the evils of globalization

ResearchPaperDue

[email protected]:ManfredBräuchleUniversidaddeChile–FacultaddeEconomíayNegocios

TheEvilsofGlobalizationAwidesight

10Noviembre2015

TheEvilsofGlobalizationInternationalBusiness

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TabladecontenidoIntroduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................3ThegoodsofGlobalization................................................................................................................................................................................4WhyGlobalizationisbad?.................................................................................................................................................................................6AnothersightsoftheProblem.........................................................................................................................................................................8Deeperanalysis...................................................................................................................................................................................................10Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................................................................................16Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................................................................................17


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IntroductionGlobalization is a term that came into popular usage in the 1980's to describe the increasedmovementofpeople,knowledgeandideas,andgoodsandmoneyacrossnationalbordersthathasledtoincreasedinterconnectednessamongtheworld'spopulations,economically,politically,sociallyandculturally.Althoughglobalizationisoftenthoughtofineconomicterms1,thisprocesshasmanysocialand political implications as well. Many in local communities associate globalization withmodernization2.Atthegloballevel,globalizationisthoughtofintermsofthechallengesitposestotheroleofgovernmentsininternationalaffairsandtheglobaleconomy.Thereareheateddebatesaboutglobalizationanditspositiveandnegativeeffects.Whileglobalizationis thought of bymany as having the potential tomake societies richer through trade and to bringknowledge and information to people around the world, there are many others who perceiveglobalizationascontributingtotheexploitationofthepoorbytherich,andasathreattotraditionalcultures as the process ofmodernization changes societies. There are somewho link the negativeaspectsofglobalizationtoterrorism.Toputacomplicateddiscussioninsimpleterms,theyarguethatexploitative or declining conditions contribute to the lure of informal "extremist" networks thatcommit criminal or terrorist acts internationally. And thanks to today's technology and integratedsocieties, these networks span throughout the world. It is in this sense that terrorism, too, is"globalized.".In this essaywe are going to talk about the evils of globalization andhow these evils affect to theworld.Inspecific,wewillnoticesomepointsthataresomeofthemistakesthatGlobalizationcannotdealwith.Butfirst,wearegoingtoseesomeimportantpointsthatsomeGlobalizationdefenderssayaboutglobalization.

1Forinstance"theglobalmarketplace"2Forexamplethetransformationof"traditional"societiesinto"Western"industrializedones.


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ThegoodsofGlobalizationNow,wearegoingtoseebrieflythegoodedgesoftheGlobalizationandsomefactorsthataffecttotheincreaseofthisintheworld:AccordingtoDaniel3thereare7factorsthatfactorsthathavecontributedtothegrowingglobalizationinrecentdecades:

1. Theincreaseandexpansionoftechnology.2. Theliberalizationofcross-bordertradeandthemovementofresources.3. Thedevelopmentofservicesthatfacilitateinternationalbusiness.4. Thegrowingpressuresfromconsumers.5. Theincreasingglobalcompetition.6. Thechangingpoliticalsituations.7. Theincreasedcooperationbetweencountries.

Theincreaseandexpansionoftechnology:

Technology of the Information (IT) is a determinant factor in the process of globalization. Theimprovementsinthedecadeof1990inhardware,softwareandtelecommunicationshaveprovokedimprovements generalized in the access to the information and the economic potential. Theseadvances have facilitated earnings of efficiency in all the sectors of the economy. It IT offers thenetworkofcommunicationthatfacilitatestheexpansionoftheproducts,ideasandresourcesbetweenthe nations and between the persons with independence of his geographical location. Creation ofefficientandeffectivechannelsfortheexchangeofinformation,IThasbeenthecatalystfortheglobalintegration4.

Theliberalizationofcross-bordertradeandthemovementofresourcesTo protect domestic industries, each country restricts cross-border movements, only goods andservicesbutalsoofresourcessuchas laborandcapital,whichtheyneededtoproduce them.Theserestrictions, of course, set boundaries for action international business and, since regulationsmaychangeinanytime,alsocontributetoaclimateofuncertainty.Butnevertheless,withthepassageoftime,most governments have reduced restrictions internationalmovements of goods and services.Why?Mainlyforthreereasons:

3SeeChapterII4https://www.globalenvision.org/library/7/97


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a. Itscitizenswantagreatervarietyofgoodsandservicesatpricesmorelow.b. Thecompetitionspursdomesticproducerstobemoreefficient.c. Theyhopetoinduceothercountriestoreduce,inturn,theirbarriersaroundit.

Thedevelopmentofservicesthatfacilitateinternationalbusiness

The need for producers and consumers to interact for a service to be rendered influences howinternational transactions in services are conducted. If a service producer in one economy has thedesired capabilities, then a consumer resident in another countrymust somehow interactwith theproducertoacquirethoseservices.

Thegrowingpressuresfromconsumers

Because of innovations in transportation and communications technology, consumers are well-informedaboutandoftenabletoaccessforeignproducts.Thuscompetitorstheworldoverhavebeenforced to respond to consumers’ demand for increasingly higher quality, more cost-competitiveofferings.

Theincreasingglobalcompetition

The pressures of increased foreign competition often persuade firms to expand internationally inordertogainaccesstoforeignopportunitiesandtoimprovetheiroveralloperationalflexibilityandcompetitiveness.

Thechangingpoliticalsituations

ThetransformationofthepoliticalandeconomicpoliciesoftheformerSovietUnionandthePeople’sRepublicofChinahasledtovastincreasesintradebetweenthosecountriesandtherestoftheworld.Inaddition,theimprovementsinnationalinfrastructureandtheprovisionoftrade-relatedservicesbygovernmentstheworldoverhavefurtherledtosubstantialincreasesinforeigntradeandinvestmentlevels.

Theincreasedcooperationbetweencountries

Governmentshaveincreasinglyenteredintocross-nationaltreatiesandagreementsinordertogainreciprocal advantages for theirown firms, toattackproblems jointly thatone country cannot solvealone, and to deal with areas of concern that lie outside the territory of all countries. Often, suchcooperationoccurswithinthe frameworkof internationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNations,


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the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and the International Bank forReconstructionandDevelopment(WorldBank).

WhyGlobalizationisbad?

Wealreadyhaveseen thepositivepoints thatmadeGlobazalitionworldwide.Now,wearegoing totalkaboutthereasonsomestudiouspeoplesayGlobalizationisbadfortheworld.Globalization seems to be looked on as an unmitigated “good” by economists. Unfortunately,economists seem to be guided by their badly flawed models; they miss real-world problems. Inparticular,theymissthepointthattheworldisfinite.Wedon’thaveinfiniteresources,orunlimitedabilitytohandleexcesspollution.Sowearesettingupa“solution”thatisatbesttemporary.Economists also tend to lookat results toonarrowly–from thepointof viewof abusiness that canexpand,oraworkerwhohasplentyofmoney,eventhoughtheseusersarenottypical.Inreallife,thebusinesses are facing increased competition, and the worker may be laid off because of greatercompetition.According to Nick Gibson5there are tre points of the negative impact of Globalization. Economistneithertellyouabouttheseedgesofglobalization:

Competition:SomeoneHasToLose

Unfortunately,whilecompetitionisgenerallythoughttobeagoodthing,itdoesnotcomewithoutasourside.Ifsomeonesays,“Somecompanieswon’tsurvivebecauseofglobalization,”thenothertheothersidemightsay,“Thentheydon’tdeservetosurvive;that’sthebeautyofit;thecompaniesworthstickingaroundusuallydo.”Wewon'tdenythetruthinthat,butwhatabouttheborderlinemonopoliesthatthelargestcompaniesin the world have created for themselves? Apple, Exxon, Google, etc. Whereas they were onceinnovators, theyarenowsobig thatpoliticsandstrategyaremore important than innovation.Theresultofthis isthatsmallercompanieswithinnovativeideashaveanincrediblydifficultcompeting.Andhowcanthey?Ifthey’relucky,they’llbeboughtoutandwalkawaywithapaycheck;ifnot,they’lljustbecrushed,oftenpurposefully,byacompetitorthatisliterallyabilliontimesbiggerthanthem.

5Fromwww.blog.udemy.com


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For tipsonnavigating international relations, invest in this InternationalRelations101 course thatapproachesthesubjectfromastrategiceconomicperspective.

WhenTheHomeTeamLosesSupposesomeonewhowasraisedinwhatwasoncetheAppleCapitaloftheWorld:Winchester,VA.Over the last twoor threedecades, this titlehas (inevitably)been stripped fromus; first itwasbyPennsylvania,butthenPennsylvaniahaditstolenbyChina.SonowChinaistheAppleCapitaloftheWorld.Theyproducethecheapestapples,whichaccountforroughlyhalftheworld’ssupplyofapples.AlotofpeopleupanddowntheEastCoastlosttheirjobs,buthere’sthekicker:Chinaisn’tallowedtoexportapplestotheU.S.Thismightchangesoon,butforthe timebeing, China is able to put a lot of people on theEast Coast out of businesswithout evensellingapplesinthesamecountry.Thelessonofthestoryisthatanothercountrycandowhatyoudobetterandputyououtofbusinesswithout even lookingyou in the eye.That’s globalization.But tobe fair, thedamagewe’vedone toChinaandthebenefitswetookadvantageof(cheaplabor)arevastlymoresignificant.

EnvironmentalDevastation

Itisdifficulttosaybutwearegoingtoaddathoughtortwo.Globalizationhascreatedaglobal-sizedneedforenergyandindustry,andthisneedhasbeenabusedandignoredtotheextentthatthefutureoflifeasweknowithasbeenbroughtintoquestion.Youmayormaynotbelieveinglobalwarming,but you cannot deny the existence of the conversation. Does the fact that this conversation ishappeningnotsaysomethinginitself?Havewebulldozedourplanetintotrouble?Obviously,yes.Theargumentagainstthisfactisthatwecouldnotpossiblyhavecausedsomuchdestructiontoourenormousplanet.Thefactssayotherwise:we’veloggedoverhalfoftheworld’stropicalforests.Andasfarashowdifficultitwouldbetochangethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Theatmosphereendsamere60milesabovethesurfaceoftheEarth.It’s justnotthatvoluminous.It’snotlimitless.It’sactuallysmall,andwhenweworktogetherglobally, even the negative side effects of all the amazing things we accomplish are, in a word,globalized.


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AnothersightsoftheProblem

To illustrate evenmore this problem, nowwe are going to examinewhatDaniels says in his bookInternationalBusiness:EnvironmentsandOperations.According to the author, critcs of Globalization reffers to three important points that they argueagainstGlobalization.Thecriticsofglobalizationassertthat:

a. Countrieslosesovereignty.b. Theresultinggrowthharmstheenvironment.c. Somepeoplelosebothinabsolutetermsandinrelativeterms.

Now,let'slookateachofthesepointsasfollows.

ThreatstoNationalSovereigntyThisisoneoftheaspectsofglobalisationonwhichcriticsfocusistheimpactofglobalforcesonthesovereigntyofthestate.Thesovereigntyofthestateisclaimedtobethreatenedbytwodevelopmentsassociatedwith globalisation. The first is the emergence of global crime. The second refers to thechanging character of international law and instruments such as treaties and the increasingimportanceofnon-governmentandmulti-stateorganisationsinscrutinisingthedomesticpoliciesofnationalgovernments.

Lakesandtheseahavebeenoftenpointsofenvironmentaldevastation,afetandomanyecosystemsandkillingmanyanimalsandthesesamehabitatsofcourse.


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§ GlobalizationandPoliticalSovereignty:

Globalizationhasledtoadeclineinthepowerofnationalgovernmentstodirectandinfluencetheireconomies(especiallywithregardtomacroeconomicmanagement);andtodeterminetheirpoliticalstructures.Thereisastrongindicationthattheimpactofglobalizationismostfeltthroughtheextenttowhichpoliticseverywherearenowessentiallymarket-driven.It isnotthatgovernmentsarenowunabletoruntheirstates,buttosurviveinoffice;theymustincreasingly"manage"nationalpoliticsinsuchawayastoadaptthemtothepressuresoftrans-nationalmarketforces.

§ GlobalizationandEconomicSovereignty

The interrelationships of markets, finance, goods and services, and the networks created bytransnationalcorporationsarethemostimportantmanifestationsofeconomicglobalization.Thoughthecapitalistworld-systemhasbeeninternationalinessenceforcenturies,theextentanddegreeoftrade and investment globalizationhas increased greatly in recentdecades. Economic globalizationhas been accelerated by what information technology has done to the movement of money. It iscommonlyclaimedthatthemarket’sabilitytoshiftmoneyfromonepartoftheglobetoanotherbythepushofabuttonhaschangedtherulesofpolicy-making,puttingeconomicdecisionsmuchmoreatthemercyofmarketforcesthanbefore.

§ GlobalizationandCulturalSovereignty

Whereasthemodernworld-systemhasalwaysbeen,andisstill,multicultural,thegrowinginfluenceandacceptanceofWesternvaluesofrationality,individualism,equality,andefficiencyisanimportanttrend of the twentieth century; a trendwhich has heightened both in speed and nature. Time andspace compressionbynew information technologies is simply an extension and accelerationof theverylong-termtrendtowardsacculturalisation.

§ GlobalizationandtheRighttoDevelopment

Inaglobalizedworld,internationaldevelopmentsaffectdevelopingcountries’abilitytoformulateandimplementthepoliciesforrealizingtherighttodevelopment.Globalizationinprincipleexpandstheopportunities to enjoy goods and services beyond what a country can produce itself, just asparticipating in an expanding market does for an individual, thus potentially enhancing thecapabilitiesforenjoyingtherighttodevelopment.


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EconomicGrowthandEnvironmentalStressA large majority of anti-globalization criticism revolves around the aspects of economic growth.According to one argument, as globalization produces growth, you are consuming evermore non-renewablenaturalresourcesandincreasesthedamagetotheenvironment,asthedevastationcausedbyrunoffoftoxicsubstancesandpesticidesinriversandoceans,airpollutioncausedbyfactoriesandvehicleemissionsanddeforestation,whichaffectstheclimate(Daniels,2009).

GrowingInwqualityinIncomeDistributionBymeasuringeconomicwelfare,itisnecessarytoconsidernotonlytheabsolutesituationbutalsothelevelcomparedtotheeconomicwelfareofothers.Ingeneral,wedonotthinkourfinancialpositionissatisfactory,unlesswedobetterandwethesamelevelasothers.Forexample,whenaUScompanymovesitscomputeroperationstoIndia,schedulingispossibleforprogrammer’scountintheUnitedStateshavetoacceptjobswithlowerpay.The process of moving the production to a foreign country is called offshoring (or outsourcingInternational), andwhen costsworkers (in this case, U.S. developers) awell-paid job, they lose inabsoluteterms.Inaddition,themovingofthemanufactureofthecompanyabroadproducessavingsincoststhatcanbeused,inpart,topaybonusestoexecutiveswhodevisedthesavingsincosts.Thisfurtherincreasestheinequalityinincomewithinthecompanyandresultsinlowerleveljobsthatplaylosingmoreinrelationtotheirbosses(Daniels,2009).

Deeperanalysis

Nowwearegoingtodeepeninthepreviousanalysisandalsowewillpayattetiontoothersevilsofthe Globalization. Fisrt, we are going to talk about deeply about the invironmetal issues of theglobalization and what is really happenning with this edge. Then to make zoom in the globalinequialityoftheincome,andthenothersightsoftheproblemcalledGlobalization.

EconomicGrowthandtheenvironmentWill the world be able to sustain economic growth indefinitely without running into resourceconstraintsordespoilingtheenvironmentbeyondrepair?For some social and physical scientists, growing economic activity (production and consumption)requires larger inputsofenergyandmaterial,andgenerates largerquantitiesofwasteby-products.


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Increasedextractionofnaturalresources,accumulationofwasteandconcentrationofpollutants6willtherefore overpower the carrying capacity of the biosphere and result in the degradation ofenvironmental quality and a decline in humanwelfare, despite rising incomes. Furthermore, it isargued thatdegradationof the resourcebasewill eventuallyput economicactivity itself at risk.Tosave theenvironment andeveneconomic activity from itself, economicgrowthmust ceaseand theworldmustmakeatransitiontoasteady-stateeconomy.At the other extreme, are thosewho argue that the fastest road to environmental improvement isalong the path of economic growth: with higher incomes comes increased demand for goods andservicesthatarelessmaterialintensive,aswellasdemandforimprovedenvironmentalqualitythatleadstotheadoptionofenvironmentalprotectionmeasures.Othershavesaidthattherelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentalquality,whetherpositiveornegative,isnotfixedalongacountry’sdevelopmentpath;indeeditmaychangesignfrompositivetonegativeasacountryreachesalevelofincomeatwhichpeopledemandandaffordmoreefficientinfrastructureandacleanerenvironment(aswecanseeinthenextchart).

Chart: In the last stageof the economicdevelopment,we can see that athigher levelsofdevelopment, structural change towards information-basedindustries and services, more efficient technologies, and increased demand for environmental quality result in levelling-off and a steady decline ofenvironmentaldegradation.

6Asubstanceorconditionthatcontaminatesair,water,orsoil.Pollutantscanbeartificialsubstances,suchaspesticidesandPCBs,ornaturallyoccurringsubstances,suchasoilorcarbondioxide,thatoccurinharmfulconcentrationsinagivenenvironment.


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Tofurtherinvestigatethesepoints,wewillthenseeananalysisofGeoffRiley,aneconomistwhotellsusthefollowing:

Environmentalconcerns

§ Fastgrowthcancreatenegativeexternalitiese.g.noisepollutionandlowerairqualityarisingfromairpollutionandroadcongestion

§ Increasedconsumptionofde-meritgoodswhichdamagesocialwelfare

§ Thehugeincreaseinhouseholdandindustrialwaste.Theseexternalitiesreducesocialwelfare

andcanleadtomarketfailure.Growth that leads to environmental damage may lower the sustainable rate of growth. Examplesincludethedestructionofrainforeststhroughdeforestation,theover-exploitationoffishstocksandloss of natural habitat and bio-diversity from the construction of new roads, hotels, malls andindustrialestates.

GrowthandtheEnvironment:TheSustainabilityofEconomicGrowthGrowthmayleadtoarapiddestructionofrainforests,theover-exploitationoffishstocksandlossofnatural habitat created through the construction of new roads, hotels, retail malls and industrialestates.Someofthemainenvironmentalthreatsinclude:

§ Thedepletionoftheglobalresourcebaseandtheimpactofglobalwarming.Thereareplentyofexamplesof the“tragedyof thecommons”; thepermanent lossofwhatshouldberenewableresourcesfromover-extractionofsomeofourenvironmentalresources.

§ Ahugeexpansionofwasteandpollutionarisingfrombothproductionandconsumption

§ Over-population (particularly inurbanareas)putting increasedpressureon scarce landandotherresources.Morethanhalfoftheworld'spopulationlivesincitiesin2009,mostofthemindevelopingcountriesaccordingtotheUnitedNationsPopulationFund.

§ Speciesextinctionleadingtoalossofbio-diversity-Scientistspredictthatatleastathirdand

asmuchastwo-thirdsoftheworld'sspeciescouldbeontheirwaytoextinctionbytheendofthis century,mostly becausepeople aredestroying tropical forests andotherhabitats, over-fishingtheoceansandchangingtheglobalclimate.


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GlobalizationandInequalityAccording to the The World Economic Forum where they published an article7about the incomedistribution,theysaidthatthehalfoftheworld’swealthisnowownedbythetop1%.TheWEFtoldat theirwebpagethattheescalationof the levelsof inequality intheworld inrecentyears have led to the topwealth holders percentile since they possess the 50.4% of thewealth ofhouseholds,accordingtoanewreportbyCreditSuisse.InJanuaryofthisyear,Oxfamwarnedagainstinequalityinspiral,predictingthat1%oftheworld'spopulationwouldbericherthantheremaining99%by2016.Thethresholdhasbeencrossed.

ThemostaffectedcountriesthatarehitbytheGlobalizationarethepoorestcountries.An articule fromTheEconomist8that explainswhy globalisationmay not reduce inequality in poorcountriesandspecifyandsaysthatthepronecountriesinequalityduetotheincreaseofglobalizationarethepoorestcountriesandthethirdworld.7Towatchthearticlegoto:https://goo.gl/42jz648http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/09/economist-explains-0


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Therearealotoftheoriesthatexplainthisinequalityinthepoorestcountries,butthemostimportantaccording to the articule is the one who emphasises outsourcing9. Contrary to popular belief,multinationalsinpoorcountriesoftenemployskilledworkersandpayhighwages.Onestudyshowedthatworkersinforeign-ownedandsubcontractingclothingandfootwearfactoriesinVietnamrankinthetop20%ofthecountry'spopulationbyhouseholdexpenditure.AreportfromtheOECDfoundthataveragewagespaidbyforeignmultinationalsare40%higherthanwagespaidbylocalfirms.Whatismore, thoseskilledworkersoftenget toworkwithmanagers fromrichcountries,ormighthave tomeet the deadlines of an efficient rich-world company. That may boost their productivity. Higherproductivitymeanstheycandemandevenhigherwages.Bycontrast,unskilledworkers,orpooronesinruralareas,tendnottohavesuchopportunities.Theirproductivitydoesnotrise.Forthesereasonsglobalisationcanboostthewagesofskilledworkers,whilecrimpingthoseoftheunskilled.Theresultisthatinequalityrises.

EconomicGrowthandIncomeandWealthInequalityNotallofthebenefitsofgrowthareevenlydistributed.AriseinrealGDPcanoftenbeaccompaniedbywideningincomeandwealthinequalityinsocietythatisreflectedinanincreaseinrelativepoverty.TheGinicoefficient10isonewaytomeasuretheinequalitiesinthedistributionofincomeandwealthindifferent countries.Thehigher thevalue for theGini co-efficient (themaximumvalue is1), thengreatertheinequality.CountriessuchasJapan,DenmarkandSwedentypicallyhavelowvaluesfortheGinicoefficientswhereasAfricanandSouthAmericancountrieshaveanenormousgulfbetweentheincomesoftherichestandthepoorestelementsofthepopulation.

GlobalizationandTerrorismTerrorism is connected to the principles of globalization and the principles of anti-globalization.Coming tohandwithwhat thoseconnectionsareandwhat theymean iscrucial forpeopleonbothsidesoftheglobalizationdebate.If there were rival great powers with different cultural and ideological leanings, globalization'sdarkestproblemofall–terrorism–wouldalsolikelylookquitedifferent.Thepunditsarepartlyright:Today's international terrorism owes something to globalization. Al Qaeda uses the Internet totransmitmessages,itusescreditcardsandmodernhankingtomovemoney,anditusescellphones

9AccordingtoDaniels,thedefinitionofOutsourcingis:Whenacompanyhiresanothertoperformcertainfunctions,includingadministrativeoperationsandmanufacturing.Itcantakeplaceinornearthecountryoforiginofthecompany(nearshoring),orinanothercountry(offshoring).10AccordingtoDaniels,thedefinitionoftheGiniCoefficientis:Muchmoreuniformdistributionofincomeinacountry,thelowerwillbetheGinicoefficient(forexample,Finlandhasanindexofthe26.9).Themoreunevenisthedistributionofincomeinacountry,thegreatertheGinicoefficient(forexample,Brazilhasarateof56.7).


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andlaptopstoplotattacks.Butit'snotglobalizationthatturnedOsamabinLadenfromasmall-timeSaudidissidentintothesymbolicheadofaradicalglobalmovement.WhatcreatedOsamabinEadenwasthepredominanceofAmericanpower.

A terroristorganizationneedsastory toattractresourcesandrecruits.Oftentimes,mere frustrationoverpolitical,economic,orreligiousconditionsisnotenough.AlQaedaunderstandsthat,and,forthatreason, it weaves a narrative of global jihad against a "modernization," "Westernization,11" and a"Judeo-Christian" threat. There is really just one country that both spearheads and represents thatthreat:theUnitedStates.Globalization as process was facilitated by the liberalization of cross-border transactions by thesovereigntyofdilution.Globalizationisessentiallyameasureoftheeasewithwhichthework,ideas,capital,technologyandthebenefitscanmoveacrossborderswithminimalgovernmentinterference.Thismeasureofliberalizationisalsoasubstitutemeasureforsafety.ThegreatfeelingofinsecuritythatterrorismnowinspiredbytheUSeconomyandtheGovernment,thetwomostimportantforcesbehindglobalization,hasresultedinareaffirmationofsovereigntybythe United States and other Nations. The fear that liberal standards are facilitating terrorism iscausingaroundtheworldandmoredevelopedcountriesforthecontrolofcross-bordertransactions.11Westernizationreferstotheinfluencewithideas,customs,practices,etc.,characteristicoftheOccidentorofthewesternU.S.

Atipicalexample:TheSeptember11attackswereaseriesoffourcoordinatedterroristattacksbytheIslamicterroristgroupal-QaedaontheUnitedStatesonthemorningofTuesday,September11,2001.TheattacksconsistedofsuicideattacksusedtotargetsymbolicU.S.landmarks.


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ConclusionInconclusion,Globalizationbringstotheworldseriousissuesthataffectsmanynations.Researchersshouldanalyzetheseimpactscarefullysoastopreventthenegativeimpacts.ItisessentialtonotethattheforcebehindGlobalizationthatareenvironmentallyandsociallysustainable.Theseformsshouldbemorebeneficial toallhumanityandreducecosts. Indirect impactsofGlobalizationonhealth(byenvironmental issues) operate through the national economy, for example, effects of tradeliberalization,andthefinancialflowsonresourcesforhealthexpenditures.OneofthebiggestissuesthattheGlobalizationhavebroughttotheworldistheTerrorism.Itisironicto mention that global terrorism, the phenomenon of terrorists operating in and against severalnationssimultaneously,wasfacilitatedbyglobalizationandnowithasbecomethebiggestchallengeto globalization. Global terrorism depends on the success of globalization. In fact one may veryconceiveofglobalterrorismasafacetoftheglobalcultureresultingfromglobalization.However,wecannotdeniedallthebenefitsofglobalization.Globalizationhavemadetheworldmoreefficient ineconomic,health,developmentanda lotof importantstermsthatat thesametimehavegiventothesocietyabetterlife.But,thisevilsofGlobalizationhavedonethatsometimesthedreamofGlobalizationbeforgotten.


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§ http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/69258/1249842/version/1/file/056.pdf

§ http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ead/pub/032/032_c2.pdf

§ http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/economic-growth-disadvantages

§ https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/pdf/c4.pdf

§ http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/09/economist-explains-0

§ http://thesaturdaysyndicate.com/2011/08/10/the-connection-between-globalisation-and-

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