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Presented by:Leyo Priscillia Assemien

Carlie AugustinMallory Zisengwe

Rohan Seth

INTR

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Evolution “Any process of formation or growth” (Dictionary of Political Thought)

Development“Usually used to denote the process of*economic growth in per capita*income, and the fundamental changesin economic structure that generatethat growth.” (Scrunton, 2007)

Modernization theory refers to a theory which states that development in developing worlds can be attained through following the processes of development that are used by currently developed nations (Rostow, 1960).Democratisation

“A process by which democracy expands, within a state or across the world.”(Britannica Political science )

CONTENTS

• India background• Indian Economic

Development• Indian Political

Development• Zimbabwe background• Zimbabwe Economic

development• Zimbabwe Political

development• Is there an evolution?

INDIA FACTFILE*

Geography: South Asia bordering Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal between Burma and Pakistan.Government: Federal RepublicPopulation: 12,363,446,321GDP: $1.877 trillionGDP growth rate: 4.7%Official Language: Hindi

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

• India gained independence from the British in 1947

• Under the British, the state was subject to the effect of drain of wealth

• British took the raw material and natural resources and sold back to India at higher prices

• India's GDP was dependent on the British, although some cities developed as ports under the British rule and the introduction of the railway network was a major boost to the economy

• In the years after independence, India’s main contributor to the GDP was the agricultural sector which contributed to more than a 50% while the industrial and the tertiary sector were far behind.

• Followed the path of socialism inspired by the USSR and used the model of Five Year Plans for development

‘Economic Development’- According to kindle Berger means “ an increase in output of goods and services in economy.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA• This later led to economic stagnation and the state was forced

to bring a change to its policy • 1991, LPG was introduced in India and the shackles that bound

the economy were removed.• Since then the GDP growth rate has been on a rise, taking into

consideration the increasing population of the nation. • India is a founder member of NAM since the cold war, which is

an important economic pressure group in the world today.• India is also in talks with the economic group, ASEAN, which has

the upcoming major economies of south east Asia for opening special and free trade zones between the state and the members of ASEAN. This is a part of India’s look east policy.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE

• Colonialism

• Positive impacts/ negatives

• Agriculture was transformed fundamentally under British rule, the colonial government made institutional changes by transforming traditionally circumscribed property rights into something more closely resembling the unencumbered private

property characteristics of western capitalism

• Railways and telegraph brought local governments closer

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER COLONIAL RULE

• Political structure

• Nationalism (creating a state free from british rule)

• By 1850,lndia controlled most of the lndian subcontinent

• Annexation of indian states

• Political manipulation

• Doctrine of lapse

• Divide and rule

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AFTER INDEPENDENCE

• Constitution

• The Nehru period

• Parliamentary democracy in India

• Pattern and Structure of government

• Nationalism

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

ZIMBABWE FACTFILE*

Geography: Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Government: Parliamentary democracy

Population: 13,771,721 (one hundredth the size of India)

GDP(purchasing power parity):$7.496 billion

GDP growth rate: 3.2% (2013 estimate.)

Official language: English, Shona (minor), Ndebele (minor)

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWEECONOMIC HISTORY OF ZIMBABWE

• At the time of independence, annual inflation

• Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979

• 1985 Economy

• Zimbabwe's GDP

• The year 1999

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE

ZIMBABWE FROM 2000-2009

• Economic hardship in Zimbabwe

• Between 2000 and December

• The Mugabe Government

• The Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001

• February 2004 Zimbabwe's foreign debt repayments

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE

HYPERINFLATION FROM-2004- 2009

• Foreign exchange shortages

• System of auctioning scarce foreign currency

• July 2005

• The official Zimbabwean dollar exchange rate

• On February 2, 2009

DOLLARIZATION: 2009 TO PRESENT

• National unity government

• The Zimbabwean dollar

• Eight legal currencies

• Dollarization reversed inflation

• Finance Minister Tendai Biti

• August 2014

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE

CONCLUDING FACTS• Unemployment rate• Current Account Balance• Comparing GDP at the time

of independence and today

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWEPRIOR TO COLONISATION

• Earliest settlements in Great Zimbabwe 4th Century

• The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (Trade in Gold, Ivory and Copper)

• The Kingdom of Mutapa (1450-1760) renowned for trade routes with Arabs and

Portuguese

• Early 10th Century Trade developed with Arab and Portuguese merchants of the Indian

ocean coast

• Shona civilisations dominated the region during the 13th to 15th centuries. Ruled much

of what we know as Zimbabwe today and parts of Central Mozambique

• Portuguese self-aggrandisement wars

• New Shona state emergence

• 1821Ndebele tribe created by Zulu general

1838 Rozwi empire conquered by the Ndebele(Hall 2006)

ZIMBABWE UNDER COLONIAL RULE

• 1880’s White colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes’s British South Africa Company (The odyssey 2008) 1888-concession over all land in the region

• King Lo Bengula grants mining rights to Rhodes

• Concession presented to persuade government of the United Kingdom to grant royal charter to BSAC over the land. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory.

• The Shona staged unsuccessful revolts against violation upon their lands, by clients of BSAC and Cecil Rhodes in 1896 and 1897.

• Shona groups became subject to Rhodes's administration thus precipitating European settlement which led to land distribution disproportionately

• self-governing British colony in October 1923, subsequent to a 1922 referendum.

• Growing African nationalism, persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963

• government led by Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in November 1965

• white-minority government declared itself a "republic" in 1970

• civil war ensued, with ZAPU and ZANU using assistance from the governments of Zambia and Mozambique

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWEPOST COLONISATION• Independence gained (sovereignty from the United Kingdom) and elected Leader of

‘Post-colonial’ Zimbabwe in Southern Africa, Robert Mugabe

• 1965 key date – “Smith unilaterally declares independence under white minority rule,

sparking international outrage and economic sanctions.” (BBC 2014) • Lancaster house agreement- 1979 december- British council, Zimbabwean Rhodesia

govt. and the patriotic front • 1987 constitutional amendment created the executive presidency, which awarded

wide ranging powers to Mugabe • 1990 and 1995 elections, proved Zanu dominance • labour & student movements as well as human rights organisations.• Constitutional reform

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE

CONCLUSION • slow progress on constitutionalreform with the expiry of the Lancaster House constitution in 1990. Electoral• reform not addressed, despite obvious weaknesses in

theprevailing system. elections every five years and amultiparty system was maintained, democracy was not deepenednor infused into institutions, practices and values. • Growing economichardships in the late 1990s sharpened social contradictions, leading to violent conflicts.

IS D

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EVOLU

TIONARY?

RESPEC

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DIA &

ZIM

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBaylis et al. (2011) The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. United States: Oxford University Press

Bryce, James. (1899) Impressions of South Africa. London : Macmillan. (p.170)

Hall, Martin; Stephen W. Silliman (eds.) (2005). Historical Archaeology. London: Blackwell Publishing (p.241-44)

Judd, Denis. (1998) Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present. New York Basic Books

Scrunton, R. (ed.) (2007) The Palgrave Macmillan dictionary of political thought. 3rd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Das, Gurcharan (2000) India Unbound (1st ed. Penguin Books

Themes in Indian History Part 2 (1st ed.), National Council of Education Research and Training

Themes in Indian History Part 3 (1st edition), National Council of Education Research and Training

Politics in India Since Independence (1st edition) National Council of Education Research and Training

Central Intelligence Agency (No date) The World Factbook [Online]. Central Intelligence Agency. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html [Accessed on 4 November 2014]

Sakra, Sarkar,(1989) Modern India, Hampshire: MACMILLAN

Shumer - Smith,Pamela,(2000)Globalization and change, London:Arnold

Peers,Douglas,M. Gooptu,Nandini,(2012) India and the British Empire, Oxford