the enlargement of eu by acceeding new countries - presentation

8/7/2019 The Enlargement of EU by acceeding new countries - presentation

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HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS ENLARGEMENT

In 1949, created the Council of Europe, by the

nations of Eastern Europe, and this is the first steptowards cooperation that these six founders wishedto deepen. Such cooperation is a consequence ofWorld War II and was intended to ensure that suchcarnage and destruction will not happen again.

The May 9, 1950 (Europe Day), Robert Schuman

presented a plan for further cooperation. The April18, 1951, and based on the plan presented byRobert Schuman, six countries (Belgium, France,Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands) signed atreaty that aimed to put their heavy industries ofcoal and steel under a common authority (ECSC).From this date no member country can produceweapons of war to turn against each other, as in thepast.

FOUNDING COUNTRIES:

Germany, Belgium, France, Italy,Luxemburg, Netherlands

Having regard to the success of the treated coal and steel, the six countries havecontinued their cooperation in extending this to other economic sectors, by signing theTreaty of Rome (March 25, 1957), thus creating the European Economic Community (EEC)

or "common market", whose aim is the free movement of persons, goods and servicesbetween Member States.

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In August 1961, the communist authorities in East

Germany build a wall in Berlin to keep the population flee

to West in search of freedom. Some manage to escape,

but others are killed trying to flee.

The July 30, 1962, it launched the Common Agricultural

Policy (CAP), which gives Member States the common

control of food production and agricultural prices are

uniform in the Community.

The EEC signed the July 20, 1963 his first major

international agreement for assistance to former African

colonies, since leading the efforts of development

assistance to the poorest countries.

The July 1, 1968 there is the abolition of tariffs between

the six member states, thus creating conditions for free

trade exists.

In 1970, in order to create monetary stability, the EEC

decided to limit the margin of fluctuation between their

currencies, creating a single currency (the euro) would be

released years later.

The January 1, 1973, the six countries join three

(Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom), thus giving the first

enlargement.

HISTORY OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS ENLARGEMENT

1ST ENLARGEMENT:

Denmark, Ireland, UK

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The fall of the Salazar regime in Portugal in 1974 andthe death of General Franco in Spain in 1975 put anend to the latest right-wing dictatorships in Europe.

The two countries are committed to theestablishment of democratic governments, which isan important step towards membership.

HISTORY OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS ENLARGEMENT

2ND ENLARGEMENT: Greece

3RD ENLARGEMENT: Spain, Portugal

The January 1, 1981, the number of communitymembers is 10, with the accession of Greece, whocould join after the collapse of his military regimeand the restoration of democracy in 1974.

The January 1, 1986, Spain and Portugal join theEEC, which increases to 12 the number of its

members.

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HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS ENLARGEMENT5

Despite the abolition of customs duties in 1968, there

remain obstacles to free trade within the Community.

These are mainly from differences between national

laws, the Single European Act signed in 1986, providesfor eliminating. The Single Act also increases the

influence of Parliament and strengthen the powers of

the EEC on the environment.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolized the

collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe,

which began in Poland and Hungary. It is thereunification of Germany after more than 40 years of

separation and eastern part of the EEC in October 1990.

The February 7, 1992 is signed the Treaty on European

Union at Maastricht. The EEC exceeds a major step by

establishing clear rules for the future single currency,

foreign policy and security and cooperation in justice andhome affairs. The "European Community" is formally

replaced by "European Union".

FALL OF BERLIN WALL

4THEXTENSION

JANUARY 1, 1993

Creating a single market and its four freedoms becomes a reality from January 1, 1993,where they move freely to the goods, services, people and capital.


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Austria, Finland and Sweden join the EU on 1 January 1995. The 15 Member Statesnow cover almost all of Western Europe.


5TH ENLARGEMENT:Austria, Finland, Sweden

The Schengen Agreement came into force on 26March 1995, seven Member States: Belgium,France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands andPortugal. Travelers of all nationalities, can travel tothese countries without identity checks at borders.Other countries later joined the Schengen area.

The signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam (June 17,1997) is based on achievement of the MaastrichtTreaty. Includes provisions to reform the Europeaninstitutions to give more weight to Europe in theworld and devote more resources to employmentand the rights of citizens.

EU leaders agree to start accession negotiationswith 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe:Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Hungary,Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic andRomania. Addition to these countries, theMediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta. In

2000, the Treaty of Nice opened the way forenlargement, to overhaul the EU rules on voting.


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6TH ENLARGEMENT:Cyprus, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia,

Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,

Poland, Czech Republic

The January 1, 1999, eleven countries (that Greecewould join in 2001) adopting the euro only for

their commercial and financial transactions. Thecoins and banknotes will be introduced later. Theeurozone countries are: Austria, Belgium, Finland,France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, theNetherlands and Portugal.

The introduction of euro notes and coins takesplace at 1 January 2002, whose printing, mintingand distribution involved a major logisticaloperation. More than 80 billion coins andbanknotes are put into circulation. The notes arethe same in all countries, but coins have one

common face with an indication of value, and aface with a national symbol.

May 1, 2004, eight countries in Central andEastern Europe (Estonia, Slovakia, Slovenia,Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia)

join the EU, as well as Cyprus and Malta.


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The 25 Member States sign a treaty on 29October 2004 establishing a Constitution for Europe

in order to simplify the decision process andfunctioning of a democratic Europe with 25members and more. The Treaty, which includes anew post of European Minister of Foreign Affairs,will only enter into force if ratified by all 25 MemberStates.

Enter into force in February 2005, the KyotoProtocol, an international treaty to limit globalwarming and reduce emissions of greenhousegases.

The January 1, 2007, two more Eastern Europeancountries, Bulgaria and Romania join the EU,

bringing the number of Member States to 27


6TH ENLARGEMENT:Bulgaria and Romania

The 27 EU Member States signed the Treaty of Lisbon on 13 December 2007,amending previous treaties. Its aim is to increase the democracy, effectiveness andtransparency of the EU and thus make it capable of facing global challenges such as

climate change, security and sustainable development. Before its entry into force, theTreaty of Lisbon should be ratified by each of the 27 Member States.


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HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS ENLARGEMENT

A policy of gradual and carefully managed enlargement is of fundamental

interest to the EU. Future enlargements will concern the countries of Southeast

Europe. These countries are at different stages on their road towards the EU.

Croatia and Turkey are candidate countries which have started accession

negotiations on 3 October 2005. In December 2005 the European Council

granted the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia the candidate status, the

accession negotiations have not started.

All other Western Balkan countries are potential candidate countries:

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro including Kosovo

under Resolution 1244 Security Council of the United Nations. The EU has

repeatedly reaffirmed at the highest level its commitment for eventual EU

accession of Western Balkan countries, provided they meet the membership

criteria.

Iceland submitted a request in the July 23, 2009.

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BENEFITS

The benefits of EU enlargement have political, economic and cultural contexts;

The enlargement of the zone of peace, prosperity and stability in Europe willprovide better security to the population.

The increase for the European market of over 100 million people in fastgrowing economies, boost economic growth and employment and the currentMember States or candidate countries.

Is there a better quality of life for the citizens of Europe, as candidate countriesto adopt European standards of environmental protection and the fightagainst crime, drugs and illegal immigration.

The new member states will enrich the EU for increased cultural diversity,exchange of ideas and improve knowledge and understanding betweenpeoples.

The enlargement will strengthen the EU position in world affairs, as regardsforeign policy, security, trade etc..

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IMPACT OF ENLARGEMENT FOR PORTUGAL11

ADVANTAGES

New opportunities for business and for economic and financial groups;

Export and investment opportunities in new markets;

The fact that these countries were emerging economies will enhance the

attractive conditions for Portuguese investment in these countries;

Free movement of workers - flows;

Prospects for a major increase in trade in products and services.

Low wages are our main competitive factor with the disadvantage that in

Portugal the manpower is not as high educational qualifications;

Allowed the strengthening of democracy and political stability and society

in general.


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DIFFICULTIES

Migratory movements;

Increased competition in the economy domestic and foreign markets, including competitionwith labor-national work;

Relocation of enterprises and investment (including foreign direct investment);

Loss of power and political influence in the European Union;

Worsening of the position;

Increase in commercial competition;

Divert investment flows;

Reduction in the intensity of Community grants; Potential effects on competitiveness and competition between companies;

Fears about a transfer of existing EU financial aid to other countries and regions;

Movement of foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises.

ACTION NEEDED

Entrepreneurs with initiative and support the internationalization Taking all the benefits of the enlargement of the market Maintaining the connection with a major investment in the candidate countries, notably in

infrastructure (environment and transport as priority areas) and technical assistance; Enjoy the whole experience that Portugal is in services (banking, insurance) are important for

these countries

Modernize and improve the competitiveness of productive sectors, increasing the exportcapacity.

IMPACT OF ENLARGEMENT FOR PORTUGAL12


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IMPACT OF ENLARGEMENT FOR ROMANIA AND BULGARIA13

The accession of ten new Member States in May 2004 was the biggest everenlargement of the European Union.

The inclusion of Bulgaria and Romania will supplement the integration process,rewarding the efforts of the European Union to promote peace, democracy andprosperity across Europe.

As with previous enlargements, to meet all the criteria required for accession,Bulgaria and Romania had to perform a process of significant reform andmodernization. In congratulating the people and the leaders of both countries for

their historic achievement, the European Commission President Jose Manuel Barrosoannounced that measures will be taken of special monitoring following the accessionof Bulgaria and Romania. These measures will exert some supervision in certain areasit was found that some efforts are still needed. Measures will be taken to control,particularly in the areas of judiciary reform, fight against corruption and organizedcrime, expenditure on agriculture and food safety.

In response to questions and concerns of European citizens posed by present andfuture enlargements, the Commission adopted on 8 November 2006, a strategy forthe policy of EU enlargement. The studies of effective impact of benchmarkingactivities and other concrete measures allow the EU to better assess the impact ofadhesions. The Commission also recognized the need to listen more carefully tocitizens and to assist Member States with regard to communication and dialogue

with civil society.


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MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA14

Any European country which respects the principles of liberty, democracy,respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law of the

European Union can apply to join the European Union. The Treaty on EuropeanUnion concerning their conditions (Article 6, Article 49).

The official starting point is the request by a country, usually as a result ofstrong bilateral relations between that country and the European Union. A validapplication triggers a sequence of evaluation procedures by the European Union

which may ultimately result in the presentation of an invitation to the country tobecome a member. The pace with which each country moves depends solely onits own progress in achieving common objectives.

The country presented its application for accession to the Council. TheEuropean Commission gives its formal opinion on the candidate and the Council

decides whether to accept the application. After the unanimous adoption of anegotiating mandate by the Council, may be given official start to thenegotiations between the candidate and all Member States. But this is not anautomatic step. Before the start of negotiations, the candidate must meet a set ofcriteria.


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MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA15

So-called 'Copenhagen criteria', established in December 1993 by the EuropeanCouncil in Copenhagen, require that the country has: stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law and respect for human

rights and respect for minority rights and protection thereof; a fully functioning market economy and capacity to cope with competitive pressure

and market forces within the Union; ability to assume the obligations of the status of a Member State of the European

Union, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

In 1995 the Madrid European Council still needed that the candidate should be in asituation that allows it to enforce regulations and procedures of the European Union.Membership also requires the prior creation by the candidate with the conditions for itsintegration through the adjustment of their administrative structures. Although thetransposition of EU law into national law is important, its effective implementationthrough appropriate administrative and judicial structures is even more important. This

is a prerequisite for establishing a climate of mutual trust essential to the process of EUaccession.

Furthermore, the European Union must integrate its new members, needing toensure that its institutions and decision processes continue to function effectively andresponsibly; to be in a position, as it grows, continue to develop and implementingcommon policies in all areas, and can continue to finance its policies in a sustainable

manner.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY16

http://www.dre.pt/ue/ue_desc.html

http://europa.eu/abc/history/animated_map/index_pt.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_pt.htm

http://www.iapmei.pt/iapmei-art-03.php?id=1000

http://ec.europa.eu/agenda2000/overview/pt/agenda.htm

www.ugt.pt/ue/estudo2.doc

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the enlargement of eu by acceeding new countries - presentation

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