Hold ........................................................................................ 96

Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Key informants .................................................................................. 97

Appendix 4: Formats for secondary and other Data Collection ......................................................... 98

Appendix 5: Check Lists ..................................................................................................................... 100

Tana Sub Basin Land Use Planning And Environmental Impact Study Fisheries and Wetlands

BoEPLAU Bahir Dar, January 2015 ADSWE 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Backgrounds

With the rapid increase in population and continuing expectations of growth in the standard of living,

pressures on natural resources have become intense.

The increase in human population around the world also accelerates species extinction as such

population exerts more pressure on available resources (J. Martinez-Alier, 1991), that is the main

threats to the species or habitat loss, fragmentation, and hunting. Losses, alteration and fragmentation

of natural habitat of wild animals and distraction of wetlands are because of inappropriate land use

type.

Conflict between human activities and biodiversity conservation generally would be to find non-

destructive ways to use biological resources (Victor M. Marroquin-Merino, 1995). It has for instance,

been suggested that consumptive wildlife utilization should be treated in the same way as

commercial agricultural operations but that a relationship should be established between utilization

and sustainability.

Sustainable management of biological diversity is a major concern of the international community

which now realizes that this diversity is being eroded at an alarming rate due to consumptive uses of

species as well as the excessive alteration of habitats owing to human activities such as cultivation

and urbanization (Timothy M. Swanson, 1995).

In the realm of natural resource management, the notion of sustainable utilization is increasingly

gaining currency in international environmental parlance. The use of wildlife resources is seen as

contributing to the regeneration of those resources and enhancing the evolutionary process within the

habitats in which the resources are found. The emphasis on tourism needs to be reconsidered

especially in the light of the growing wildlife and human populations and the ensuing competition for

land and other resources. Cropping should be considered as alternative land use systems. Local

communities and land owners should be allowed to participate in natural resource utilization,

appropriate land use type. Therefore, to overcome these problems proper land use type and resource

management is urgently important.



1.1.1. Capture Fisheries

Fish is an inexpensive source of protein and an important cash crop in many regions of world and

water is the physical support in which they carry out their life functions such as feeding, swimming,

breeding, digestion and excretion (Bronmark and Hansson, 2005).

Even though the country is land-locked, there are a number of lakes and rivers with important fish

resources in Ethiopia. The lakes cover a total area of about 7400 km2 and the rivers cover a total

length of about 7700 km (Wood and Talling, 1988). Lake Tana, which is the largest lake in the

country, constitutes almost half of the freshwater bodies of the country (Reyntjes et al., 1998; de

Graaf et al., 2004).

Different fish species are found in Ethiopian inland water bodies (ShibruTedla, 1973; Abebe

Getahun, 2002). In Lake Tana, there are 28 fish species out of which 21 are endemic to the

Country.The fish fauna families are: Cichlidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae and Balitoridae. Cyprinidae is

the largest family (Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen2012).

Heavy rainfall usually starts in May and peaks in July and August in this sub basin area (Tesfaye

Wudneh, 1998; Eshete Dejen, 2003). During this time the tributary rivers increase in volume and

cause massive soil erosion. As a result of the inflow of sediment and dissolved organic compounds,

turbidity, increased water level, or a combination of both is hypothesized to serve as environmental

cues to trigger spawning migration of Labeobarbus species to river mouths (Sibbing et al., 1998).

Because most large cyprinids of Africa spawn by making a single annual breeding migration to

upstream areas of rivers (Lowe-McConnell, 1975; Tỏmasson et al., 1984) and others spawn in

Wetlands and in the Lake shore.

Sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, especially the fishery resource as a cheap source of

animal protein, is mandatory to alleviate the severe suffering of people due to recurring drought and

increasing human population in Ethiopia (Tesfaye Wudneh, 1998). Therefore, to use these natural

resources sustainably their breeding and feeding sites must be conserved and used based on

appropriate land use types and managements.



1.1.2. Aquaculture

Fish culture is the rational cultivation of fish in confined water mass, where fish rearing is not left to

mercy of nature (Shammi and Bhatnagar, 2002). Fish are an important source of both food and

income to many people in developing countries. The man can control fish species and growth, food

production is secured, the fish is close at hand/easy to harvest and it is an effective use of land that

may be too poor for other agriculture.

Combining aquaculture with agriculture, animal husbandry and irrigation leads to better utilization of

local resources and if executed and managed properly increase production and profit (FAO, 2005).

Since fish are vulnerable to toxic substances and environmental conditions the quality of the water is

important to secure food production. So during the production, the producer shall follow principle

and management of Fish culture.

Though fish culture contributes a cheap source of animal protein, creates job opportunity and use

poor land, it has not well exercised in this sub basin. Therefore, developing this culture is an

appropriate solution to solve food problem and to bring sustainable development of the country.

1.1.3. Wetlands

Wetland can be defined as areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial,

permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of

marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.(Davis, 1994). Wetland

systems directly support millions of people and provide goods and services to the world. People use

wetland soils for agriculture, they catch wetland fish to eat, and they cut wetland trees for timber and

fuel wood and wetland reeds to make mats and to thatch roofs. Direct use may also take the form of

recreation, such as bird watching or sailing, or scientific study (Shumway, Caroly A, 1999).

Ethiopian wetlands consist of swamps/marshes, fresh and brackish lakes, riverine flood plains,

swamp forests and human made wetlands which are distributed almost in all part of the country in

Amhara region the coverage of the wetland is about 288,744 ha of swamps and marshes and

316,609ha of the water bodies (Dixon A.B. et al, 2001).



The spawning strategy of most species is to ensure high survival of their offspring. They ensure this

by responding to the environment by selecting sites of more food availability and minimum predation

pressure for their juvenile. This condition can be best fulfilled in the swampy and marshy areas of

vegetated flood plains. For this, some fish is seen flocking into the riverine flood plain, where people

in mass caught and wadding into the water using traditional traps or even in hands.

There are plenty of wetlands in this sub basin resulting from hydrological and land use changes. The

Dembia Plain to the north, the Fogera Plain to the east and the Kunzila Plain to the south-west are

low areas bordering the lake which are often flooded during the rainy season and also far to the lake.

Deforestation and losses of vegetation within the basin is the starting cause for an accumulation of

silt within the water and wetlands ecosystems. This accumulation leads to a complete change in the

ecosystem wetlands, resulting in biodiversity alteration, in decreases the water holding capacity of the

Lake and wetlands, the worst case finally it aggravates the collapse of the lake itself. Therefore, to

sustain and maximize benefit of natural gifts, wetlands must be conserved and managed based on the

perspective of land use type and principles.

1.1.4. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius)

Hippopotamus is the prominent large mammal in Lake Tana and widespread in all sides of Lake.

Various literatures have revealed that through using hippos as iconic species for conservation; the

community as well as the higher levels could benefit from tourism. Hippo is distributed in all corners

of the lake because of its natural habitat degradation.

Therefore, this animal and its habitat must be studied and conserved for different use of humans in

the perspective of land use type (Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise.2012); hence, to

sustain its use for human kind and other ecological functions, appropriate land use management is

fundamental and urgent solution in Tana- sub basin.

1.1.5. Birds

There are wide variety of birds, both endemic and visitors from Africa, Europe and other Northern

parts of the world. The variety of habitats from rocky crags, to riverine forests and important

wetlands ensure that many different bird species. Water birds are of two types such as called wetland

specialists and generalists. Specialists are wholly dependent to nest, feed, and roost in wetlands and



aquatic habitats (Airinatwe, 1999; Mengistu Wondafrash, 2003). Generalists are those birds that are

frequently found in wetlands (Mangnall and Crowe, 2003) but are sometimes seen in other habitats as

well. Therefore, for different human uses such as tourism development and environmental balance,

their natural habitat, breeding and feeding sites must be conserved and managed.

1.2. The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study includes major aspects related to socioeconomic conditions of the study area.

Observation in field was taken about existing land use transformation, species habitat degradation,

loss of species, fishing activities, type of fishing tools, endangered wild animals, threats of

wetlands, increasing access to nature reserves or conservation, the status of wetlands, Lake Tana,

rivers and streams, illegal fishing tools and time of fishing season, utilization of natural resource,

wildlife population as a result of conservation program or decreasing wildlife population and as a

result of degradation of natural habitats, fishery production and management in the Lake Tana and

fish culture, under construction dams ,human interference in wetlands, the Lake, rivers and streams

site observation and taking measurements for aquaculture development, suitability classification and

some others. The suitability map will be done at 1:20,000 scales.

1.3. Objectives

1.3.1. General Objective

The overall objective of this study was to ensure effective and efficient land use type identification

and utilization for sustainable socio-economic development and identification of potentials to

promote sustainability of wetlands and fisheries in Tana sub-basin.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

• To assess potentials and constraints of wetlands and fisheries and set its managements

• To identify, define and select and respective LUTs, identify and characterize land qualities

• To identify wild animals which are endangered in wetlands, rivers and the Lake and to set

better management

• To identify and show potentials areas for aquaculture development and promote its



utilization for sustainable development

1.4. Organization of the Study

The major issues addressed in this study are explained briefly in the preceding section of this chapter.

The subsequent chapter of this study is organized as follows: Chapter one focuses on introduction,

chapter two literature reviews, chapter three describes description of the study area, chapter four

focuses on presenting the material and methodology used. Chapter five provides the assessment result

and management of fisheries and wetland as economical factors that are considered as an important

for sustainable production are detail described in this chapter.

The identified land utilization type, and its description and environmental requirement, the selected

LUTs; culture and capture fisheries were defined and described each independently, and the

objective, purpose as well as the environmental requirements ratting of each utilization type also

explained in chapter five.



2. LITERATURE REVIEW

So as to have a basic knowledge about the general features of wetlands situations, fishing

activities, general situations of fisheries, the importance of wetlands and other aquatic animals, birds

and the requirements of some aquatic animals, resent and different literatures or studies from

various sources including on line services were collected, organized and utilized as follows.

2.1. Fish

2.1.1. Fish Species

In this sub basin, there are 28 fish species out of which 21 are endemic to the Country. The fish

fauna families are: Cichlidae, Clariidae, Balitoridae (each represented by single species: Oreochromis

niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Nemacheilus abyssinicus, respectively) and Cyprinidae (Abebe

Getahun and Eshete Dejen2012. Cyprinidae is the largest family and represented by four genera:

Barbus is represented by three species: B. humilis, B. pleurogramma, and B. tanapelagius

(Eshete Dejen, 2003)

Varicorhinus is represented by one specie, V. beso

Garra is represented by four species: G. dembecha, G. tana, G. regressus and G. small mouth

(unidentified species) (Akewak Geremew, 2007)

Labeobarbus is the most abundant genus of the family and consists of 15 species forming a

unique species flock in Lake Tana (Nagelkerke, 1997)

These endemic fish species attracts the attention of world scientists. According to Abebe Getahun and

Eshete Dejen (2012, Lake Tana has annual maximum sustainable yield which is about 7000- 15000

tons of fish. If the Lake is well managed, with no doubt its potential will be higher than this. Fishes

perpetuate themselves in a number of ways. Success of reproduction depends on when and where the

fish reproduces, and what portion of energy is allocated (Stearns, 1992). Fish has its own suite of

reproductive traits (Wootton, 1990). Genetic and environmental factors are important in determining

the reproductive ecology of fishes. The most important environmental factors include the harshness



and variability of abiotic factors, the availability of food for the parental fish and their offspring, the

presence of predators on the parental fish and their offspring and the level of dissolved oxygen

(Lowe-McConnell, 1987; Wootton, 1990). The most favorable areas for fish feeding are not

necessarily best for reproduction (Northcote, 1984). Hence, migration enables a fish to utilize

different habitats. But breeding sites of the fish are being degraded because of improper land use

types. From these studies it is understood that the existing fish species in the Tana sub basin.

Therefore, this species need to be conserved so as to have sustainable production and development.

2.1.2. Spawning of Labeobarbus Fish Species

Since cyprinids are riverine in their origin and they are adapted to live in lakes or lacustrine

environments, most of the species migrate upstream to spawn in tributary rivers (Tomasson et al.,

1984; Skelton et al., 1991) which indicates that they are not still fully adapted to the lake

environment.

Different studies have been conducted in some inflowing rivers of Lake Tana such as Gelda and

Gumara (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996; Palstra et al., 2004; de Graaf et al., 2005), Ribb (Abebe

Getahun et al., 2008) and Dirma Megech (Wassie Anteneh, 2005), Arno-Garno River (Shewit

Gebremedhin, 2011) and Gilgel Abay River and its Tributaries (Dagnew Mequanent, 2012) indicated

the upstream spawning migration of some lacustrine Labeobarbus species.

The riverine spawners of Labeobarbus species ascend 30 to 40 km upstream Gumara River from

August to October. They spawn in fast flowing, shallow, and well-oxygenated gravel beds of small

tributaries of the river, and possibly in the main channel (Palstra et al., 2004).

Here it can be understand that, the appropriate breeding sites of fish and for how mach distance these

riverine spawners of fish species migrate to spawn. Therefore, this part tried to show the appropriate

land use type by considering these endemic valuable fish species for sustainable development.

2.1.3. Decrease of Fish

In the commercial catch large specimens of African catfish (>50 cm) and Nile tilapia (>20 cm)

decreased significantly over the last ten years time. During the same period, the commercial catch of

riverine spawning Labeobarbus spp. declined with 75%. In the experimental fishery a similar

decrease was observed and the populations of juvenile Labeobarbus in the littoral (length range: 5-18



cm) decreased even by more than 85% (de Graaf et al., 2006). The main reason for the fall down of

these fish species is due to destructive fishing for the period of their spawning season and destruction

of the river ecology that serves as a spawning ground. These species form aggregations at the river

mouths in August-September, during which period they are targeted by the commercial gillnet

fishery. Traditional fishermen reduced densities of this fish species to a very low level because of

overfishing near and at river mouths and upstream in the rivers on and near the spawning grounds.

Recruitment overfishing is taking place in case of the migrating Labeobarbus spp; because of this,

seven species of this unique species flock are in danger of becoming extinct (Vijverberg et al., 2009).

This study could see, how mach the Lake Tana fish species are decreased, endangered and the

reasons of decreases. Therefore, appropriate fisheries management and land use type, is important to

recover this fish production.

2.1.4. Exploitation of the Fish Potential in Lake Tana

In addition to commercial and reed boat fishery, seasonal fisher-men (farmers) traditionally catch

Labeobarbus on the upstream spawning grounds between July and October. These seasonal fisher-

men use a variety of fishing techniques like barriers, basket traps, hooks, scoop nets and poisoning of

the shallow water upstream using the dried and crushed seeds of the berberra tree (Milletia

ferruginea, Leguminosae) both times (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996). From this, one could see that

illegal fishing tools and activities, so there must be appropriate fishing tools and activities.

2.2. Wetlands

Wetlands have many economic, cultural and ecological functions and values. It can serve as fish and

Shellfish habitats and spawning areas, and nursery for young organisms. Most freshwater fish are

considered wetland dependent. Birds use wetlands for migratory resting places, breeding or feeding

grounds, or taking cover from predators. Wetlands also provided fish, drinking water, pasture land

and transport and were part of the cultural history of early people. Wetlands have been described both

as "the kidneys of the landscape", because of the functions they can perform in the hydrological and

chemical cycles, and as "biological supermarkets" because of the extensive food webs and rich

biodiversity they support (Mitsch & Gosselink, 1993 cited in Barbier, E. et al.1996). It is understood

that, the function and the importance of wetlands is so much.



More than 60 seasonal and perennial rivers that are equipped with distinct riparian and wetland

vegetation can be found in the Lake Tana region. But the vast majority of this vegetation type is

concentrated in the flat plains of Lake Tana. One of the characteristic features of Lake Tana, the

papyrus populations, has dramatically declined in its distribution due to overexploitation and habitat

fragmentation and loss. Nowadays papyrus populations are mainly found in pocket habitats along the

shorelines (Woldegabriel & Solomon 2006).

Within the Lake Tana sub basin one can classify four major wetland ecosystems: (a) riverine

freshwater wetlands, (b) lacustrine freshwater wetlands (c) palustrine freshwater wetlands and (d)

agricultural flooded freshwater wetlands.

(a) Riverine freshwater wetlands: Riverine freshwater wetlands include all permanent and seasonal

rivers and streams, and their inland delta and floodplains. As a result of different climatic seasons

flooding occur in the rainy season corresponding with a high input of alluvial soils mixed with

nutrients and massive sediment accumulations along the river beds. This accumulation along the river

beds leads as well to the creation of new wetland areas. Of the riverine freshwater wetlands, Gilgel

Abay, Gumara, Rib, and Megech Rivers are frequently perturbed by such dynamic processes at their

lower reaches. All these permanent and seasonal feeder rivers and streams are ecologically significant

in providing habitats as breeding and spawning grounds for riverine migrating fish species, especially

for the endemic fish stock and hence play keystone ecosystem functions. The dynamic nature of the

riverine wetland ecosystems, which are usually perturbed and perpetually changing, acts to structure

wetland ecosystems in spatial and temporal scales. The long-term ecosystem functions of the riverine

wetlands depend on their specific habitats and structure, as habitat structures of rivers and streams

play an important role with regard to the ability of water bodies to function in natural systems and as

habitats for aquatic organisms. Generally, the various riverine freshwater wetlands are important

ecological units in conserving biodiversity because of their natural dynamics. Thus, they maintain the

dynamic nature of the lake system to function as habitats for aquatic organisms (Woldegabriel &

Solomon 2006).

(b) Lacustrine freshwater wetlands: The whole water body of Lake Tana can be classified as a

lacustrine freshwater wetland. Based on the definition provided on Article 2.1 of the Ramsar

convention, Lake Tana freshwater can be categorized as inland freshwater wetlands. With regard to

limnology, the ecology of the lake is divided into littoral, sub-littoral and pelagic zones, based on



light penetration. All these zones are interlinked and provide habitats for the various fish stocks and

other aquatic lives (Woldegabriel & Solomon, 2006).

(c) Palustrine freshwater wetlands: Palustrine freshwater wetlands include permanently or seasonally

flooded freshwater marshes and swamps growing. The various palustrine wetland ecosystems,

located on-shore and offshore of the lake and rivers and streams, are among the valuable ecological

units that conserve important genetic resources and biodiversity species. The various vegetated

wetlands have important ecological linkages between the water realms of the lake and terrestrial

lands and hence require their joint management as they play keystone ecosystem functions in

reducing point and non-point source pollutions, regulating flood velocity, providing important

habitats for waterfowls and breeding and spawning grounds for fish species. The various natural and

near-natural palustrine freshwater swamp wetlands are ecologically significant in conserving the

water tolerant vegetation communities of the Cyperus papyrus-Typhae latifolia (Woldegabriel &

Solomon 2006).

(d) Agricultural flooded freshwater wetlands: The term agricultural floodplain wetland refers

mainly to the Fogera floodplains, located within the coordinates of latitude 11044‟-12003‟N and

Longitude 37025`-370 58`. These seasonal floodplains are located at the eastern side of Lake Tana

and have an estimated size of 28,000 hectares. These wetlands had been part of the lake, but at the

times of the pluvial period they have been changed into the present land forms due to high sediment

loads, eroded by inflowing rivers to Lake Tana. The soils are alluvial with no stones. Because of their

fertility they have been used by humans for several thousands of years. Rib River is the most

important river that overflows its banks to form seasonal wetlands. The habitat structure of the

flooded wetlands includes both semi-natural and arable lands, which are critically important in agro-

biodiversity and wild diversity conservation. Within the Fogera floodplain rice is cultivated. This rice

cultivation is one of the threats for the wetlands within the area and it results in a loss of biodiversity

due to the destruction of the ecosystem. The land of the Fogera floodplain provides habitats for

wildlife species, especially for waterfowls and seasonally migrating fish stocks for spawning. The

ecological significance of this area is manifested by its international recognition as important bird

areas (IBA) for its support of globally threatened bird species. Despite, they are threatened by

ecological degradation stemmed from drainage and channeling, invasion by alien species and

farmland expansion (Friedrich zur Heide, 2012). From this it noted that rivers, the lake and others are



grouped under wetlands ecosystem. Therefore, there are four major wetland ecosystems in Thana

sub- basin.

Shesher and Welala wetlands

These wetlands provide fish, water, and grazing for livestock. They also harbor large diversity of bird

species including internationally endangered and threatened ones (Atnafu N. etal, 2011). They are the

buffering zones of Lake Tana (Nagelkerke LAJ., 1997). However, due to unsustainable farming

activities by local farmers, the existence of these floodplain wetlands and associated ecological

services as well as socioeconomic importance is under threat (Dejen E, et al., 2011, Nemomissa S,

2008). It was observed that the local farmers were draining and pumping the water to expand farming

land. Another potential threat is the large dam under construction on Ribb River that could minimize

the water overflowing to these wetlands (Dejen E. et al., 2011). These things are also approved by our

field observation /visiting, these are really challenging problems for these wetlands as well for Lake

Tana ecosystem.

These wetlands are ideal spawning and nursery habitats for C. gariepinus (Wassie Anteneh, etal,

2012). For this reason they said "To have management plans for the two wetlands and also to conduct

environmental impact assessment studies for all future development projects around the Lake Tana

are strongly recommended". From this it is understood that the functions of these wetlands. No days

in Tana sub basin, it is worry that, these wetlands are in a bad situation (are used for cropping

production, over grazing, sedimentation and so on).

2.2.1. Importance of Wetlands on Biodiversity

Wetlands provide suitable habitats for innumerable organisms including birds. These habitats,

however, are declining all over the world. Water resource development is a major cause for this

decline. Dams are being constructed by diverting large rivers to produce hydro-electricity, assist

navigation and control floods. Such changes have affected estuarine and coastal ecology, and reduced

the amount of water reaching flood plain wetlands, affecting their ecology (Kingsford, 2000).

Wetlands of Ethiopia are prominent shelter of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Endemic fishes,

birds and other life forms depend on wetlands. The loss of these wetlands is devastating to several

endemic species and particularly to wetland dependent species (Kingsford, 2000).



According to Atnafu N (2010), most of the dry C. gariepinus exported to neighboring countries such

as Sudan is obtained from Shesher and Welala wetlands. Therefore, some fish species by nature flood

dependent. Hence, wetlands are the most sources or rich of fishes, birds and other organisms.

2.3. Aquaculture

Water is recognized as one of the key limiting resources for the new millennium. Areas with once

abundant water reserves are now forced to take a close look at rationing, while water-stressed areas

are being forced to get by with less and less water. Diminishing supplies and increased demand mean

that water use and re-use is a critical issue. It is now clearly imperative that water use be optimized.

One form of optimization is to integrate irrigation and aquaculture (IIA) and develop synergy from

this marriage. Aquaculture, generally in the form of fishponds, can stock water for irrigating plant

crops or can capture water leaving irrigation schemes. Ponds can also be built in adjacent water

logged areas not suitable for other crops. By-products from the crops can be used as nutrient inputs

for the fish; green manure for composting, spoiled produce and/or by-products such as bran or oil

cake as supplemental feeds (FAO, 1999).

According to FOA (1995), Aquaculture is still virtually non-existent in Ethiopia, despite favorable

physical conditions. The high central Plateau above 2 500 m (11% of total area) could be appropriate

for all year round farming of cold water species. The surrounding and central highlands present

temperature characteristics favorable to the breeding of a large number of species, from cold water to

warm water fish. In addition, the temperature conditions are remarkably stable as compared to

European so-called "temperate climates" and give a great scope for cultivating a large range of

species in very good conditions.

Since 1975, about 25 small fish ponds were constructed by individuals throughout the country. These

ponds, which cover a total area of 11 ha, have been stocked about 120 000 fingerlings. They are

operated for self-consumption or demonstration purpose only. No commercial-scale fish farming

exists (FOA, 1995). Now days this figure may be higher, the number of ponds is getting higher and

higher in the Country, Ethiopia. From this it is possible to see the practice of fish culture in Ethiopia.

Here it is possible to see that, the potentiality and some trends of fish culture practices in Ethiopia



2.4. Birds and Hippopotamus

2.4.1. Hippopotamus

According to Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise(2012) report, this wild animal is

killed by man due to conflict arise for the damage cultivated crops, vegetables, grazing lands and

pasture, destroy fences, irrigation canals and overthrow papyrus made boat “Tankua” and considered

as vermin animal. From this it is possible to say this spp. is at risk. Therefore, these activities must

be stopped; to do so must be conservation of their natural habitat.

2.4.2. Birds

Lake Tana and its associated Fogera flood plain wetlands have been identified as Important Bird

Areas. They provide habitats for various bird species, particularly for water fowls including

Palaearctic and intra African migrants. The ecological significances for nomination as nationally and

globally, Important Bird Areas (IBAS) are due to the fact that they provide habitats for globally

threatened and biome restricted bird species and large number of congregations of waterfowls

(EWNHS, 1996).

Lake Tana qualifies as an Important Bird Areas (IBAs) because it possesses globally threatened

species such as Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor),

Rouget‟s Rail (Rougetius rougetti), Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), and Greater Spotted Eagle

(Aquila clanga). Recent estimates on the birds of Lake Tana suggested that 43,000 wetland birds are

found in the area (Francis & Shimelis Aynalem, 2007). There are 214 Palaearctic migrants in

Ethiopia and among these, 45 species have been found to over-summer within the boundaries of the

country. A large number of these birds have breeding population in Ethiopia (Pol, 2006).

The preparation of a list of species is basic to the study of avifauna (bird community) of a site,

because a list indicates species diversity in a general sense (Bibby et al., 1992; Bibby, 1998).

Information is far from complete for most species of birds in different regions. Concentration of

threatened avian species is greater in the tropics than elsewhere. Of the 1,029 threatened species, 884

occur in developing countries (Rands, 1991). Apart from their beauty, birds are excellent indicators

of water quality. In Ethiopia, several ecosystems of high biological importance are threatened and



there is a need for strong conservation action that should be supported by legislation (Pol, 2006),

especially Lake Tana and wetlands.

From this we could see that this potentially important bird species are at risk, are going to extinct.

Migratory bird species which come from Europe every year are at risk because of habitat

degradation. These birds are potential for tourism development.

2.4.3. Federal and regional policies, strategies, regulations concerning fish and

wetland

In Ethiopia, there are many policies, proclamations and strategies such as water sector policy 2001,

national tourism development policy (2009), Ethiopia solid waste management proclamation (No.

513/2007), ANRS environmental impact assessment (proclamation No. 181/2003), regional rural land

administration and use (Proclamation no. 133/2006), environmental pollution control (Proclamation

no. 300/2002), environmental impact assessment (proclamation No. 299/2002), National Biodiversity

Policy (FDRE, 1998), public health proclamation No 200/2000, Ethiopian water resources

management regulations No.115/2005, environmental policy of Ethiopia, federal and regional

(Amhara Region) fisheries policies ( proclamations No 315/2003 and 92/2003 on Fisheries

Development, Protection and Utilization, respectively and others but there is no any proclamation

about wetlands.

Though there is federal and regional fisheries proclamation as mentioned earlier, none of them has

put in to practices. Surprisingly, despite the fact that the country has numbers of wetlands, she is not

signatory the Ramsar Convention.



3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. General Descriptions of the Study Area

Tana sub basin is found in the Amhara region. Geographically, the basin is located between North

latitude 1210669m – 1411084m and East longitude 254549 - 416363m. Its elevation is ranging 1327

- 4109 meter above sea level. The basin has a total area of 1,589,654.98 hectares. It is one of the most

important potential areas for all development in Amhara region. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Lake

Tana is found in the sub basin.

Parts or the whole of 29 Woredas and three administrative zones are encompasses in the sub-basin.

These include Banja, Fageta Lekuma and Dangila Woredas in Awi zone; Sekela, South Achefer,

North Achefer, Mecha and Bahir Dar Zuria Woredas in West Gojjam zone; BahirDar Town in

BahirDar Town administration; Dera, Estie, Farta, Libo Kemkem, Ebinat and Fogera Woredas in

South Gondar zone; Debre Tabor Town in Debre Tabor Town Administration; Gondar Zuria,

Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Dembia, Chilga, Alefa and Takusa in North Gondar zone and Gondar

Town in Gondar Town Administration



Fig. 1. Map of Tana sub basin

Human population in Tana sub basin is generally homogeneous linguistically and consists of the

main ethnic families of Amhara. According to CSAs 2007 census and Woredas, the study area has a

total population of 3103231 with male 1563276 and female 1539955 this is about 15.8 percent of the

total regional population. The very big proportion or 75.8 percent of the population of the area is

living in rural areas where as the remaining 24.2 percent are concentrated in urban and semi urban

centers. The settlement pattern of the study area is 56% scattered and 44% clustered, and the average

population density of the area is 292 persons per km square.



The sub basin is endowed with eight different agro-climatic zones namely, moist tepid, sub-humid

tepid, moist cool, moist warm, moist cold, moist very cold, sub-humid cool and sub-humid cold.

Most of the project area (79.4%) is found in moist tepid agro climatic zone followed by sub-humid

tepid, moist cool and sub-humid cool which account for 12%, 5% and 3% respectively. The area is

dominated by one main rainy season, from June to September and one dry season between October

and May. The rainfall distribution of area is controlled by the northward and southward movement of

the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) resulting in a single rainy season.

River Megech, Rib, Gumara and Gilgel Abbay are the main permanent water resources in the Basin,

However, the Megech and Rib rivers sometimes dries-up at downstream during the dry seasons.

Both Rivers used to supply water for human and livestock consumption and also for crop irrigation.

The others seasonal rivers originate from the upper in the mountainous range in the north and in hilly

zones in the inter-riverine area of river Megech and Rib are also other sources of water. River

Infranz, River Jema, River Awra Arda, River Derba, River Arno-Garno, River Shine, River

Selamko, River Dengura are some of prominent seasonal rivers found in the study area.

The sub- basin is one among the other agrarian areas of the nation, where by Agricultural field crop

production is predominantly prevailing. With this respect, Agriculture production is the mainstay for

the livelihood of people in the sub basin. Beyond the presence of huge arable land resource, the sub

basin is adequately endowed with a wide variety of indigenous plants with a unique heritage of

diverse germplasm of vegetables, fruits, oil crops, forages, tubers, cereals and pulses. Teff, Noug,

safflower, rape seed, caster bean, Gesho, are among indigenous plants grown in the basin. Maize,

sorghum, beans, barley finger millet, wheat, chickpea and others are commonly grown crops.

Livestock constitutes a major part of the farming system next to crop production, providing draft

power, producing milk and conferring a certain degree of security against crop failures. However,

performance in the production of the major food commodities of livestock origin has been poor

compared with other African countries, including neighboring Kenya (IFAD/EPLAUA, 2007).

Inadequate feed and nutrition, widespread diseases and poor health, poor breeding stock, and

infrastructure have been cited as major constraints affecting livestock performance.



Forest resource offer the main energy supply is one of the most dynamic economic activity in sub

basin; it also contribute to sustainable agricultural systems; and are a source for agro-biodiversity and

a major storehouse for carbon and water. However, Forest resource in the sub basin is being depleted,

biodiversity is declining, timber and non-timber forest products and services are weakened, and most

of the important biological endemic species, that have a potential to sustain the livelihood in the

basin, are now vulnerable.

The sub basin is rich in fish and wetlands resources. However the fishery of Lake Tana is at an early

stage of development due to low level of technology employed by fishery man and a lack of

marketing facilities. On other hand, the wetlands and fisheries resources also declining due to ever-

increasing population in the study area coupled with inappropriate land use and wetlands

management system and high fishing pressure with narrow mesh size.

The position of the basin in its cultural heritage is remarkable. For example, Some 37 islands & 21

monasteries surviving remnants of a very old meditative tradition have been used as safe keeping

places for the religious relics and art treasures during the times of trouble. And these monasteries

from all corners of the country have architectural significances, beautiful mural paintings and icons,

as well as numerous strikingly illustrated parchments and intricately decorated processional and hand

crosses. It is also house myriads of treasures, beautiful mural paintings, icons, parchment

manuscripts, scrolls and emperors assets. However, efforts and progress made on archaeological

searches for historical values in the area are still at infancy. As a result, most of the attractions

including those that have been declared world heritage by UNESCO have long suffered from severe

deterioration by both natural calamities and human interferences.

3.2. Materials Used

Materials which can help to accomplish this study efficiently and properly, recent technologies and

materials are necessary. For this study the following materials and technologies were used (Table1).



Table 1. Materials used for study

No. Type of equipment Number

1 GPS 1

2 Digital photo camera 1

3 Computers 1

4 Google Earth -

5 ERDAS Imagine -

6 Other software -

7 Different formats and checklists -

3.3. Methodology

Soon after reconnaissance survey made from April to May 2013 the preparation for detail study or

filed work started. The study process followed three stages of preparation that are Pre fieldwork

activities including preparation of desk study and designing activities: field work and post field

works.

3.3.1. Sampling Methods

Representative sampling sites and samples were randomly selected based ACZ and samples were

taken randomly. The sample size was enough to represent the population based on the standards.

3.3.2. Biophysical Observation and Site Selection

Biophysical observation sites were identified and selected based on Agro-Climatic Zone and land use

and land cover by using Geographic Information System (GIS) (Fig. 1). In addition to this, some

important sites such as irrigations Dams (Mitsili,Selamiko, Rib, Megech and Megech Serava),

harvested fish storages( Woreta, Enfiranze, Chuait, Delgi and Gorgora), illegal(monofilaments)

fishing gear making places( Delgi), fishing activities, dominant wetlands and Hippopotamus were

observed based on the local source ( Figure2).



3.3.3. Identification of Source of Data and Data Collection Tools

3.3.3.1. Source of secondary data

Secondary data were identified and collected from the following sources:

a. Woreda

Secondary data were collected from Woreda sectors (about 21 woredas) (Agriculture office and

Environmental protection and Land use Administration offices) by having developed formats which

are mentioned in the data collection format section, appendix4.

b. Zonal sectors

Secondary data were collected from zonal sectors (North Gondar, Bahir Dar Liyu and South Gondar)

department of Agriculture and EPLUA, by having developed formats which are mentioned in the data

collection format the same appendix4

c. Universities and Research Center

Secondary data were also collected from Universities (Gondar and Debretabor and Bahir Dar

Universities) and Research Centers (ARARI and Gondar).

3.3.3.2. Source of primary data

When preparing new projects, source of data is an important. Therefore, source of primary data were

identified and collected from the following sources:

a. Key informant discussion

Primary data were collected from key informants by interviewing with structured formats/

questionnaires. Totally, 57 key informants were interviewed.

b. Household Survey

The socio-economic Survey covered all the kebeles found in the sub-Basin with no exception. The

sampling methodology is multistage stratified cluster sampling the procedure followed to apply the

sampling is dealt below.

The household socioeconomic survey was conducted on the basis of sampling frame designed. A

multistage stratified cluster sampling of households using implicit stratifying method was applied to

prepare the sample frame as discussed in the second chapter of this report. The sequence of

stratification was arranged primarily.



First the study area stratified by Seven ACZs, namely, Moist cold, Moist cool, Moist tepid, Moist

very cold, Moist warm, Sub-humid cool and Sub-humid tepid. Then each ACZ further stratified by

Kebele boundaries, a stage which is the first sampling unit. Then proportionate numbers of Kebeles

were sampled randomly from each ACZ. The total number of sample Kebeles was 100. These sample

Kebeles were also further stratified by sex of household head and the proportion of female headed

and male headed households was identified.

Finally, sample of 400 households was drawn from each Kebele using probability proportionate to

size method size being the number of female headed and male headed households in each Kebele.

Household is the second sampling unit. For this purpose a fresh list of households was prepared for

the sampled Kebeles.

c. Experts’ interview

There was interviewing and discussion with technique experts especially University Lectures and

Researchers so as to get real and resent information about the studies like fisheries, wetlands,

aquaculture and other major aquatic animals. Therefore, a total of five Experts were interviewed.

d. Field observation

Filed observation( about154 observations) all about birds, wetlands, fisheries, existing aquaculture,

major aquatic animals and all over conditions of the study were taken (Fig. 2) by having developed

formats which are shown in the appendix3.



Fig.2. Map of observations and sampling sites of the study

e. Photographs

Best and representative Photographs were taken in order to show the actual existing situation of

fisheries, streams, dams, irrigation, rivers, existing land use types, wetlands and other important

photographs.



3.4. Data Analysis

Data which were normally distributed was analyzed by using parametric methods otherwise non-

parametric method was conducted and some data were transformed. These collected data were done

and analyzed by using SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for Social

Studies) and Excel software. GIS was also used to show special distribution and allocation of results.

.



4. RESULTS AND DISCCUTION

4.1. Culture Fisheries

4.1.1. Existing Land Use Types of Culture Fisheries

Though there are some developments of aquaculture in some farmers in this sub basin, it is small

scale and very traditional as a result of this, the production is insignificant; fishers exert all pressure

on capture fisheries which can result in the extinction of spp. followed by ecological distraction. This

is because of less attention by the farmer and the Governments, but now it is getting focuses by the

same Governments.

4.1.2. Problems of current situation culture fisheries

Results obtained from household (from interviewed 85% were not interested) (Fig. 3) and key

informant discussion indicated that the farmers are not actively participating to have fish culture,

because they have no any idea about its use and significance. This poor interest is the result of weak

extension works by developers even concerned bodies give less attention for such a kind of

agriculture as house hold survey reported.

In field observation, for example it was possible to see that, in Koga sub - reservoirs (or may be

called night reservoirs) there is no fish production though it is possible. Also in the other site

observation, Ebinate Woreda even the existing ponds are not that much effective because of poor

pond management system (Fig. 4).



Fig.3. Interest of farmers in fish engaging in Tana sub- basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014)

Fig. 4. Poorly managed fish pond at Ebinat Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)



So as to alleviate poverty (poverty reduction by contributing its own part for economic

development), create job opportunity and improve livelihoods, culture fisheries should be practiced

and integrated with other agricultural systems. Therefore, the government should work on awareness

creation or extension about fish culture.

4.1.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Culture Fisheries

This sub- basin has somewhat good potentialities for aquaculture development but temperature may

be the major limiting factor, however, by using technologies this factor can be corrected; it is possible

to modify environmental factors including temperature and others. Potential fish species for this basin

are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). But introduction of

any other species to this sub- basin is strictly forbidden by law, both regional and federal law. Access

to market, large water bodies and now days, high demand of fish are also potentials in this sub- basin.

At present there are about 45 fish ponds in this sub basin (Table2), but according to the key

informants sources, these ponds are not that much productive, this is because of poor management

system of the pond.

Table 2. Fish culture distribution in Tana Sub- basin woredas

Words Aquaculture

Households/Participant Total Pond

Dera 12 12

Libo 1 1

Ebinat 2 2

N. Achefer 11 11

S.Achefer 8 8

Mecha 7 7

Bahir Dar Liyu Zone 4 4

Total 45 45

4.2. Capture Fisheries

4.2.1. Existing Land Use Types of Capture Fisheries

It is known that, Lake Tana, wetlands and feeder rivers are suit or best home for the existing aquatic-

animals and as well for some other wilds but are exposed to various forms of environmental

degradation including over-exploitation of the fish resources, settlements and encroachment of

Eucalyptus species in to the rivers and wetlands, development activities such as construction of dams



and irrigation projects as well as effluents from farm lands and also excessive sand extraction are also

serious problems. These things affect the production and productivity of fish and also it affects even

the existence of species, because of change of water chemistry and physical environment. There is

also lack of awareness on the part of farmers, development workers and decision makers about these

activities.

The existing capture fisheries production is traditional. Because of traditional production system and

poor management practice, the fishermen as a whole in the region and the country are getting low

income from these fisheries resource, failed for problems. Post harvesting system is also very

traditional (Fig. 5). The transportation system of this harvested fish, dried fish is also poor (Fig.6).

Market technologies and system are also too poor. In this study it was understood that, there is high

fish demand in the market particularly in Addis Ababa and North Sudan. Because of this demand,

these dried fish are transported to North Sudan and semi processed ones are transported to Bahir Dar,

Gondar and the most is to Addis Ababa. Some dried fishes are also demanded and consumed by

local once (woredas which are found in the hot area, western parts of North Gondar Zone).

Fig. 5. Traditional post harvesting of fish in Alefa Woreda left) and Dembia Woreda (right)

(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)



Fig. 6. Harvested fish transportation (poor) to consumers in Gondar Zaria Woreda(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014)

4.2.2. Potentials and Opportunities of Capture Fisheries

According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), fish species mainly Labeobarbus, Tilapia,

Cat fish and V. beso are commercially important and have a potential to give good production.

From these fish species, in this sub basin total fish production was increasing (Table3). This

potential creates job opportunity for 5472 fishermen from these landless fishermen are905. As a

result, Tana sub-basin fisheries are means of the livelihood for many fishers. These fisheries in turn

give great economy for the region and country. Production of fish in Lake Tana increases from time

to time, particularly staring from 2002(E.C) (Fig.7).

Table 3. Total fish production in Tana- sub basin

Years E.C Production ( Quintal) Estimated income (ETB)

2005 156528.7 95868008.5

2006 220203.6 462279617

Total

376732.3 558147625.5



Fig. 7. Fish production from Lake Tana (1977 - 2006 E.C) (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

As mentioned earlier this production system and post harvest management is very traditional. If this

capture fishery production is well managed/modern fishing system, the production and income will

be doubled or tripled or more and job opportunity will be also too.

4.2.3. Existing Problems of Lake Tana and Capture Fisheries

General problems of Lake Tana and fisheries

In addition to water chemistry, mostly physico-chemical characteristics are changed and its effect

with the combination of other problems is accountable not only for production reduction but also

endemic fish species are endangered, are going to be extinct unless otherwise proper management is

applied. Other problems are over fishing, fishing season, the fishing tools and fishing activities i.e.

fishing is done mostly in breeding site and season, the fishing tools (mono filaments, fences, poising

chemicals and small mesh size) are used and unnecessary activities are also taking place. These

existing problems which are the sense of the existing situation and management/ conservations of

Lake Tana fisheries need immediate solution.

Adverse impacts of excessive water extraction for irrigation on downstream users are pronounced

from most fresh water sources. Intensive and semi-intensive irrigation systems require large volumes

of fresh water from water bodies, often drawn from surface waters. This practice leaves less water

available for downstream users. This system is affecting in most case capture fisheries which has



devastative effect particularly for rivers (all rivers and streams in this sub- basin) and isolated

wetlands like Kurt Bahir fisheries, reservoirs, drinking water for animals and some extent humans in

adaption to ecological impact.

Tana sub- basin, Lake Tana itself and Beles sub-basins are considered growth corridors by the

Government. Hence, several development projects (dam building and irrigation projects) are being

studied and/or implemented. These include, among others, the Tana Beles inter-basin water transfer,

Koga (Fig.8), Ribb (Fig.8), Megech dams, irrigation projects and in the feature there will be

additional small dams. Almost all of them block the Feeder Rivers to store water, some pump water

through tunnels and some pump water directly from the lake for irrigation purposes. These projects

may possibly pose serious problems on the water level, water quality and biodiversity of Lake Tana

and the Feeder Rivers in the basin. These dams most of which lack fish ladder, blocks fish migration

for spawning purpose, as a result Labeobarbus fish species are highly at risk, planned dams are feared

to block this vital migration of fishes and this may ultimately lead to the demise of this unique group

of fishes and decline in fish stock of Lake Tana. There were environmental impact assessment (EIA)

studies conducted for the different projects but which did not consider fish migration route in some. If

the development projects are undertaken, the migration measures and the management plan suggested

in the various EIAs need to be strictly followed and implemented. Experiences to date, however,

indicate that this measures and plans are not adhere properly.

Fig. 8. Koga Dam (left) and Rib Dam (under construction) the right (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014).

According to local fishers thought, in Tana Beles there is a filter which tries not to allow inlet the fish

to water canal, it is not effective to block the entrance of fish to the turbine. These filters allow much



fish to enter to the turbine which can kill almost all of them and which can result high loss. More are

killed by turbine and some will pass thought it and are founded at the outlet where there is high fish

mortality. Therefore, there should be urgent solution for this problem, for example, the need

additional filter next to the existing one can be one of the solutions.

4.2.4. Existing Problems of Fisheries

As mentioned earlier sections, endemic fish species are endangered, are going to be extinct unless

otherwise proper management is applied. This is because of inappropriate fishing time and season,

the fishing tools and fishing activities are problems i.e. fishing is done mostly in breeding site and

season, the fishing tools which are wrong are Mono filaments, fences, poising chemicals and small

mesh size are used and unnecessary activities are also taking place. This existing problem which is

the sense of the country also worldwide problem, need immediate solution.

Fisheries management draws on fisheries science to enable sustainable exploitation. A conventional

idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish

population does not decline over time because of fishing practices. Sustainability in fisheries

combines theoretical disciplines, such as the population dynamics of fisheries, with practical

strategies, such as avoiding overfishing through techniques such as individual fishing quotas,

curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting

up protected areas, restoring collapsed fisheries, incorporating all externalities involved in harvesting

water bodies ecosystems into fishery economics, educating stakeholders and the wider public, and

developing independent certification programs.

Therefore, to sustain, maintain and maximize all above mentioned and unmentioned benefits, the lake

must be conserved and well managed, we can get too much benefit by conserving these existing

LUTs. Generally, no way of changing existing LUTs; instead there will be conservation and good

managements of these precious natural resources.

4.2.4.1. State of the threats

In this study it was possible to understand fisheries in Tana sub-basin are failed for different illegal

activities, which can result total collapse of fisheries which is agreed to Abebe Getahun and Eshete

Dejen‟ (2012) results.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFQ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing



Therefore, implementing all necessary management measures is vital for the sustainability of the

lake, rivers and wetlands and wise use of its resources. Currently, almost all fishers both reed boat

and motorized boat are mainly concentrated on breeding season and spawning ground of each

species. Tilapia fishing is carried out at littoral regions; Cat fish at littoral flooded area. Labeobarbus

is mainly targeted at river mouths and more distance towards upstream.

The most surprising fishing activity that will probably lead to over all collapse of Lake Tana fishery

resource is using undersized monofilament gillnet imported from Sudan (Gelabat Town) since 2008

and now days this monofilament gillnet is made by fishermen around the lake for example, Bahir

Dar, Esey Debir and Delgi(Fig. 15), Chuait, Gorgora and others. During peak spawning season at

pre-rainy season, peak rainy season and post rainy season at all spawning grounds setting 4cm up to

7cm stretched mesh by all fishers has become common practice even cooperatives use this.

4.2.4.2. Overexploitation of the resources

Although a fishery policy is in place both at the federal and regional levels (proclamations No

315/2003 and 92/2003), its implementation is still at stake. Hence, lakes, wetlands and rivers are

considered free access resources where everyone has the right to exploit. Although there are

registered and certified fishermen and their associations around Lake Tana, there are still a lot of

illegal unregistered fishermen exploiting the fish resources; fishers exploit resource beyond its

capacity. There is no or little regulation of the fishing gears .As a result, the fishery has started

suffering from overfishing (recruitment and otherwise) at some parts of the lake, especially the

southern part around Bahir Dar gulf. It has to be noted also some that of the Labeobarbus spp. have

become very rare that they have been proposed to be listed as endangered species by the International

Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). According to household survey (81.35%) (Table 4) fishers

and key informant approved that the fish supply in ten years has been dramatically decreased.

Table 4. Fish supply states for the last years in Tana sub-basin (Courtesy: Household, 2014)

Items Frequency Percent

Fish supply is increasing 220 15.14

Fish supply is decreasing 1182 81.35

Fish supply has no change 51 3.51

Total 1453 100.0



4.2.4.3. Encroachment on the wetlands and shores of Lake Tana

As detailed explained in the lower section (Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands section), when the

flooding recedes, many people use the shores of Lake Tana for recession agriculture (Fig.9). The soil

is fertile and there is enough moisture for growth of crops. Settlements are being consolidated.

Encroachment on the Wetlands increases every year. There are also privately run small-scale

irrigation projects that use the lake‟s water. The depletion of emergent macrophyte through

harvesting and burning as well as expansion of the submerged stand is serious concerns for the lake‟s

existence.

Fig. 9. Agriculture very close to Lake Tana at Gonder Zaria Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

Problems in the watershed of the rivers and wetlands that feed the lake have also become serious

problems. Unless the riparian vegetation is maintained it would be very difficult to protect soil

erosion and lake sedimentation. Even if dams are constructed and reservoirs are formed, they could

easily be filled with sediments if the watershed is not properly managed (Fig.10).



Fig. 10. Soil erosion at Dangila (the left) and the right at Alefa Woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

Deforestation for energy use and overgrazing caused by high density livestock are major threats of

Lake Tana that need urgent solution by all concerned bodies. River-driven sedimentation is one of the

most serious threats to the long term ecological functions of the lake system. The negative effects are

reflected by huge sediment deposits, shrinkage of lake‟s area size and decreasing water holding

capacity, reduced water quality, habitat fragmentation and loss.

4.2.4.4. Influx of affluent

Small scale agriculture activities are taking place around Lake Tana. This agricultural activities lead

to introduction of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in to the lake,

which are serious problems. Although the amount of the use these inputs by farmers is small

quantities so far but the unregulated manner in which they are used is a threat to the health of the

water. As key informants‟ discussion particularly fishers, local farmers add crushed seeds of Birbira

with little Malathion in to the rivers for fishing. These will let to the lake, with a gradual

accumulation would have impact on the lake system, and in turn would affect the well being of life

within the lake, the ecosystem as a whole.

In addition, wastes from the different sections of Bahir Dar town (e. g .Hotels, Hospitals, Residents,

etc) are, in most cases, discharged in to Lake Tana directly. The setting of appropriate sewerage

system could solve or mitigate the danger of the pollution of the lake water.



4.2.4.5. By-catch

Some types of fishing equipment such as nets with small mesh sizes, Monofilaments, trawlers, and

long lines collect both the desired species (catch) and many non-target species (by-catch) as

information obtained from key informants. By-catch includes unwanted or undersized animals. These

animals are culled and returned to the water body or elsewhere, often dead or dying; the populations

of many non-target species are dropping as a result. In many cases, the discarded fish are juveniles,

which increase the rate of population collapse.

4.2.4.6. Toxic substances

As per discussed with key informants, toxic substances, such as Crushed seeds of Birbira with little

Malathion are used in tributaries of Lake Tana so as to catch fish, which can result fish mass kill. So

this thing should be stopped.

4.2.4.7. Endangered species

Particularly nearly 15 endemic Labeobarbus fish species are threatened in this sub basin, due to a

combination of over-harvesting, habitat destruction and illegal fishing activities (like use of

monofilaments, seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia ferruginea) with Malathion and fencing) and other

related problems.

4.2.4.8. Habitat destruction

Mangroves, however, stabilize lakeshore, reduce storm erosion, act as spawning and nursery areas for

many fish and crustacean, and generally support a diverse population of grasses, birds, and other

land-based and aquatic animals, but these habitats are being lost. There is mass fishing activities at

spawning season and its site /habitat (Fig.11)



Fig. 11. Fishing at spawning site and season in Gumara River (around Wanezaye): source,

Livestock Agency Training Material, 2004

4.3. Major Organisms

4.3.1. Habitats

It is known that Lake Tana, wetlands and feeder rivers are suit or best home for organisms but are

exposed to various forms of environmental degradation including over-exploitation of the fish

resources, settlements and encroachment of Eucalyptus species in to the rivers and wetlands,

development activities such as construction of dams and irrigation projects as well as effluents from

farm lands and also excessive sand extraction from as discussed earlier. These things affect the

production and productivity of organisms and also it affects even the existence of spices, because

these areas are the natural habitat and homes of fishes. These things are also serious problems for the

Lake, wetlands and rivers itself as a whole for the ecosystem.

4.3.2. Flora

In the vast riparian areas of Lake Tana, the only remained forested areas are found sparsely in

pockets of habitats and ecosystems within and around the churches and monasteries of the various

islands and islets and peninsulas where natural, near-natural and semi-natural forestlands can be

founded.



Some shoreline of the Lake and mouth of Gilgele Abay River supports well-established papyrus beds

which are going to be extinct, threaten species. But almost in the rest parts of the lake and wetland

areas plants are disappeared. Further inland the vegetation is dominated by sedges, reed grasses and

bulrushes, along with swamp grasses such as Echinochloa spp. and Cynodon aethiopicus. Patches of

mixed small and broadleaved trees and bushes are found around churches on small, rocky hills near

the lake shore. These patches contain trees such as Albizia spp., Croton macrostachyus, Cordia

africana, Olea europaea cuspidata, figs and Phoenix reclinata. The more shrubby areas comprise

species typical of degraded forest, with Carissa dulis, small Acacia spp., Rosa abyssinica and

Dodonea angustifolia. These species are more or less is exposed for open access except those which

are found in churches. It is obvious that this flora spp. play a great role for the well-being of Lake

Tana, as a whole for the ecosystem of the Tana sub basin. Therefore, like church once, there should

be conservation and best management practices.

4.3.3. Fauna

As discussed earlier, wetlands are biological supper market. Originally, habitats suitability and low

anthropogenic impact coupled with ecological functions of the various ecosystems of wetlands

including Lake Tana itself and associated riparian areas provided habitats for both aquatic and

terrestrial wildlife as a result of habitat heterogeneity and diversity. However, the population pressure

and land use change seriously affecting flora and fauna of wetlands, there are accelerating habitat loss

and natural resource degradation for wild-animals. Types of wildlife grouped under fauna are

mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles‟ are presented to describe the baseline condition of the planning

area. These organisms are mostly wetland dependants, as stated below these natural habitats, wetlands are

exposed for various serious problems, because of this event, faunas are also failed to problems.

4.3.3.1. Birds (Avifauna)

This study approved that, there are varieties of fauna compositions in this ecosystem are specialized

to a particular habitat types. Key characteristics of the wetlands are the formation of various

structures of plant communities, which are distinct, both in terms of flora and fauna composition from

the adjacent dry lands. They are valued for their role in supporting regional biodiversity. Because of

these, this area is particularly important for water birds and the area also important for wintering

migratory bird species. Its importance for birds is reflected by designation of Fogera plains as



Important Bird Area (IBA). Different bird species inhabit wetlands you can see birds population in

(Fig.12).

Fig.12.Migratory bird species from abroad (left) Libo Kemikem and other bird species in Fogera

words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

Though there are different bird species, different studies indicated that these species are endangered;

this study also approved that bird species are in a bad situation, died (Fig.13). This is because of

alteration and degradation of natural habitats. Therefore, habitat conservation specialty wetlands must

be conserved or protracted from any activities rather than cut and carry feeding system and other

recommendable activities.

Fig. 13. Killed Crane in Dembia woreda (left) and the other is in Gondar Zaria woredas (Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014)



4.3.3.2. Mammals

Mammals such as Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious), Black and White Colobus Monkeys

(Colobus guereza), Aard Vark Orycteropus afer, Crested Procupine Hystrix cristata, Grimm’s

DuikerSylvicapra grimmia, Leopard Panthera ardus, Ratel (honey badger) Mellivora capensis,

Africancivet cat Civetticties civetta (Teregn) are found around wetlands and Lake Tana, wetlands,

forests, caves and hillsides. However their presence is highly inconspicuous compared to waterfowls

to be accessed for visitors easily particularly during day time. Giving an attention is enhancing

conservation efforts and possibility of delineating their major habitats for inventory and Protection.

The condition and abundance of higher mammals failed under critical. Conservation issues due to

threats of habitats fragmentation, overgrazing, farmland, settlement, hunting and deforestation. These

problems can be solved by best management and biosphere conservation strategies of their natural

habitat.

4.3.3.3. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius)

In this survey as per discussion of key informants (source), it is understood that, this wild animal is

being killed by man. As a result its number is decreasing, endangered animal. The conflict is

because of the damage cultivated crops, vegetables, grazing lands and pasture, destroy fences,

irrigation canals and overthrow papyrus made boat “Tankua” by this animal as result farmers

considered as vermin animal, this result is agreed with the result/report of Amhara Design and

Supervision Works Enterprise(2012). Why this animal damage the above mentioned humans‟

properties, is because of the natural home /habitat of this animal has been damaged and wasted by

human for his benefits. As a result of this, this animal is forced to find its feed in any where even

though whether there is or not human and other domestic animals in feed areas and foraging over

grazed areas (Fig.14) this is sourced by key informant discussion and field observation. Not only

these animals faced problems but also others, this is because of natural habitat degradation as a result

of this, many animals number is decreasing at increasing rate, particularly these wild animals are

endangered. This is mainly the losses of wetlands. Apart from environmental balance, birds and

hippopotamus are important for tourism development.



Therefore, in order to have tourism development the natural habitat of these animals, the lake and

wetlands must be kept healthy i.e. inappropriate land use types must be stopped instead there must be

appropriate land use type , these activities must be stopped soon.

Fig. 14. Hippopotamus near to Delgi Town, Alefa Words (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

4.3.3.4. Reptiles and amphibians

In this sub basin there are plenty of wetlands, these wetlands are the most natural habitats of reptiles

and amphibians. The Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) occurs in riverine and marsh habitats. African

Rock Python (Python sebae) occurs in permanent wetlands all around Lake Tana and even in Kurit

Bahir Wetland.

Generally, the composition of amphibians by principal species list is not yet well known in the study

area in particular and the region as a whole, which indicate the need of a thorough inventory.

Regardless of species composition by type, the presence of the amphibian anurans has been seen in

the various wetlands of the study area, particularly during wet season. They are important in playing

key roles in prey-predator relationships both as consumers and prey for other higher atrophic levels,

especially for the various waterfowls and terrestrial birds.

Apart from ecological importance, these organisms can be used as monetary value through

consumptive utilization and hence contribute significant impacts on socio-economic development.

There are no crocodiles in Lake Tana as key informant discussion. As mentioned in the other sections

because of their natural habitats degradation, all most all these animals are failed for problems like

other organisms. Protecting and conservations of their natural habitat is an urgent solution to

preserve them.



4.4. Identification of Land Utilization Types

According to FAO (2006), land-use type is a kind of land use described in terms of its products and

management practices. This is a general types of description used for an immediate understanding of

LUTs. However at the district and local level it has to be more detailed mainly for two purposes i.e.

for determination the requirements of a use and then for management specifications that can be used

as a basis for extension services and for planning necessary inputs.

A LUT is also defined by a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economical and social

settings. These technical specifications are known as “diagnostic” or “key attributes” (FAO, 1993).

The selected and identified land use types are obtained and derived from reviews of inception report,

reviews of land use land cover report, consulting and using knowledge of local experts and the

community, refer government preferences (from regional strategic document, extension package

manual), using reference materials and study documents FAO guidelines (1993), study document,

Research Centre and other relevant literatures as well existing potential assessment.

Therefore, LUTs for this sub-basin are proposed based on the above information are Fish culture

production (LUTs1), Capture fisheries (LUTs2).

4.4.1. Description of Land Utilization of Culture Fisheries (LUTs1)

Fish culture is the rational cultivation of fish in confined water mass, where fish rearing is not left to

the mercy of nature (Shammi and Bhatnagar, 2002). Combining aquaculture with agriculture, animal

husbandry and irrigation leads to better utilization of local resources and if executed and managed

properly increase production and profit (FAO, 2005). The man can control fish species and growth,

food production is secured, the fish is close at hand/easy to harvest and it is an effective use of land

that may be too poor for agriculture. The description of Culture fisheries is done based on the

following criteria products and other benefits, use of power/ mechanization, material inputs, feed,

water, fishing tools, size of the pond, depth of the pond, cultivable fish species, selection criteria of a

fish for culture, operations, market orientation, capital intensity, earthen pond, labor intensity, scale

of operation, economic attributes, land tenure, infrastructure and levels of managements. Its detail is

explained in Section III, volume II of this thematic report.



Factors/ requirements of Good Site Selection for aquaculture development

Land is a major factor of production. Fish ponds are built on land either by excavating the soil or by

building embankment structures. When the pond is made by excavating, the following land qualities

(slop, frequency of flooding, depth of water table, clay content of the soil, organic matter content and

Stoniness) for which its suitability can be rated. Its detail explanation is discussed in Section III,

volume II of this report.

4.4.2. Description of Land Utilization of Capture Fisheries (LUT2)

In this case, fish is harvested/ produced from natural system (Lake, rivers streams, wetlands and large

dams) from the most commercial fish families of Cichlidae, Clariidae each of which represented by

single species: Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus, respectively and Cyprinidae is the

largest family and represented by four genera ( Vijverberg et al., 2009; Getahun and Dejen, 2012).

To increase the existing fish production as mentioned in the fish potential section, we must manage

and conserve there natural habitats like lake, wetlands, rivers, large dams and streams. Therefore,

when we set the managements of the natural system, conservation, sound utilization and harvestings

of these resources, directly and indirectly we are increasing fish production and conservation of other

species. The most probable inputs are, restocking of those existing fish (Lake Tana endemic fish

species), fishing, gillnets types, fishing time/season, fishing places, mesh size and the likes. The

description of capture fisheries is done based on the following criteria products and other benefits,

use of power/ mechanization, material inputs, feed, fishing tools, fish species, Operations, market

orientation, capital intensity, labor intensity, scale of operation, economic attributes, land tenure

,infrastructure, and levels of managements .It is detailed discussed in Section III, volume II of this

thematic report.

Requirements/ the most limiting Factors capture fisheries

To sustain the production, among many limiting factors, the following land qualities should be

considered or required as standards that the fish needs to be it constant in addition to other factors.

These most limiting factors are turbidity and transparency, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH of

water, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity. Its detail explanation is discussed in Section III,

volume II of this report.



4.5. Fish cooperatives

Fishers are organized in association for credit and technical provision. The Tana Hahik 1 fishing co-

operative is the first that was established before 16 years in the Southern gulf of the lake. In addition

to this, there are other organized associations in Bahir Dar Liyu Zone are Tana Tafachi, Asamirt

Gebeya, Yiganda Kebele, Ura Kebele, Georgis and Debiresina. Other associations are now emerging

across in ten surrounding woredas. Each woredas has a minimum of one association with 53-

125members.

Semi fish processing industry are The Tana Hahik 1 and Georgis fishing co-operatives and private

once are Woreta, Setegn Alamir, Genetu Wondie, Asamirt Gebeya, Abel and Tarekegn. All of them

are found in near to Shimbit Mikael Cherch and Fishery Research Center, but Georgis is found near

to Georgis Cherch and the rest is in Woreta Town.

Fishermen sale their catch, wet fish to co-operatives or for individuals who can processes it. They

also sale dried fish for merchants; this is particularly true in Northern, North East and North West of

Lake Tana. The merchant export dried fish to North Sudan and those who trade semi processed fish

send or sale it for Bahir Dar, Gondar, Addis Ababa and other Towns of Ethiopia. At the movement

there are four factional semi fish processing sites in Bahir Dar and one in Woreta Town.

4.6. Plant Location of Fish Processing Sites

The term fish processing refers to the processes associated with fish and fish products between the

time fish are caught or harvested and the time the final product is delivered to the customer.

Before deciding plant location different factors should be analyzed. The most important is the plot

which should be of adequate size for both present needs and future development. The plant should be

close to public transport such as rail or road. Access to electricity and water is essential. Waste

disposal should be considered when planning the plant location. The owner should coordinate all the

works with local competent authorities in order to avoid problems in the future. The choice of plant

location should also take into account the neighboring surroundings: for example, location near to a

waste dump could lead to microbiological contamination caused by birds (FAO, 1996).



There are existing fish processing sites at Kunizila, Gorgora but now which are not functional, Bahir

Dar fish possessing sites ( very functional) and in Wereta Town. Since fishes are highly perishable,

there is huge loss from existing harvest. So, in order to avoid wastes from post harvest and to

maximize incomes and livelihoods of fishers as well for the benefits of the region and the country re

establishment of existing fish processing sites and construction of new site is very urgent. Therefore,

based on the above factors or criteria existing none functional and new fish processing sites are

proposed and selected (Fig.15).

Fig. 15. Fish processing sites



4.7. Management Options for Sustainable Production of Fisheries

Management Practices of Culture Fisheries (LUT1)

A. General Guidelines for Aquaculture

Use hatchery stock where possible;

Use non-native species only where escape is impossible or where survival and reproduction

under local conditions is impossible but strictly forbidden to introduce any other fish species

to this Tan sub basin by law;

Use palatable feed with high utilization rates and low waste. Use feed of the appropriate size

for the age of the stock. Feed often and at low levels to minimize waste. Distribute feed

evenly;

Use pathogen-free stock. If necessary, quarantine and provide treatment;

Use drugs or pesticides only as needed during a disease outbreak, not on a routine preventive

basis. Delay harvest of treated stock and delay discharge of treated water until the drug or

pesticide has degraded fully and

Apply Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to the aquaculture program. Aquaculture combined

with rice production enables a farmer to grow two crops on the same land. The fish will

consume algae and weeds, fertilize the water, and improve soil texture-aquaculture in

irrigation channels will control algae and weeds.

B. Specific Guidance for Pond Aquaculture

Locate ponds where they do not cause a loss of habitats such as mangroves, wetlands, rivers,

inlets or high wildlife-use areas;

Choose sites with good soil, preferably clay-loam or sandy-clay, that will retain water and be

suitable for building dikes;

Design to prevent storm and flood damage that could cause overflow discharges;

Provide settling ponds for the effluent and also for water intake, if the water supply has high

sediment loads;

Ensure that pond depth is shallow enough to prevent stratification (potentially dangerous

layering of the pond water into a warmer upper layer and a cooler, dense, oxygen-poor lower

layer). If not, include a means of providing aeration or other destratifying mechanisms;



Include reservoirs for water storage and treatment;

Isolate supply and effluent canals as far as possible from each other and from other farms;

Where possible, use a closed or re-circulating system with treatment; do not use more than

small amounts of fresh water to top off the pond;

Line bottoms and sides of ponds, levees and canals with impervious material to prevent

seepage into surrounding soils and groundwater;

Dig ponds deep enough to control weed growth and minimize sediment erosion by using

gradual slopes in construction;

Planting vegetation on the surfaces of slopes;

compacting and lining the banks;

Making discharge channels large enough to handle peak loads without scouring

Operate ponds so that they do not cause a loss of, or damage to, habitats, including

mangroves, rivers, inlets, swamps, marshes and other wetlands, high wildlife use areas,

parks, ecological reserves, or fishing grounds;

Screen pond entrances and exits to keep fish stock in and other animals out;

Prevent erosion by leaving sediment, unless removal is absolutely necessary;

Keep freshwater use to a minimum in brackish or saline ponds;

Maintain water quality with aeration, sustainable stocking rates and controlled feeding rates,

not with water exchange (replacing old pond water with clean water);

Treat effluent in settling ponds with filter feeders and pass settling pond water from

freshwater ponds through a constructed wetland before discharge;

Use the effluent as liquid fertilizer on crops; particularly forage crops where bare ground is

minimal;

Monitor and control effluents before discharging to meet water quality standards for turbidity,

suspended solids, BOD, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, disease

organisms and pesticides. In freshwater ponds, monitor and control phosphorus;

Alternate freshwater ponds, where possible and allow ponds to dry out, lie fallow, or grow a

crop to reduce the need for sludge and nutrient removal and

Avoid discharge of fertilized or used water ponds into freshwater habitats.

Even with good management and design, fisheries projects are still at risk from external

environmental conditions which can prevent project success. This includes:-



Fish Disease

Intensive aquaculture uses a dense stocking rate with intentional overcrowding. Overcrowding may

induce stress in aquatic organisms and increase their susceptibility to diseases. It also contributes to

poor water quality and the rapid growth and transmission of parasites and pathogens, which may

spread to wild populations and local capture fisheries. To treat and prevent disease, a variety of

chemicals are used, including antibiotics, parasite-killing drugs, pesticides, hormones, anesthetics,

pigments, minerals, and vitamins. These chemicals are generally used in finfish or hatchery

aquaculture, and applied along with feed.

Motivation

Many farmers choose to dig fishponds in anticipation of benefits or to associate themselves with a

culture of development, rather than a belief in the technology. Such farmers may be discouraged from

continuing fish farming in the face of maintenance problems and/or lack of short-term economic

returns. Therefore, there should be patience and need of commitments.

Environmental Factors

Projects may fail due to uncontrollable environmental disasters, such as droughts and floods. Also, if

water temperatures are too low, fish may not grow to adequate size in time for harvesting.

Biological Factors

The physical crowding of fish at high density („overcrowding‟) is not the primary limiting factor in

production performance. The primary limiting factors at high fish density in ponds are the low levels

of dissolved oxygen and the buildup of metabolic wastes. These are indirectly related to fish density

and directly related to the quantity and quality of feed required to produce (Schmittou etal., 1998).

Therefore, the biomass of fish of any given size that can be produced in a pond is governed by the

quality and quantity of feed required to produce it and the subsequent effect of management activities

on water quality. Farmers may experience problems maintaining adequate stocking and survival

rates.

Social Factors

Theft of tools and stocks can jeopardize project success and reduce individual and community

enthusiasm for aquaculture. Therefore, prevent fish pond from such a kind.

Administrative Factors



Extensive bureaucracy and poor communications between farmers and project supporters may

generate distrust or apathy and result in project failure. Poor information exchange, lack of extension

services and lack of contingency planning can each be fatal blows to a fishpond project.

Other Additional culture fisheries management

Fish do not like any kind of changes in their environment. Any changes add stress to the fish and the

larger and faster the changes, the greater the stress. So the maintenance of all the factors becomes

very essential for getting maximum yield in a fish pond.

Water quality is the first most import and limiting factor in pond fish production. It is also the most

difficult production factor to understand, predict and manage. Water is not just where the fish live. Its

quality directly affects feed efficiency, growth rates, the fish‟s health and survival. Most fish kills,

disease outbreaks, poor growth, poor feed conversion efficiency and similar management problems

are directly related to poor water quality. Water quality refers to anything in the water, be it physical,

chemical or biological that affects the production of fish. The objective of pond management, is to

manage the water quality, so as to provide a relatively stress free environment that meets the

physical, chemical and biological standards for the fishes normal health and production performance.

Within a pond, water quality is a product of:

1. The quality of water at the water source,

2. The quality of the pond soils and immediate environment,

3. Production technology and management procedures employed, notably those associated with

feeding, the maintenance of adequate dissolved oxygen as well as any other chemicals or inputs

applied.

Since the type of production is a condition where man can controls those limiting factors of fish

culture production, the most limiting factors which need to be corrected and managed are located

bellow Table 5.



Table 5. Additional summarized managements of major factors for sustainable production of

culture fisheries

No Limiting Factors Management Options

1

Water temperature

Use technologies e.g. greenhouse

Avoid high depth of water -Shallow waters are usually warmer than deep-

water courses because they require less time to warm up (Arnell, 1996).

Temperature death due to high temperature takes place during peak summer

and this can thus be avoided often. Provision of shade (cover) over a part of

the pond can also be of help in hot months.

providing wind breaks during winter causes increase in temperature of ponds

If bond is depth by water exchange, planting shady trees or making artificial

shades during summer‟s thermal stratification can be prevented

Constant flow through of water results into a reduction of pond water

temperatures

2

Turbidity

Addition of more water or lime (CaO, alum Al(SO4)314H2O at a rate of 20 mg L-1

and gypsum on the entire pond water at rate of 200Kg/ 1000m3of pond can reduce

turbidity(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)

3

Water color

Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in clear water ponds may increase

productivity.

4

DO

Avoid over application of fertilizers and organic manure to manage DO level

Physical control aquatic plants and also management of phytoplankton

biomass

Recycling of water and use of aerators

Artificially or manually beating of water

Avoid over stocking of fishes

Introduction of the hot water gradually with pipes to reduce if DO level is

high(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)




5

Biochemical

oxygen demand

(BOD)

Add lime/more, suspending use of fertilizers, removal of non biodegradable /

floating organic matter from the pond surface, aeration, screening or

skimming to reduce BOD level

Before stocking, pond water may be allowed to stabilize for few days (5-15

days)

Add safe quantities of manure accordingly local conditions of pond in terms

of differences in type of manure, water temper nature and normal dissolved

oxygen(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)

6

CO2

Proper aeration can “blow” off the excess gas

Check organic load and reduce the same by adding more water (no fish) and

add Muriatic acid (swimming pool acid) to adjust the pH to about 5 or if

possible remove the matter by repeated nettings.

Use of lime (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Application of potassium permanganate at the rate 250 g for 0.1 hectare

7

Alkalinity

Fertilize the ponds to check nutrient status of pond water

Alkalinity can be increased by calcium carbonate, concrete blocks, oyster

shells, limestone, or even egg shells depending upon soil pH and buffering

capacity(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)

8

Salinity

Salinity is increased or diluted by replenishment of water

Aeration is essential to equalize the water salinity all over the water

column(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)




Ammonia (NH3)

Increase pond aeration

Addition of liming agents such as hydrated lime or quick lime decreases

ammonia and this technique is effective only in ponds with low alkalinity.

Formaldehyde and zeolite treatment. A dosage of 50 ml per 100 gallons to

chemically bind up to 1 ppm of ammonia, can be useful and but also check the

manufacturer's directions before use

Regular water change out(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)

9 Primary

productivity

Productivity can be improved by use of organic/inorganic fertilizers in ponds

In case of plankton bloom / swarm; feed/manure application can be suspended

for some time(Anita Bhatnagar and Pooja Devi, 2013)

10

pH

Add gypsum (CaSO4) or organic matter (cow dung, poultry droppings etc.)

and initial pre-treatment or curing of a new concrete pond to reduce pH levels

Use of quicklime (CaO) to rectify low pH of aquatic body(Anita Bhatnagar

and Pooja Devi, 2013)

Factors of good site selection for aquaculture development are fundamentals to select the area and run

fish culture. Those limiting factors can be corrected, so as to make the area/ the land suitable (Table

6)

Table 6. Factors which affect pond site selection and its correction / Management Option

Limiting Factor Management Options

Slope Mechanical leveling of the land, slope lowering

Frequency of flooding making flood control/block

`Clay content of the soil Concrete / cement type of pond

Depth of water table Concrete / cement type of pond

Organic matter content Concrete / cement type of pond

Stoniness Concrete / cement type of pond

Temperature Use technologies like greenhouse



4.8. Management Practices for Capture Fisheries, Breeding Sites and Seasons of

Commercially Important Fish Species

4.8.1. General Concepts of Aquatic Ecosystem

An aquatic ecosystem is a group of interacting organisms dependent on one another and their water

environment for nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) and shelter (Project Oceanography Fall,

2000). Ecosystems operate from day to day by exchanging energy. The energy exchanged within an

ecosystem is recycled between the physical and biological components. The plants within an

ecosystem convert the sun's energy into food and are in turn grazed upon by animals, which are

consumed by predators. Microorganisms within an ecosystem, such as fungi and bacteria, also

exchange energy within the ecosystem by breaking down waste material to substances that can be

used by plants for food. In this way, each element within the ecosystem depends on the others for

survival.

According to Project Oceanography Fall (2000), aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers,

streams, estuaries, and wetlands. Within these aquatic ecosystems are living things that depend on the

water for survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms. These ecosystems are very fragile and

can be easily disturbed by pollution.

All living things within an ecosystem share the same watershed. We all live in a watershed, or

drainage basin, so we share our watershed with all other living things within the ecosystem. The

overall management of limiting factors are depend on one the other. Therefore, managing of the

whole ecosystem is the managing of those productions/ limiting factors of capture fisheries.

4.8.2. Awareness Creation

Before doing anything, provide basic information and/or awareness for stakeholders, particularly fishers about

the fisheries. Of course at the movement, knowledge about the fish resources is quite high for some

fishers. They are aware that fish resources are a limited resource. They are also aware that the size of

their catch is getting smaller from year to year. However, only some of the fishers are aware that the

Government has laws, rules and regulations with regard to fisheries resources management. They

have no idea about the content of these laws. It is, therefore, vital to design awareness creation

programs for fishers as well as for extension workers about the law, regulations and directives. The



objective of creating awareness on fisheries management for fishers is to motivate the fishers to

practice legal fishing activities and the environment-friendly fishing by deepening their knowledge

and understanding of the importance of preserving the fish resource. Training development and

research workers on the laws, regulations and directives will help them to effectively enforce these

regulations so that the resources will be sustainably managed.

4.8.3. Restocking

Because of the aquatic habitat changes due to natural (drought, flood, habitat destruction) or human

(over-harvest, pollution, habitat lost to development and dam construction) influences, the natural

production of fish declines, this true in this sub basin.

It looks and approved from fishers there is a decline in the population of fish in the sub- basin over

the past years. While all the reasons for the decline are not entirely known, it is agreed that a

combination including loss of habitat, drying of rivers because of over utilization for irrigation, over

fishing, Illegal fishing tools and time and various form of pollution are all contributing and

interwoven factors. Therefore, stocking of fish is one of the many management strategies to help

replenish the population for years to come. The need for mass production of quality fish seed can

only be satisfied by artificial propagation methods. These methods permit the incubation and

hatching of eggs and the rearing of seed under well protected conditions.

Fish hatchery is a facility that use for fish hatching. It provides an optimum environment for fish eggs

to develop and hatch by maintaining proper water temperature and oxygen levels, and providing

adequate food supplies and safety from predator. The hatchery holds a captive brood stock, spawns

wild fish on station and produces fish that could be released to necessary water bodies.

Currently more dams are planned to be constructed on the feeder Rivers of Lake Tana, and these

dams may block the migratory movement of the fishes and these would aggravate the already

diminishing natural sock of the Labeobarbus spp. in Lake Tana. One of the mitigation measures for

reducing this danger is restocking the lake with fingerlings of Labeobarbus spp. raised under control

conditions (in hatchery or probably in ponds).The case of Labeobarbus of Lake Tana may, however

be further complicated by the occurrence of several species in the rivers, wetlands and the Lake and

it is not only a problem of one species as we see in several instance of other countries.



4.8.4. Prevention of Destructive Fishing Methods/ Tools

Illegal fishing activities like use of monofilaments (Fig. 16), Seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia

ferruginea) with Malathion and fencing as well as fishing practices that can hinder the free

movement of spawning stocks, such as fencing the rivers, beach seines and trawls should be strictly

forbidden. And there should be fish inspectors that can have the duty to check any of these

destructive fishing methods.

Fig. 16. Monofilaments are made by fishers at Takusa (the Right) and Esey Debir, Alefa (Left)

woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

In addition to illegal fishing activities, mesh size regulations also should be implemented seriously

which can allow immature fish to escape from being caught by gill nets. The regulation allows 8cm

and above stretched mesh size of gillnet for fishing. In order to avoid illegal mesh size and

monofilament gillnet, the Bureau of Agriculture should issue licenses for gillnet making associations.

Then all fishers with fishing licenses need to buy only from the registered net makers. The fish

inspectors need to inspect on the ground whether or not those gill nets used are from a licensed net

maker. The illegal monofilament small size gillnets imported from Sudan need to be destroyed

immediately by the Bureau of Agriculture.



4.8.5. Licensing of Fishers and Enforcing the Control of Illegal Fishing

According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), any fishing unit, Motorized boats and

traditional reed boats are fishing units and will be licensed for fishing. A license commits the fishers

to respect the fishery regulation. The Bureau of Agriculture should approve the Directive for

providing fishing license. Data on the fishers (legal and illegal) operating in Lake Tana are available

at the Bureau of Agriculture. These data are reported by the Woreda Office of agriculture. The

license will be given by the Woreda Office of agriculture.

Currently, there are about 5152 fishers around this sub- basin who are fishing most of them for

commercial purpose and few are for home consumption. First, all of them need to be licensed without

considering any new ones; actually there is movement/starting. Then, according to Abebe Getahun

and Eshete Dejen (2012), monitor the resources status for two years. Decision whether or not to

provide new license will be dependent on the resource base. It is not advisable at all to give fishing

license for river fishery. Licensed can be issued, however, for reservoir fishery. The license will limit

the number of gillnets per boat and number of fishing days per week. For commercial motorized boat

25 gillnet of 100m per boat is recommended. For reed boat fishers a maximum of 3 gillnets per boat

is proposed. They should fish only 3 times per week during the non-restricted fishing season and

place.

For effective implementation of licensing, fisheries around the adjacent woredas must organize

themselves in cooperative. These cooperatives will be organized by the Woreda Cooperative

Promotion Agency and Woreda Office of Agriculture. Then the Bureau of Agriculture with its

Woreda Office will issue individual fishing license for members of the cooperatives.

4.8.6. Enforcement of Management Measures

Based on the proclamation and regulation, the Bureau of Agriculture is given legal responsibility to

issue directives necessary for the full implementation of the proclamation and regulation. In this

regard the Bureau has completed drafts of two directives and submitted to the Bureau management of

approval. In order to enforce the above management measures, fish inspectors need to be assigned in

the 10 woredas around Lake Tana. These inspectors must be experienced fishers with good practical

knowledge on the lake and its fisheries.



4.8.7. Participatory Management Approach

Established Kebele fisheries regulatory committee should be functional. It is also essential to

establish in the rest each of the bordering Kebeles. The committee will monitor any activity around

the water bodies from in any time particularly, in breeding season/time and sites/place with assist of

fish inspectors. This Kebele regulatory Committee and the inspector, thus, take full responsibility to

monitor the resource and bring unlawful fishers to the respective woreda Judge for their actions.

4.8.8. Institutional Capacity and Linkage

There is an obvious need for strong implementing agencies for regulations, policy issue and EIA

study results to be implemented properly. One of the major implementing agencies is the

Environmental Impact Authority. It is imperative that this authority needs to be strengthened with the

essential finance and manpower at the Federal and Regional levels for proper monitoring and

evaluation of project proceedings and management plans.

It also appears that there is redundancy and repetition of efforts by different Government and Non-

Government institutions on the different projects that are taking place and around Lake Tana. There

should be a concerted action by all stakeholders towards mitigating the actual and potential

environmental hazards facing the lake. Lake Tana sub-basin Authority with collaboration of Bureau

of Agriculture should coordinate all activities in an option to solve these problems.

4.8.9. Managing Pollution

In order to manage pollution effectively, several questions must be answered:

1. What is the source of the pollution?

2. How much pollution is occurring?

3. What is the projected lifetime of the pollution?

4. What are the expected effects of the pollution?

First, its level of toxicity is an important consideration; some pollutants are highly toxic. On the other

hand, some pollutants are toxic only in high concentrations. The amount of a particular pollutant in

the environment is also an important factor regulating its effects.



Finally, the lifetime of a pollutant – the length of time it is expected to stay in the environment – is

another vital factor. Some chemicals break down or are diluted in water quickly, while others are

highly persistent and resistant to breakdown.

In addition to measures mentioned earlier sub-section, pollution can be also managed in a number of

ways at levels ranging from the individual to the community, state, and federal level. Individuals can

take action by disposing waste properly, planting trees to reduce sediment runoff, promoting water

filtration, leaving wilderness areas intact, reducing fertilizer and pesticide usage on lawns and

gardens, and selectively purchasing goods and services from environmentally responsible companies.

Excessive abstraction of water for irrigation and water-supply from streams reduces the volume of

water in streams and rivers, seasonally severing their connection to the lake and consequently

reducing the available spawning grounds of species that reproduce in flowing water. Therefore,

avoiding this problem is an important and urgent, balanced water use is important.

4.8.10. Water Quality

Water quality is a general term that refers to a general description about the properties of a water

body. Lakes that have a high water quality possess properties that make it a high valued resource to

society and nature.

Pollution affects water quality in lakes and other freshwater resources around the globe. It can take

many forms from industrial, agricultural, or municipal sources; a few common examples include

pesticides, herbicides, sewage, and litter. Pollution is generally categorized by how it enters a lake –

either point source or non-point source pollution.

Point Source Pollution: Contaminants that enter a water body that can be traced back to a specific

source, location, and offender. Point source pollution is easier to manage compared to non-point

source pollution. So controlling and minimizing these pollutants is essential.

Non-Point Source Pollution: Contaminants that enter a water body that cannot be traced back to a

specific source, location, and offender. Rather, this pollution comes from many diffuse sources and

often enters in small amounts but can become concentrated in lakes and other freshwater



Non-point source pollution includes agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers, manure), acid rain,

nitrate deposition, and leaching from septic tanks. Non-point source pollution accounts for most of

the contamination in water systems resources. When pollution emerges from locations far away from

a water body or there are many small, diffuse sources, it is considered non-point source. Without an

identifiable source, this type of pollution is often difficult to manage; it is harder to estimate how

much pollution is actually occurring and what sort of impacts it is having (Krantz, D. & Kifferstein,

B., 2010).

Additional Management Practices for fisheries

Do not discharge toilets, wash water, non-oily bilge water, deck wash water, fish offal, or

kitchen waste into the Lake and sensitive water bodies.

Exclude motorized vessels from areas that contain important shallow-water habitats.

Establish no-wake zones for boats to decrease erosion and turbidity.

Use oil-absorbing materials in bilge areas of a boat‟s inboard engine; dispose of and replace

them appropriately.

Do not discharge bilge and ballast water with oil and grease concentration.

Clean boats in the water by hand. Use detergents and cleaning compounds that are phosphate-

free and biodegradable: for example, no TSP (tri sodium phosphate). Do not use detergents

containing ammonia, sodium hypochlorite, chlorinated solvents, petroleum distillates or lye.

4.8.11. Closing the Fishery during the Spawning Months

Fishes perpetuate themselves in a number of ways. Success of reproduction depends on when and

where the fish reproduces, and what portion of energy is allocated (Stearns, 1992). Genetic and

environmental factors are important in determining the reproductive ecology of fishes. The most

important environmental factors include the harshness and variability of abiotic factors, the

availability of food for the parental fish and their offspring, the presence of predators on the parental

fish and their offspring and the level of dissolved oxygen (Lowe-McConnell, 1987; Wootton, 1990).

All permanent and seasonal feeder rivers and streams are ecologically significant in providing

habitats as spawning and breeding grounds for riverine migrating fish species, especially for the

endemic fish stock and hence play keystone ecosystem functions. The dynamic nature of the riverine



wetland ecosystems, which are usually perturbed and perpetually changing, acts to structure wetland

ecosystems in spatial and temporal scales (Woldegabriel & Solomon, 2006).

Cyprinids are riverine in their origin and they are adapted to live in lakes or lacustrine environments,

most of the species migrate upstream to spawn in tributary rivers (Tomasson et al., 1984; Skelton et

al., 1991) which indicates that they are not still fully adapted to the lake environment (Skelton et al.

1991). Studies which was conducted in major inflowing rivers of Lake Tana such as Gelda and

Gumara (Nagelkerke and Sibbing, 1996; Palstra et al., 2004; de Graaf et al., 2005), Ribb (Abebe

Getahun et al., 2008) and Dirma Megech (Wassie Anteneh, 2005), Arno-Garno River (Shewit

Gebremedhin, 2011) and Gilgel Abay River and its Tributaries (Dagnew Mequanent, 2012) approves

this study, indicated the upstream spawning migration of some lacustrine Labeobarbus species. Also

these studies approved that, Labeobarbus fish species breeding time is from July up to the beginning

of November, most in the rivers and some are in the Lake itself.

Wetlands are ideal spawning and nursery habitats for C. gariepinus (Wassie Anteneh, etal, 2012). For

this reason they said "To have management plans for the two wetlands and also to conduct

environmental impact assessment studies for all future development projects around the Lake Tana

are strongly recommended"

Evidences showed that low recruitment is already a major problem for the Labeobarbus stock in Lake

Tana. It is, therefore, very important to reduce the fishing pressure on the breeding population. To

achieve this, fishing in the inflowing rivers of Lake Tana and around the river mouth should be

closed from any fishing every year from July-begging of November) for these Labeobarbus fish spp.

Wetlands around Lake Tana like Wolala and Shesher and lakeshores should be closed from any

fishing activities during rainy season. According to Abebe Getahun and Eshete Dejen (2012), the

littoral areas of Lake Tana with radius of 5kms from the shore should be closed from any fishing

activities for two months (June and July) every year so as to conserve fish species.

Generally, the breeding, time, season and place of commercially important fish species are:

Tilapia - From May to September around Lake Shore and wetlands (Schroder 1984, Lowe-

McConnell 1982), but according to Zeneb Tadese (1997), it breeds from April to

August. However, some may breed other time of the year as well.

Cat fish –Only July in flooded area and some time in Wetlands



Beso- From July to November, site is not specified.

Labeobarbus- most studies believe that from July up to the beginning of November most in the

rivers and some are believed in the lake (Tomasson, et al. 1985, Skelton et al.

1991).

To sustain the production, the following season and time are important for breeding and production

(Table7) should be considered for the managements of the water bodies (buffered and protected) that

the fish needs it to be constant.

Table 7. Special and temporal breeding of Tana sub-basin fish spp

Fish

spp.

Breeding Requirements Recommended fishing Areas to be

buffered Breeding

season

Breeding

place/site

Season Place/Site

Tilapia From May-

September

Around Lake

Shore and

wetlands

Except breeding

time in this breeding

sites, in all season is

possible

The whole parts of the

lake except breeding

sites in that breeding

time

Lakeshore buffering

about 5km from tip

to the inner

Labeoba

rbus

From July -

beginning

of

November

Most in the

rivers, streams

and some are

believed in the

Lake

Except breeding



possible




time

Buffering of rivers

and river

mouth(Table11)

Cat fish Only July In flooded areas

and in Wetlands

Except breeding



possible




time

Wetlands buffering

Therefore, buffering of these breeding sites (lakeshore, flood plains (wetlands), river mouth, and

upstream of rivers), is very important and argent, special and temporal allocation of these sites is

needed.



4.8.12. Rivers Buffering

Riparian buffers are vegetated zones of land adjacent to water sources. Preservation and

reestablishment of these zones can have many environmental benefits. The most important function

of these zones is to act as a filter for water flowing into the water source, and studies show that they

greatly reduce water pollution. The vegetation and soil absorb runoff water that is often laden with

pollutants, sediments and nutrients that are harmful to the water supply, especially if the buffer zone

is over 9.14 m wide (Belt and Merril, 1992; Johnson and Ryba,1992). The absorption of runoff water

has other benefits: it recharges the ground water supply, and can regulate water flow in rivers and

therefore reduce and prevent flooding. Having vegetation immediately adjacent to a water source also

helps control erosion, as the roots of the plants help hold soil in place. Zones of land adjacent to water

sources are often flourishing wildlife habitats, with many species depending on them for survival

(Hawes et al. 2005).

As general, rivers buffering has the following advantages. These are:

Trapping/removing sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen, and other nutrients from runoff, as these

pollutants lead to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems;

Trapping/removing other contaminants, such as pesticides;

Providing habitat and contiguous travel corridors for wildlife;

Stabilizing stream banks and reducing channel erosion;

Storing flood waters, thereby decreasing damage to property;

Maintaining habitat for fish particularly for spawning of Labeobarbus fish species and other

aquatic organisms by moderating water temperatures and providing woody debris;

Improving the aesthetics of stream corridors (which can increase property values); and

Offering recreational and educational opportunities.

As mentioned earlier most Labeobarbus fish species spawn in the rivers and some are believed in the

lake (Tomasson, et al. 1985, Skelton et al. 1991). Therefore, to sustain this fish species in addition

to other many benefits, buffing of the rivers is very important and urgent. The buffering standards are

located in the following table 8.



Table 8. Standards of Riparian buffers, Recommended Minimum Buffer Widths

Function Range of Riparian Buffer Widths Minimum Recommended Buffer

Width Environmental Law Institute

(2003)

Fischer and

Fischneich

(2000)

Stream

Stabilization

9.14-51.816m 9.14-19.81m 15.24m (Chesapeake Bay Program

,1996)

Water Quality

Protection

4.6-91.44m(remove nutrients)

3.05-121.9m (remove

sediment

30.48-45.72m 30.48m (Environmental Law

Institute, 2003)

Flood

Attenuation

19.8-152.4m 19.8-152.4 m 100-year floodplain plus an

additional 7.62 m(Flinker

etal,2005)

Riparian/Wildlif

e Habitat

3.05 -1609.344 m 30.48 m -

482.803m

91.4m(Heraty, 1993)

Protection of

Fisheries

>30.48m (5 studies)

15.24-60.96m (1 study)

-- 45.72 m (Hornbach, 1993)

From this, in this sub basin by taking at least the minimal recommended buffer width it is very

important that buffering of rivers as mentioned earlier.

4.9. Wetlands Situation and Its Management Options for Sustainable Production

4.9.1. Existing Land Use Type of Wetlands

Because of poor understanding wetlands ecosystem is basically assumed to be less important than

any other priorities irrespective of the many services it provides, and also regarded as free goods.

Until recently, swamps and flood plains along the lake and the major rivers are often seen as

wasteland that have no values and are best converted by drainage to allow agriculture (crop

cultivation) or grazing but the reality is wetlands are the most productive ecosystem of all. So that all

wetlands in Tana sub- basin are used inappropriate manner for this reason its coverage is highly



changed example in Fogera plain (Table9). From this, it is possible to extrapolate the change of the

other wetlands.

Table 9. Change in Area of Key Wetlands, 1987 - 2008

Source: Burnside and Tonkin & Taylor (2009)

Inappropriate land use type is creating many challenges for the ecosystem like sedimentation, Lake

Tana water quality and quantity, shelter problems of birds, hippopotamus, fish, other vertebrates and

invertebrates which are wetland dependants and other ecological functions, service and importance. If

things are continued in such a way not only wetlands, aquatic animals and wetland dependants but

also the lake itself will disappear or extinct in short periods of time. From this study it is conclude

that, almost all wetlands that are located in this sub- basin are exposed to active human dangers

activities such as:

A. Drainage for agriculture

As discussed earlier, wetlands are aggressively used for agriculture activities (Fig.17). This is very

serious problems for most wetlands. Lake Tana has great siltation problem this silts are interesting for

cropping. In the dry season, when the lake shrinks the farmer follows and growing crops, this can

alter not only the physical properties of water but also the chemical characteristics of the water as a

whole the ecosystem.

Wetlands

Area(ha)

1987 2008 Loss in 21 years

Shesher 1557 136 1405

Welela 298 159 139

Daga-Takua 248 45 181

Total 2103 370 1733



Fig.17. Agriculture activities on wetlands the left in Gondar Zuria and rests are in Dembia

woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

B. Over grazing

All wetlands especially during the dry season, the water retreats and the flooded area is used for free

grazing or over grazing (Fig. 18). Instead of cut and carry feeding system, huge numbers of animals

are allowed to graze all together as mentioned especially in the dry season. This system has problems

not only foot effect on wetland animals, plants, accelerates rate of evaporation and others but also

animal diseases transmitting from one to the other even for themselves. This is because of poor

animal feed production system in the sub- basin; animals are exposed for shortage of feed,

particularly during dry season. So in this time, farmers allow all animals to graze on wetlands. During

this time, there is distraction of wetland dependant animals (including other vertebrates and

invertebrates) and hydrophytes and enhances evaporation of water, water losses. Intern there will be

ecological distraction in all system.



Fig.18. Overgrazing of wetlands in Takusa (left) and the middle is in Mecha and the right is in

Dembia woredas (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

C. Upper catchment lands degradation

Wetlands are not isolated entities in the environment. They exist in close interaction with all other

ecosystem components in the landscape. Thus, they are part of ecosystem process and share problems

that occur in a watershed in their surroundings. Poor watershed management in the uplands (Fig.19)

is one of the leading forces that affect / shift wetlands to the other system.

Fig. 19. Upper catchments degradation in Takusa (left) and the rest two are in Alefa

woredas(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)



D. Eucalyptus encroachment or plantation

The other most challenges of wetlands are plantation of Eucalyptus trees in most wetland areas

(Fig.20). This plant has great impact on the ecology disturbance of wetlands and other ecosystems.

Fig. 20. Eucalyptus encroachment at Alefa (left) and the right at North Achefer woredas(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014)

E. Invasion of alien species or weeds

Alien species introduced into water bodies have adversely affected native populations and changing

the ecology of water bodies and wetlands. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) has spread to

northern parts of Lake Tana and associated wetlands, which is blocking water channels, altering

hydrological regimes and leaving surrounding areas prone to increased flooding. Even though there

was controlling of Water hyacinth in the last years, but now, there is existent of this weed. This is

because there is gap and no total removal or controlling of it, as local formers indicated. Because of

these, nowadays Water hyacinth is reinvading the Lake Shore of Lake Tana especially in Dembia and

Gondar Zuria woredas and it increase its expansion to the next areas every year. At the movement

there is weeding of this weed. So as to, control it totally this weed, there should be continuous

assessment and follow up from governmental and non- governmental organizations, particularly the

regional government.

There is also invading of alien species (locally known as Chigign) in Dembia Woreda near to Megech

River mouth. As local people source and key informants, this species appeared here about six years



ago; it is not native species in this area like Water Hyacinth. Like Water Hyacinth it is invading

wetlands and grazing lands (Fig.21).

Fig. 21. Alien species in Dembia Woreda Water hyacinth (left) and the right one locally called

Chigign (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

F. Over harvesting of their resources

It is known that wetlands are means of livelihoods for many people, particularly for this sub basin

peoples who are living around it and also for traders. Because of this there is high human pressure on

these wetlands. Therefore, any resources from wetlands are over harvested.

G. Settlement and urban expansion

Settlements in this sub basin are mostly scattered and are settled in relation to natural resources bases,

among these resource water bodies and wetlands are highly required. As result of this wetlands are

exposed for inappropriate settlements. Examples, of settlements in southern parts- Bahir Dar (Fig.22)

eastern, northern and western parts of the lake, all parts of the lake and on other wetlands.

Urbanization is worldwide problem which affect agricultural lands and in this sub basin also true on

wetlands. This is most in southern parts of the lake, Bahir Dar many buildings can be mentioned as

an example, almost all buildings along the lake shore.



Fig. 22. Settlements very closet Lake Tana and wetlands in Bahir Dar city (Courtesy: ADSWE,

2014)

H. Pollution and water diversion

The effluents from domestic use and industrial plants are emerging threats to wetlands adjacent to the

major urban and industrial centers (from point and non- point sources). This is the most common to

Southern part of Lake Tana. Many wastes including dangerous plastics (Fig.23) are too treating of

wetlands.

Fig. 23. Pollution of Wetlands by plastics (left) at Takusa, the middle at South Achefer Woreda and

the right at Bahir Dar (Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)



4.9.2. The Root Causes of Wetlands Degradation

Poor understanding and awareness of both policy makers and communities about the ecological,

economical and social benefits of wetlands exposed these crucial resources to be extinct. According

to EWNRA (2009), this is also true that the lack of conservation and sustainable use of wetlands are

(a) political shortcomings, i.e. giving high priority to short term economic benefits rather than to

sustainability issues, (b) the absence of policy and a strong legal framework for the conservation and

sustainable use of wetlands (e.g. change in grazing system towards year-round grazing due to land

ownership as communal grazing land), (c) institutional shortcomings (by the absence of legally

structured institution or within existing institutions), (d) socio-economic and environmental

shortcomings such as poverty, lack of awareness, population pressure and climate change.

Agricultural expansion on wetlands is linked to the intensification of cultivation, for example the

introduction of rice and double-cropping. One reason for the conversion of wetlands is that despite

their benefits, wetlands are seen as wastelands and are connoted with mosquitoes, diseases and floods

so that prevailing policies usually encourages wetland draining. These problems of wetlands are also

approved by this study. Among these problems, because of population pressure there is expansion of

agriculture on marginal lands in all directions.

4.9.3. Potentials and Opportunities of Wetlands

As mention earlier wetlands provide significant economic, social and cultural benefits for human

being, examples are recharge groundwater, store carbon, help stabilize climatic conditions control

pests are flood control, water purification, sediment and nutrient retention, dry season grazing,

agriculture, recreation and cultural values, water supply (domestic and livestock), construction

(thatching reeds), food and medicine. It also serves as IBA as well as provision of flyways for

migrant birds. The other major services include: water transport, fishery as house hold survey result,

hydro electric power supply, irrigation, tourism, mining- of sand and others. It is also habitat to

diverse flora and fauna of national and global significance.

In Tana- sub basin there are plenty of wetlands almost in all sides of the lake, along the rivers and

streams resulting from hydrological and land use changes. It is estimated that 340928.8 ha of

wetlands in this sub basin, including Lake Tan and the rivers as seen from the total land use/ land



cover (Fig.24), but only wetland covers are also seen in fig.25. The Dembia plain to the north, the

Fogera plain to the east and the Kunzila plain to the southwest of Lake Tana areas bordering the lake,

which are often flooded during the rainy seasons forming extensive wetlands in addition to

permanent wetlands. In addition to the above GIS source, allocation of wetlands in each woreda is

listed with their estimated area in appendix1.

Fig. 24. Land use land cover of Tana sub- basin



Fig. 25. Wetland distributions in Tana sub- basin



The most important wetland in this sub- basin are in Fogera and Dembia plain, Shesher and Wellela),

in North Achefer Ligdia( Figure26) and in Mecha Kurit Bahir (Fig.27). The Fogera plains lie to the

east of Lake Tana. This area mainly consists of a flat, open plain across with the Rib River flows into

Lake Tana. The Gumara River forms the southern boundary. According to IFAD-EPLAUA (2007),

Lake Tana, which forms the western boundary of this area, also floods up to 1.5 km inland during the

rainy season but this study approved that there are wetlands flooded up to 3 km and some are more

than this in this part of the lake.

Fig. 26. Ligidia and other wetlands along Gilgel Abay River, North Achefer Woreda(Courtesy:

ADSWE, 2014)



Fig. 27. Kurit Bahir Wetland, Mecha Woreda(Courtesy: ADSWE, 2014)

The extent of the marsh depends on the amount of rain, as no other surface water feeds it. The

wetlands of Lake Tana account for 1.6% of the watershed WBISPP (2002). According to the survey

carried out by ARARI, more than 16 wetlands were identified distributed in 8 woredas within Lake

Tana Watershed. Even though this survey is not exhaustive, the total area of these wetlands covers

36211 hectares. But according to this study based on GIS result, the total area is more than this

figure (Table10) and furthermore based on survey ( sources from each woreda) this figure is

estimated more than this excluding the Lake and rivers (Appendix1).

Table 10. Total area of existing wetlands in Tana sub-basin

No Wetland type Total area (ha)

1 Permanent Wetlands 17133.95

2 Seasonal Wetlands 7642.07

3 Lake Tana 311277.3

4 Ponds and Dams 2057.128

5 Rivers 2818.333



4.9.4. Conservations and Managements of Lake Tana and Wetlands

Ethiopia is not a signatory to Ramsar Convention on wetlands and, therefore, none of the numerous

wetlands in the country is designated for protection accordingly. In general, wetland ecosystem, flood

plains and swamp habitats are facing pressure not only from unregulated access but also upstream

effects, mismanaged watersheds, variation in water quality and quantity caused by siltation, inland

water works and pollution other problems which are mentioned earlier. In addition to the next

managements, avoid/ stop all human active dangers activities which are mentioned in the above

section.

4.9.4.1. Biosphere reservation

It is clear that, Biosphere Reservation has great importance for the conservation of ecosystem for

sustainable development. Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU) collaboration with

other governmental and none governmental organization identifies potential biosphere reserve areas

in Ethiopia. These are Kefa Biosphere area, Lalibela biosphere area, Dire Sheik Husain biosphere

area, Lake Tana biosphere area and Siemen Mountain biosphere areas.

Lake Tana Biosphere reserve feasibility study was conducted in 2012 by the Michael Succow

Foundation (MSF) in cooperation with the Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Culture,

Tourism and Parks Development (BoCTPD) and supported by the German Federal Agency for

Nature Conservation with funds from the Environmental Research Plan of the German Federal

Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The main objective of the

study is to protect the biodiversity, natural resources and cultural heritages of the area from the

perspective of sustainability development through building designation criteria for Biosphere reserve

according to the Statutory Framework of the World Net Work of Biosphere Reserve.

The study identifies three biosphere reserve zones. These are the core zone, the buffer zone and

development zone (Transition zone) and each zone has its own characteristics.

The core zone: - These zones comprise at least 5 % of the total Biosphere Reserve (BR). The core

area is not subjected to any human activity except research and monitoring, in some cases, traditional

uses by local community. Kibran Gebrel, Deq Estifanos and other 37 small islands in Lake Tana,

Tara Gedam church forest, Ababa Ayehu forest, Fachi forest, Alem Saga forest and all church forests



found at Lake Tana Watershed, important bird areas of Shesher, River mouths of Megech, Ribb,

Arno Garno, Dirma, Gilgel Abay and Enfanz, Dembia Mendaba, shore area of the lake and primarily

wetland area were proposed as core zone;

The buffer zone: - at this category periphery of Lake Tana, which is 500m buffer from the shore of

the Lake, Irrigation Dam Areas (Ribb, Megech and Koga), Mount Guna, Bahir Dar Millennium

park, priority areas for afforestation and soil water conservation i.e. upper catchment of Ribb,

Megech, Koga and Jema irrigation dam were proposed as buffer zone. Here restrictions are placed

upon resource use or special socio-economic development activities, which are undertaken to

enhance their conservation value. Within these zones traditional land-use practices and commercial

activities, which are compatible with the objectives of the Core Zones will be allowed to generate

tangible benefits for the communities. These activities require a management plan to guarantee the

long-term production of resources without significant impacts on them or their adjacent ecosystems.

These Buffer Zones may include seasonally closed sites and habitats, e.g. important breeding grounds

of animals and corridors for riverine spawning fish stocks.

Development Zone: - by setting and carrying out sustainable resource management verities of

agricultural activities, other human activities and human settlements are possible at this zone.

Therefore, agricultural areas, settlements, industrial areas, surface infrastructure and buildings and

peri-urban areas also categorized as transition zone in biosphere reserve, Zonation of Lake Tana

region.

These zones are very interesting and it can be the best solution for the risk of wetlands, the lake as a

whole for the ecosystem and sustainable developments. Therefore, this study strongly agrees and

approves the NABU's idea/ Biosphere Reservation urgent application. This idea should be/ needs it to

be implemented and put into practices as soon as possible.

4.9.4.2. Wetlands conservations

All local decision makers, elected officials, volunteer committee members, or staff, face difficult

questions about how to meet community needs for housing, public infrastructure, and economic

development while also protecting sensitive natural resources. Land use conflicts are common; some

of the most difficult cases involve wetlands.



Why we need conservation of wetlands is because as mentioned earlier wetland systems directly

support millions of people and provide goods and services to the world. Wetlands have many

economic, cultural, ecological functions and values. However, due to unsustainable farming activities

by local farmers, improper utilization type and poor management system as mentioned earlier, the

existence of these floodplain wetlands and associated ecological services as well as socioeconomic

importance is under threat such constraints of these wetlands are also mentioned in the above

sections. Therefore, in addition to NABU's idea including the rest wetlands, by conserving and

setting sound management of these precious and sensitive natural resources, we can conserve our

world and maximize the benefits that the people obtain.

4.9.4.3. Protect and restore wetlands

Tightening controls on importation of animals and plants will help prevent introduction of exotic

species. This policy, however, requires allocating resources to police borders and entry points, and to

enforce fines for breach of regulations; such resources may not be available.

Though there is physical renovating of Alien plants, the remaining also can be removed physically by

hand, by machinery or if necessary by chemicals. Biological control can contain alien populations

with fewer environmental impacts. The latter, however, is a more lengthy process, because control

organisms must themselves be rigorously tested for adverse impacts before their release into the

environment. As an example, the introductions of water hyacinth in Northern, North east and North

West of Lake Tana should be removed.

Through comprehensive planning, zoning, subdivision regulations and ordinances, local governments

can have an enormous influence on the fate of wetlands in their communities. Opportunities to apply

land use policy and planning tools to improve local wetland protection and restoration policies

include:

A. Establish Standards for Project Review

Local land use decision makers can reduce development pressure on wetlands. Recommendations

include:

Cultivate a basic understanding of the tools available to identify wetlands and establish

procedures to recognize projects with potential wetland impacts;



Require a permit for any proposed land disturbing activity directly in or in close proximity to

a wetland. Permits should include standards to deny approval of projects with avoidable

impacts and to protect the natural functions of wetlands near the project site;

Withhold final approval of projects with unavoidable wetland impacts until regional or federal

wetland permits have been issued. Alternatively, require notification in permit instructions

and approval documents that locally-issued permits are conditional pending receipt of

regional or federal wetland permits.

Do not accept the promise of compensatory mitigation as justification for the destruction of

wetlands. If mitigation is proposed, be sure to consult with regional and federal wetland

permit staff to verify that avoidance standards have been met and

Reduce impacts of adjacent development by establishing required development standards,

such as wetland setbacks, vegetated buffers and criteria to avoid altering the quality and flow

of water into or out of wetlands.

B. Implement Wetland Protection and Land Use Controls

Beyond integrating avoid and minimize standards into the day-to-day review of proposed projects,

various other land use policy and planning tools can be used to promote wetland conservation.

Use zoning to protect all wetlands (shore land and inland) as suggested by NABU, or use

conservancy districts (or some equivalent) to selectively protect inland wetlands;

Amend zoning; designate wetlands as unsuitable for development; require buildable, upland

locations for parcels with wetlands; and require or encourage the establishment of wetlands as

park, conservancy or open space (e.g. conservation subdivisions and dedication) as some

discussed by NABU and

Integrate wetland conservation goals and objectives into comprehensive or master planning

programs for the community, neighborhoods, public lands, waterways and watersheds.

C. Encourage Wetland Restoration

Promoting wetland restoration on public and private lands can help your community reduce floods

and flood damages, improve surface and drinking water quality, increase hunting and fishing

expenditures and more as discussed before. Simple opportunities include:

Request an analysis of your community‟s existing codes and ordinances to determine if

permitting barriers exist that prevent or delay private and government-sponsored wetland



restoration projects. Amending codes and ordinances to create permit exemptions or

streamlined approvals for wetland restoration projects can increase the amount of wetlands in

your community and the associated public benefits;

Prioritize strategic wetland restoration as part of the governmental budget and annual work

plan. Communities that make a commitment to identify and acquire potentially restorable

wetlands may be able to leverage funds and

Provide tax incentives for landowners who voluntarily protect, restore and enhance wetlands.

Generally there must be wise use of wetlands, therefore has at its heart the conservation and

sustainable use of wetlands and their resources, for the benefit of humankind, the maintenance of

their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the

context of sustainable development.

Keynote: as soon as possible, existing land use type of wetlands must be stopped and Water

hyacinth also should be removed or cleared in the Lake and wetlands; otherwise these wetlands

including the lake will disappeared with in short period of time.



5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

From this study, literature reviews and other studies the followings are concluded:

1. Some of Labeobarbus species of Lake Tana migrate to up streams of feeder rivers of Lake

Tana every year for breeding purposes but this breeding sites of these endemic fish species

are wrongly used (in appropriate land use)

2. Wetlands are breeding and feeding sites of some other fish species but these wetlands are at

risk.

3. Wetlands are rich in biodiversity (the highest in biodiversity than the water body and

terrestrial), wetlands are important sites or homes of wild-animal which intern encourages

tourism development;

4. Wetlands are source of water, traps sediments, recharges ground water and others services

and functions;

5. With the current trends of increasing agricultural activities worldwide, it becomes crucial to

protect our remaining natural ecosystems from non-sustainable forms of human use. As far as

wetlands are concerned, we have demonstrated clearly how historical as well as modern uses

of wetlands for cultivation of crops have created problems beyond the loss of biodiversity;

6. Almost all wild-animals are endangered example fish species, birds and hippopotamus

because of its habitat degradation and loss;

7. Not only other wetlands but also Lake Tana itself is endangered mainly because of

sedimentation and over exploitation;

8. The drainage of peat lands results in peat oxidation, causing major subsidence as well as the

switch of peat land systems from carbon sinks to major carbon sources;

9. In Ethiopia, wetlands did not attract much attention from policy makers and less is done for

the conservation of these resources. For instance environmental policy of Ethiopia was issued

in 1997;

10. Wetland benefits come from both their ecological functions and the socioeconomic value of

these and the products they produce;



11. The various socio-economic groups benefit differently from wetlands depending on whether

the wetlands are in their natural state or converted by drainage;

12. The conversion of wetlands by complete drainage reduces the overall range of benefits

produced by wetlands and involves a trade-off of benefits, with some gains and some losses

13. Maintaining new agricultural benefits from wetlands following drainage is usually difficult to

achieve and sustain. As a result wetlands are often degraded in terms of their hydrological,

pedological and biodiversity characteristics by conversion and end up as rough grazing areas;

14. The protection and reestablishment of wetlands in valley bottoms contribute to flood control,

reduction of stream flow and buffering and filtering of pollutants and sediments (siltation);

15. There is extraction of water for irrigation purpose from water bodies which can result

ecological disturbance (example fishes are dying in the Gumara, Rib, Megech and other

rivers) because of excessive water removal.

16. Apart from intensive agricultural uses, which have destroyed wetland functions and services

across the world, many wetlands are currently subject to extensive land uses, in which food

production is often combined with other functions such as water quality enhancement, flood

detention or biodiversity. Examples of such land uses are traditional crop cultivation methods

without chemical fertilizers or pesticides, grazing schemes involving livestock, or traditional

water management schemes to stimulate fish production and to improve fish catches.

5.2. Recommendations

From the above conclusion the followings are strongly recommend that:

After providing basic information and/or awareness about Labeobarbus species for the local

people or users, prohibiting (at least from August to October) from any kind of activities in the

river, like fishing activities, diversion of the river, dam construction and sand mining (which has a

serious impact on the habitat) is the most appropriate measure;

Federal and Regional (Amhara Region) fisheries policies should be seriously ( proclamations No

315/2003 and 92/2003 on Fisheries Development, Protection and Utilization, respectively)

Illegal fishing activities (like use of monofilaments, Seeds of Birbirra tree (Milletia ferruginea)

with Malathion and fencing) must be totally prohibited both during spawning and non-spawning



seasons not only in these rivers but also in any other water bodies. The Kebele fisheries

regulatory committee should be functional/ alerted in such situations;

Use a holistic and multidisciplinary approach for planning water resource use;

Promote fish farming in ponds and dams (tilapia and catfish) which reduces fishing pressure on

natural fishing;

Wise use of wetlands, the lake and fisheries which can bring sustainable development

must be taken and put into practice and the policies should not clash each other;

There must be appropriate or urgent need of conservation of natural valuable resources

especially wetlands and breeding sites (rivers) of Labeobarbus fish species;

Stock assessment of fisheries must be done in this area for proper management;

All Wetlands must be delineated and protected;

Avoid and minimize wetlands impacts;

Identified three biosphere reserve zones proposed by NABU. These are the core zone, the buffer

zone and development zone (Transition zone) and each zone has its own characteristics must be

put into practices;

Ethiopia should be signatory to Ramsar Convention on wetlands so as to bring its sustainable

development;

Wetlands are assets whose values in their natural state should be recognized and valorized;

As wetlands are not useless, their conversion into arable land has to be evaluated against the loss

in social, economical and ecological benefits;

The role of wetlands in climate regulation, adaptation and mitigation and the impacts of climate

change on wetlands have to be recognized;

In dams, there should be allowance fish path/ fish ladder of natural fish production /raring by

enhancing free movements of fish from natural water bodies to dams, lower to the upper parts of

the dam;

The direction for enhancing the provision of food in wetland ecosystems is the further

optimization of extensive agricultural uses, which can be combined with other wetland services.

If more research could be done (by agronomists and ecologists jointly) on improving traditional

wetland agriculture systems and increasing the awareness among local communities and policy-

makers of the importance of wetlands for provisioning food as well as other services (flood

protection, water purification, biodiversity, etc.), considerable progress could be made



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7. APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Wetlands in each Woreda within Tana sub- basin

Woredas Kebele Wetland Name Estimated area(ha)

Ebinat

Mechena FTC 9

Amstiya Dokmit,FTC 11

E/Gunaguna Abo Menethua 6.5

Wariba Selel 8

Ziha Begoch Kitkitoch 12

N.Achefer

Estumite Abaydar Wtland 2048.12

Legidia Legidia 1444.88

Kunzila zuria Demomoki 15

Shobela Bakusite Shola 1624.76

Dawunti Chemba 1419

Guge Ensugn Guge 15

Woberia Eyesus Wonberia 1.435

Ambeshen Atuga 1

Ambeshen Shita Kab 0.5

Dera

Korata Yijanit 4.5

Korata Korata 8.5

Korata Gubita 25

Korata Bosit 19

Korata Dengicha 10

M/ Mariam Ayine Bahir 5

M/ Mariam Yidersh 12

M/ Mariam Lam Metech 2

M/ Mariam Guansame 2

M/ Mariam Gegnbila 1.5

M/ Mariam Fesash 1

Tana Mitsili Mosalit 28

Tana Mitsili Wend Asira 24

Tana Mitsili Dube 22

Tana Mitsili Ahun Weta 25

Tana Mitsili Ahya Sat 4.75

Tana Mitsili Azima 27

Tana Mitsili Arade 25

Tana Mitsili Dibo Gedel 21

Gigna Tankua 35

Gigna Atirko 38

Gigna Aminda 40




Gigna Barhe 28

Gigna Walka Midir 35.5

Gigna Feto Midir 43.5

Zara Tija Esar 27

Zara Tire Betin 25

Zara Shengo 29

Zara Senbete 22.5

Zara Eja Wenz 24

Zara Zere Bela 26

Zara Tikur Wuha 27

Zara Giribsha 25.5

Zara Dibo Gedel 22

Mecha

Zemen Birihan Bye Meda 200

Lehulum Selam Bdrki 10

Lehulum Selam Toma 1

Lehulum Selam Kechinosh 1.5

Enashenifalen Kurit Bahir 2

Enashenifalen Asa Bila 8

Berta Gebere Senderes 6

Berta Gebere Abd W uhd

Berta Gebere Bekilo Mankira 4

Berta Gebere Sayiben Bahir 4

Tagel Wedefit Mensh Mesik 3

Tagel Wedefit Gebiru Mesk 1

Tagel Wedefit Minchras 1

Rim Mark Kudi 1

Rim Kusquam Mesk 6

Rim Qerem Mesk 2

Rim Sind Mesik 4

Rim Aba Gollu 6

Kurit Bahir Kurit Bahir 20

Kurit Bahir Minzir 10

Kurit Bahir Bojed 1.5

Kurit Bahir Dinzibar 5

Midre Genet Wosegn Mesik 25

Midre Genet Wosegn Bahirshesh 198

Amrita Wenz Bamind 70

Amrita Wenz Dengira Mender 70

Amrita Wenz ChebaMender 7.5

Amrita Wenz Dengel 20

Adis Lidet Abey Mesk 156




Tatek Gebere Kurit Bahir 30

Tatek Gebere Denbar 7

Tatek Gebere Lol 20

Tatek Gebere Woyira ber 5

Ediget Behibiret Birakat 15

Banja Akena Jefi Gushira Akena 2.5

Akena Jefi Kilajeta Gushiru 1.75

Surta Dantafi 2.5

Surta Sitayita 0.0625

Asem Gedam 2.5

Asem Chagani 1.25

Asera Akel 4

Fagita

Ashewa Mesikela,Marikana 12

Amesh Shinkuri Zimbiri 165

Furije Golla Arerta 62.5

Waz Enkuach, Kunta 26.5

Dimama? Dimdam 250

Fagita Tuji Shehanti 80

Sizla T/Hayimanot Janagul 150

Golla Azimach Anzerek 357.25

Bahir Dar

Zaria

Debiranta Tana Dar 150

Yigodi Tentela Zimba 60

Sekelet Adoki 3

Sekelet Lum Ager 15

Robit Engido Dengel 161

Robit Hawunet 15

Robit Boled 80

Wegelisa Enfiraz Minch Wuha Anat 1225

Lata Kersere 50

Lata Lencho 30

Lata Amba 20

Debir Mesenta Mesenta 300

Wenjeta ? 93

South

Achefer

Dilamo Zola Mariam 1.5

Ker Serdo Ber 2

Kurbiha Gushet 3

Lihudi Delekes Fendika 3

Abchikly Zaria Chomet 300

North

Achefer

Estumite Abay Dar 2048.12

Legidia Legidia 1444.88

Kunzila Zaria Demoaki 15




Shobela Bakastic Shobela 1624.76

Chemba Dawnti 1419

Guge Ensugn Guge 15

Wonberia Eyesus Wenberia 1.435

Ambeshem Atuga 1

Ambeshem Shita Kab 0.5

Takusa

Mekonta Mariam Wuha 25

Mekonta Sensay toka 10

Mekonta Gibza Toka 5

Mekonta Gibza Gote 9

Mekonta Delgi Giraru 6

Mekonta Sbseba 30

Chantie Bargen Meskeliye/Arko 20

Chantie Bargen Chegena/ Arko 20

Chantie Bargen Bargen Anferpiba 23

Achera Tinish Toka/Kosan 12

Achera Tilk Toka/Achel 15

Achera Asratie Toka 30

Achera Gohil Toka 30

Chach Aliwa Kosana Zeter 12

Chach Aliwa Shanshinit/Befie Toka 15

Chach Aliwa Kechinena Nejo Mesik 5.125

Chach Aliwa Godiguadit 5

Arima Arima Gebreale 2.5

Arima Arima Achera 2

Guayi Sahirt 2.5

Sebir Serako Kima 1

Alefa

Tara Kazen Mate 80

Tara Kazen Kezen 20

Tara Kazen Kudadie 41

Tara Kazen Tara 5

Dengel Ber Dengel Shewa 10

Dengel Ber Giba Gondar 3

Acha Mangur Zewude Grar 6

Dengel Ber Beles Mesik 12

Asey Debir Azo Mewcha 4

Farta

Sahirna Fegan 0.0625

Ayiva Niva Ankokoy 0.4

Ayiva Niva Figfig 0.3

Ayiva Niva Ayba Minch 0.25

Ayiva Niva Hawaryat 0.75




Ayiva Niva Dashena 0.04

Ayiva Niva Fridihoy 0.04

Buro Bzushl 0.04

Fogera

Sositu Dilmo Dilmo Giorgis 2.5

Wagetera Taqua 75

Kidist hana Dingiz 200

Shaga Shesher 125

Shina Shesher 400

Nabega Shesher 125

Nabega Daga 100

Nabega Daba 125

Nabega Deke Bet 17

Nabega Wolela 100

Dembia

Jerjer Amba Gibara 131

Tana Weyina Gira 90

Tana Weyina Likilik 127

Tana Weyina Ketera 148

Debir zuria Abelay 181

Achera Ashiwa Bahir 245

Seraba Dblo Teter 229

Aberjha Dhnawawa Wawa 56

Aberjha Dhnawawa Birguada 2

Mange Badima 8

Mange Hana 2

Mange Wegeda 2

Gorgora Ketema Debire sina 17

Gurandi Wenbha Tukutuka 52

Gurandi Wenbha Alay 3

Gurandi Wenbha Tikur Bahir 2

Tezeba Genbera Bichign 116

Fentaye Bichign 130

Jangua Mariam Abiriha 10

Gondar

Zaria

Tsion Seguach Dilikana Walika 6.5

D/Chinchaye Shenkor Mesk 3.75

D/Chinchaye Shinkurt Wuha 4

D/Chinchaye Chika Wonz 3.5

D/Chinchaye Ambo Got 20

Chira Manchiro Ferengi Wuha 4.5

Denkez Regim Mesik 5

Denkez Bahir Mesk 3

Denkez Aelo 5




Denkez Hamusit 6

Degola Chinchaye Selo 15

Degola Chinchaye Chiraye 4

Degola Chinchaye Shiha 8

Degola Chinchaye Senberzgie 20

Degola Chinchaye Damotoch 18

Zengagi Barena 2

Zengagi Dingay Midir 1

Debire Selam Debire Kerbe 1

Debire Selam Enizeker 1

Debire Selam Debire Selam 1

Debire Selam Kebila 2

Debire Selam Barengua 2

Chilga Kenweta Amanuael Amanual Kenweta 3.25

Mirt Amba Molla mesk 1.52

Wogera

Ayiva Shinkuri wenz 4

Ayiva Lenchakit 3

Debir Mekidie 3

Derjaji Delidalit1 0.25

Derjaji Delidalit2 0.5

Derjaji Regireg 0.5

Kossoye Scrdagela 3

Kossoye Megech Ras 5

East Estie

G/ Atemem Kassie Gedel 3

G/ Atemem Kachena 4

G/ Atemem Lome Wuha 6

G/ Atemem Werke Midir 7

G/ Atemem Azegemishign 3

G/ Atemem Mimita 10

G/ Atemem Derek Aybet 6

G/ Atemem Tsid Wuha 4

G/ Atemem Bere Mesk 4

G/ Atemem Etsi Esrael 1.25

G/ Atemem Mebregi 2

G/ Atemem Amija Godir 1.75

Shimagle Georgis Medhanilem 2

Shimagle Georgis Tirtiriat 3

Shimagle Georgis Giorgis 4

Shimagle Georgis Layi Godir 6

Gib Asra Kerewa 3.75

Gib Asra Selamge 2.5




Gib Asra Bad mayat 4.25

M/Eyesus Chako 1.25

Recha Boled 1.25

Recha Getaw Bado 0.5

Recha Cheber 0.25

Recha Digirineya 0.25

Recha Gira Azimach 0.25

Recha Layi Bet 0.55

Recha Srsgi 0.25

Recha Shola Meda 0.525

Recha Bsensa 0.25

Recha Deri Bado 0.125

Recha Sekela 1.25

Recha Wageza 1.25

Recha Tilabat 0.5

Recha Alela Mesibekia 1.25

Leway Asama Meda 5

Leway Sar Godir 2.5

Appendix 2: Questionnaires for House Hold

Fisheries and Wetlands

Rate the most driving forces for

Wetlands wild animal Migration and

extinction?

1=First, 2=Second, 3=Third, Forth=4

Hunting Wet01

Habitat Degradation Wet02

Human and Animal interference to their

home

Wet03

Others Wet04

What types of grazing system is practiced in your locality on wetlands? Free grazing =1

Rotation grazing =2 Zero grazing =3 Wet05

Is there degradation of rivers, streams and wetlands? Yes =1 No =2 Wet06

Do you get the followings from wetlands?

1=Yes

2=No

Fish Wet07

Animal feed Wet08

Reed boat ,roof, Wet09

Potable Water Wet10

Water for Animals Wet11

Irrigation Water Wet12

Rate the change in the condition of wetlands in your area?

1= Deteriorating, 2=No change, 3=Improving Wet13

Number and type of both plant and animal species in wetlands?

Decreasing =1, Constant =2, Increasing =3, Wet14



Rate natural and manmade threats affecting wetlands

Severity Rate of threats: Very low=1, Low=2, Medium=3, High=4, Very

High=5

Wet15

Threats Rate Threats Rate

Over grazing Wet016 water diversion Wet22

Upper catchment lands

degradation Wet017

Expansion of urban

areas Wet23

Eucalyptus encroachment

or plantation

Wet018

Expansion of

Settlement

Wet24

Invasion of alien species

or weeds Wet019

Hotel and other

developments Wet25

Over harvesting of their

resources Wet020

Pollution

Wet26

Deforestation Wet021 Expansion of Farm Wet27

Data Collector Supervisor

Name ---------------------------- Name ---------------------------

Signature ----------------------- Signature ----------------------

Date ----------------------------- Date ---------------------------

Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Key informants

Zone----------------------------------

Woreda---------------------

1. Which of the following animals are most endangered?

Fish=1

Hippopotamus=2

Birds =3

Crocodile=4

Other=5

2. Is Crane migratory bird in your area? Yes=1 No=0

3. If‟ yes for Q4 which area it prefer to live a)wetlands=1 b) lake=2 c=)others=3

4. Which type of fishes abundantly people prefer to eat in the area?

Tilapia Yes=1

Varicorhinus Beso=2

Labeobarbus=4



Catfish=5

5. Identify the change in the number and the type of fish. decreasing=1 increasing=2 Constant=3

6. If” decreasing ” for Q7, what are the most limiting factors

Overfishing=1

Habitat degradation=2

Illegal fishing=3

7. Is there degradation of rivers, tributaries, wetlands or separation of the river from the Lake?

Yes=1 No=0

8. Is the number of fisher men increase from year to year?

Yes=1

No=2

9. Is there a market problem of fish?

Yes=1

No=2

10. What types of major wild animals are living in wetlands and the Lake --------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------Where is breeding sites of these

animals------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. What do you get from wetlands? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------ Are these things decreasing from year to year? If

“yes” by how much---------------% and why? -----------------------------------------------

12. What is the condition of wetlands in your area?---------------------------- if you say bad, what is

the cause?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. What are threats (natural and manmade) of wetlands?-----------------------------------------------

14. What are the possible solutions to solve these treats? -----------------------------------------------

15. What types of major Aquatic endemic species are found in the areas?----------------------------

16. Where do you suggest /prefer the land can be used for aquaculture production? Please consider

all imputes like temperature, water and soil type

………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. What are the difficulties or the most challenging for Fisheries and Wetlands existence?----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 4: Formats for secondary and other Data Collection



Zone/ Region ----------------------------------

Woreda---------------------

Name of the organization----------------------------------

1. Total fish production per year ----------2004 E.C----------2005 E.C tone and estimated income --

--------------and------------------------birr, respectively and if the following fish species exist,

please fill the blanks for the year2005E.C bellow.

(a) Varicorhinus ---------------------------tone/year………………….….…..birr

(b) Labeobarbus -----------------------------tone/year………………………birr

(c) Catfish --------------------------------- tone/year……………….…………birr

(d) Tilapia……………………………. tone/year………………………….birr

2. Is the stock/ the population of the fish increasing or decreasing? If decreasing by how mach for

the last years…….……%?

3. Number of fisher men/ fishers /total -------------- fishers, from these land less fisher

men………………..and landless households……………

4. By how mach--------------------- %the wetlands change from the last years?

5. Is invading of Water hyacinth increasing on wetlands and the Lake Shore of Tana if it is found

in your area?

a. Decreasing

b. Increasing

6. The condition of aquaculture, the number of households who have fish

ponds………………..and the number of ponds…………….

7. Income obtained in the pond………………………….. What types of major Aquatic endemic

species are found in the areas? --------------------------------------------------------------

8. What types of management practices must be done in wetlands, lakes and rivers?

...................................................................................................................................................

9. What are the possible solutions to solve these treats (Q10)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Is invading of Water hyacinth increasing on wetlands and the Lake Shore of Tana, if it is found

in your area?

Decreasing=1

Increasing =2



What are the difficulties or the most challenging for Fisheries and Wetlands existence? ---------------

------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 5: Check Lists

Zone----------------------------------

Woreda---------------------

Name and type of area------------------------------------------------------------------------Coordinates

X-------------------------------Y---------------------------------------Z---------------------------------------

1. Type of wetlands seasonal, permanent…

2. The condition and the change of wetlands for about the last ten years

3. Types of grazing system practiced on wetlands

4. The degradation of rivers, tributaries, wetlands or separation of the river from the Lake

5. The threats (natural and manmade) of wetlands

6. Possible solutions to solve treats

7. For Aquaculture development

-Soil

- Water

- Environmental temperature

8. What types of fishes are existing in the area

9. Existing endemic organisms

10. Dominant organisms in the lake, river and wetlands like birds, fish…

11. Current Land use type of fisheries and wetlands.

12. Allover observations and satiations of fisheries and wetlands.

the federal democratic republic of ethiopia...the farmers are less participating in culture...

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