the evaluation of an embedded system for first responders nicholas brabson the university of...
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The Evaluation of an Embedded System for First Responders
Nicholas BrabsonThe University of Tennessee
David HillComputational Sciences and Engineering Division
August 2009
2 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy
Overview
• Project background
• Methodology
• Results
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
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First Responder needs
• Ways to identify hazardous materials during an emergency
• Ability to enable responders to make key decisions during fire, hazard, and rescue control
• Efficient ways to communicate relative data
• Ability to ensure safety of firefighters and first responders handling hazardous chemicals
5 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy
What is SNIFFER?
SNIFFER – SensorNet for Fire and First Responders
• Device that can autonomously detect and report harmful chemicals
• Vehicle mounted and portable
• Designed to output data to a plume visual model
• All system components are housed in rugged casing
6 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy
What is SNIFFER?
Targeted Chemicals
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Chlorine
• Ammonia
• Arsine
• Sulfur dioxide
• Hydrochloric acid
• Phosgene
• Ethylene oxide
• Bromomethane
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Project goals
• Identify and characterize power supply options for the system
• Test lifetime of battery in changing environments
• Construct PC-104s with each individual module desired
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Power supply analysis
Advantages•Small drop in voltage during discharge•Low weight for energy produced•Difficult to damage
Disadvantages•Cadmium causes higher cost•Memory effect•Self discharge
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Power supply analysis
Advantages•Proven technology•Good efficiency
Disadvantages
•Long recharge time•Large in size•Outdated technology
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Power supply analysis
Advantages•Compact Size•High power to weight ratio•Slow self discharge rate
Disadvantages
•Difficult to recharge if discharged too low
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Power supply analysis
Advantages
•Readily available•Cost effective
Disadvantages
•High memory effect•Inefficient self discharge
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Battery selection
Batterytype
Powerper
mass
Cell voltagenominal
Prices Efficiency Rechargetime
Memory Effect
NiCad 150 W/kg 1.24 Med 70 - 90% 1 Hr Very High
LeadAcid 180 W/kg 2.105 High 70 - 92% Several
Hrs No
NiMH250-1000 W/kg
1.2 Low 64% 2 - 4 Hr Yes
Up to 2800 W/kg
3.7 Med 99.80% 2 - 4 Hr No
Li-Ion
Battery comparison
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Hardware configuration
• 50 Watt total output power• Provides two additional serial ports• Second element on stack
• Low power processor• Shock and vibration protection• Integrated data acquisition• First element on stack
Jupiter-MM-SIO
Athena II
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Hardware configuration
• GSM/GPRS and CDMA capability• 1 Mbps data rate• Third element on stack
• Connected by cable• Houses flash card for memory• Final element on stack
ACC-CFEXT card
Janus-MM
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Final stack construction
Compact Flash CardGPS CardPower Supply CardAthena II Card
Partially constructed stack Final constructed stack with covering
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Conclusions
• Power supplies were successfully compared and the lithium ion battery type was chosen
• Athena II computer was assembled with additional interface cards attached for desired functions
• Both the power supply and PC-104 were included in the SNIFFER prototype
• LabView code was reviewed and learned for future use
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Future of SNIFFER
• Develop a standard that all devices similar to SNIFFER could use to improve prototype
• Train officials on how to effectively use the device
• Continue testing and improving product in conjunction with various emergency organizations
21 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy
Acknowledgments
• The Research Alliance in Math and Science program is sponsored by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, U.S. Department of Energy.
• The work was performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. De-AC05-00OR22725. This work has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government, accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
• Special thanks to David Hill, Debbie McCoy, and Rashida Askia