eu enlargement
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EU ENLARGEMENT. From Six to Fifteen and Beyond: an Historical Perspective. Abridged by Joe Naumann UMSL. DG Enlargement Information Unit. Treaty of Rome. 25 March, 1957 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ENLARGEMENT DG
EU ENLARGEMENT
DG EnlargementInformation Unit
From Six to Fifteen and Beyond: an Historical Perspective
Abridged by Joe NaumannUMSL
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Treaty of Rome
25 March, 1957His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the FederalRepublic of Germany, the President of the French Republic, the President of the Italian Republic, Her Royal Highness the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands,
resolved by pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty and calling upon the other peoples of Europe who share their ideal to join in their efforts,
have decided to create a European Community.
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From Six To Fifteen
1957
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From Six To Fifteen
1973
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From Six To Fifteen
1981
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From Six To Fifteen
1986
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From Six To Fifteen
1995
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From Six to Fifteen… and Beyond
2002
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Tomorrow's Europe
13 December 2002
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Treaty of the European Union (TEU)
Article 49 of the TEU: Any European State which respects the principles set out in Article 6(1) may apply to become a member of the Union.
Article 6 of the TEU: The Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States.
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The Europe & Association Agreements
Country Europe Europe OfficialAgreement signed Agreement came application for
into force EU Membership
Bulgaria March 1993 February 1995 December 1995
Czech Rep. October 1993 February 1995 January 1996
Estonia June 1995 February 1998 November 1995
Hungary December 1991 February 1994 March 1994
Latvia June 1995 February 1998 October 1995
Lithuania June 1995 February 1998 December 1995
Poland December 1991 February 1994 April 1994
Romania February 1993 February 1995 June 1995
Slovakia October 1993 February 1995 June 1995
Slovenia June 1996 February 1999 June 1996
Country Association Association OfficialAgreement signed Agreement came application for
into force EU Membership
Turkey September 1963 December 1964 14 April 1987
Malta December 1970 April 1971 16 July 1990
Cyprus December 1972 June 1973 3 July 1990
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The Copenhagen Criteria
• Political criteriaThe applicant country must have achieved stability of its institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities.
• Economic criteriaIt must have a functioning market economy, as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU.
• Criteria of the adoption of the acquisIt must have the ability to take on the obligations related to of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.
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Recommendations of the Commission
Based on the following conclusions:
• None of the candidates fully satisfy all the criteria at the present time;
• Nine countries satisfy the political conditions;
• Certain countries have made sufficient progress towards satisfying the economic conditions;
• The Commission considers that Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus could be in a position to satisfy all the conditions of membership in the medium-term.
The Commission recommends the Council to open negotiations with these countries.
15 July 1997
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The New Europe: Architecture
Europe and AssociationAgreements
EEATreaty
CandidateCountries
EFTACountries
The European Union
4 liberties:Free
movement of
persons
goods
services
captial
Trade
Environment
Culture
Politicalconsultation
Futuremembership
Single Market
Single Currency
Political Union
Economic &Social Cohesion
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The New Europe: Integration
EU
EFTA
EU Applicants
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The New Europe: Security
Member of EUand NATO
Member of EUbut not NATO
NATO partnersnot in the EU
Future EU Memberalso in NATO
Future EU Member& partner of NATO
NATO Membersnot in the EU
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The New Europe: Schengen
Countries in the Schengen area, not EU Member States and not Candidate Countries
EU Member States not in the Schengen area
Candidate Countries
EU Member States in the Schengen area
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Berlin European Council
The Presidency Conclusions declared that:
In light of the outcome on Agenda 2000, the European Council wishes to send a message of reassurance to the countries negotiating for accession. Enlargement remains an historic priority for the European Union. The accession negotiations will continue each in accordance with its own rhythm and as rapidly as possible. It calls upon the Council and the Commission to ensure that the pace of the negotiations is maintained accordingly.
24-25 March 1999
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Accession Partnerships
• Provides an assessment of the priority areas in which the candidate country needs to make progress in order to prepare for accession;
• Outlines the ways in which the Phare Programme will support such accession preparations;
• Mobilises all forms of EU support within a single framework for each country;
• Contains precise commitments on the part of the candidate countries relating in particular to democracy, macroeconomic stabilisation, industrial restructuring, nuclear safety and the adoption of the acquis.
• Is complemented by National Programmes for the Adoption of the Acquis (NPAA).
An Accession Partnership has been drawn up for each candidate country. This:
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Helsinki European Council
The European Council, meeting in Helsinki, decided in particular to:
1. Launch official negotiations in February 2000 with Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia;
2. Consider each applicant on its own merits during the negotiations. This principle will apply both to the opening and the conduct of negotiations;
3. Allow applicant countries that have just started the negotiating process to catch up with the countries already in negotiations within a reasonable time, provided they have made sufficient progress with their preparations;
4. Ensure that progress in negotiations goes hand in hand with progress in incorporating the acquis into legislation and implementing it in practice.
Impact on accession10-11 December 1999
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Gothenburg European Council
• The enlargement process is irreversible;
• The roadmap is the framework for the successful completion of the enlargement negotiations;
• Completing negotiations by the end of 2002 for those candidate countries that are ready should be possible. The objective is that they should participate in the European Parliament elections of 2004 as members;
• Good progress has been made in implementing the pre-accession strategy for Turkey, including an enhanced political dialogue. However, in a number of areas such as human rights, further progress is needed.
15-16 June 2001
The European Council, meeting in Gothenburg, reached the following conclusion, confirming the breakthroughs in the negotiations on enlargement:
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“The historic process launched in Copenhagen in 1993 to overcome the divisions throughout our continent is about to bear fruit ….
… the biggest ever enlargement of the Union is now within reach”.
Brussels European Council
24-25 October 2002
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Copenhagen European Council
“For the first time in history Europe will become one because unification is the free will of its people.
… The deal that we have reached here in Copenhagen represents EU at its best: leadership, solidarity and determination”.
R. Prodi
12-13 December 2002
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Accession negotiations: Chapters
1. Free movement of goods
2. Freedom of movement for persons
3. Freedom to provide services
4. Free movement of capital
5. Company law
6. Competition policy
7. Agriculture
8. Fisheries
9. Transport policy
10. Taxation
11. Economic and monetary union
12. Statistics
13. Social policy and employment
14. Energy
15. Industrial policy
16. Small and medium-sized
enterprises
17. Science and research
18. Education and training
19. Telecommunications and IT
20. Culture and audiovisual policy
21. Regional policy and structural instruments
22. Environment
23. Consumers and health protection
24. Justice and home affairs
25. Customs union
26. External relations
27. Common foreign and security policy
28. Financial control
29. Financial and budgetary provisions
30. Institutions
31. Other
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Accession negotiations: Procedure
• Submission of negotiating positions by candidate country, chapter by chapter, following screening.
• The Commission (DG Enlargement in consultation with relevant "sectoral" DGs) prepares a draft common position (for each chapter), and submits it to the Council (meeting as an intergovernmental conference).
• The Council unanimously adopts a common position and unanimously decides to open the negotiations on the chapter.
• Common positions may be altered in the course of negotiations if the applicants submit fresh information or agree to withdraw a request for a transitional period.
• Chapter provisionally closed following unanimous decision by the intergovernmental conference. Chapters definitively closed only when all negotiations with the candidate country are concluded.
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Accession negotiations: Roadmap
• First half of 2001: opening of first chapters: internal market related matters, social matters and environment.
• Second half of 2001: provisional closure for chapters needing a longer preparation period in the second semester: competition, transport, energy, taxation, customs union, agriculture, justice and home affairs, financial control, Schengen.
• First half of 2002: provisional closure of remaining chapters and agreement on transitional measures: agriculture (remaining questions), regional policy and structural instruments, financial and budgetary provisions, institutions, other matters.
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Towards an Enlarged Europe
9 October 2002 - Regular Reports:
• The Commission recommends conclusion of negotiations with ten candidate countries: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
• These countries will be ready for membership at the beginning of 2004.
• 2007: indicative date for accession chosen by Bulgaria and Romania.
• Strengthening support for Turkey’s pre-accession preparations.
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The Future Member States
Next steps for the candidate countries:
• Preparations for membership will continue and be monitored by the Commission.
• Special effort required in the following sectors: customs, agriculture, regional policy, financial control.
• A monitoring report will be issued by the Commission 6 months before envisaged date of accession.
• Spring 2003: signing of the Accession Treaty.
• A specific safeguard clause shoud be introduced in the Accession Treaty to allow the Commission to take measures in case of problems.
• 380 million euros Institution Building Facility to support judicial reform and administrative improvements in the new Member States.
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Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey
Next steps for Bulgaria and Romania:• 2007: target date to conclude negotiations.
• Detailed roadmaps to complete preparations.
• Judicial and administrative reform.
Next steps for Turkey:• to fully meet the political criterion.
• Enhanced support from the EU
• Increased financial assistance from 2004.
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Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
The Overall Financial Agreement:• €41 billion in commitments agreed for 2004-2006;• New Member States will benefit from the EU funds for the
whole of 2004;• Reduction by one-third of new Member States' contributions to
EC budget in 2004.
Structural actions:• €22 billion agreed for 2004-2006, of which one third for the
Cohesion Fund and two thirds for structural Funds.
Agriculture:• Progressive introduction of direct payment to new Member
States farmers;• €5 billion for rural development in 2004-2006.
Financial issues (1)
12-13 December 2002
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Financial issues (2)
Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
Internal policies:• €2.6 billion extra funds available to new Member States to
participate in the EC internal policies programmes;• Creation of a new Schengen facility (€850 million);• €380 million for a transitional facility to support institution
building in new Member States;• €105 million to support nuclear safety in Lithuania and Slovakia.
Lump-sum payment to new Member States:• €2.4 billion as cash-flow lump sum, to prevent cash-flow
difficulties in the first years of accession;• Budgetary compensation payments available to ensure no new
Member States would be worse off on accession compared to 2003 (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus).
12-13 December 2002
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Accession: Financial Framework
Maximum enlargement-related appropriations for commitments (Million €) for 10 new Member States
2004 2005 2006
Agriculture 1 897 3 747 4 147
Structural actions after capping 6 095 6 940 8 812
Internal policies and additional transitional expenditure
1 421 1 376 1 351
Administration 503 558 612
Total maximum commitment appropriations
9 952 12 657 14 958
Total commitment appropriation (Berlin 1999 scenario)
11 610 14 200 16 780
Payment appropriations (Enlargement) 5 696 10 493 11 840
Payment appropriations (Berlin 1999 scenario)
8 890 11 440 14 220
Financial framework for Enlargement 2004-2006:
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The Phare Programme
Priorities for Action
• Institution buildingThe candidate countries will be helped to strengthen their democratic institutions and their public administration in order to facilitate their introduction of the acquis and to ensure that they have the administrative and judicial structures to apply the acquis effectively (30% of the budget).
• Financing of investmentPhare co-finances investment in (i) the regulatory infrastructure needed to ensure compliance with the acquis and (ii) in economic and social cohesion through measures similar to those supported in Member States through EU structural funds (70% of the budget).
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European Union: the biggest tradingpartner with candidate countries in 2001
24203384
24592959
37703023
7852
1221510249
2363527335
20032
35444
19542612
1155
92533903005
8117
6918
9282
24117
24958
20098
26468
4667731304
3801670
19-264
5297
967
-481
2376
-67
8976
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Poland Turkey Czech. Rep. Hungary Romania Slovenia Slovakia Estonia Bulgaria Cyprus Malta Lithuania Latvia
Export
Import
Balance
EU 15 Trade with candidate countries in 2001 (million €)
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EU 15 Exports towards candidatecountries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries(Share by Country) in 2001
Cyprus2%
Bulgaria3%
Estonia2%
Slovakia5%
Malta2%
Lithuania2%
Slovenia6%
Romania7%
Hungary16%
Czech Republic17%
Turkey13%
Poland23%
Latvia2%
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EU 15 Exports towards candidatecountries in 2001 (per sector)
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries(Share by Sector) in 2001
Mineral products2%
Paper, pulp3%
Agriculture, incl. Processed
4%
Optical, musical inst., clocks
3%
Other sectors11%
Plastic products6%
Base metals & articles8%
Chemical products10%
Textile8%
Transport equipment13%
Machinery & electrical32%
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EU 15 Imports from candidatecountries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries(Share by Country) in 2001
Estonia2,3%
Slovenia4,9%
Slovakia6,1%
Romania7,0%
Turkey15,2%
Czech Republic18,8%
Poland20,0%
Cyprus0,7%
Malta0,9%
Hungary18,2%
Bulgaria2,6%
Lituania2,0%
Latvia1,5%
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EU 15 Imports from candidatecountries in 2001 (per sector)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries(Share by Sector) in 2001
Transport equipement
13%
Base metals & articles10%
Agriculture incl. Processed
5%
Miscellaneous manufactures
5%
Plastic products4%
Mineral products4%
Wood3%
Chemical products
3%
Other sectors9%
Textile16%
Machinery & electrical
28%
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ENLARGEMENT DGCandidate countries GDPin 1999 & 2000
Source: Eurostat PPP: Purchase Power Parity
GDP at PPP
GDP in €(bn) 1999
GDP in €(bn) 2000
GDP/Pers in PPS € 1999
GDP/Pers2000
% EUAverage 1999
% EUAverage 2000
Bulgaria 40.6 44.3 4 900 5 400 24 24
Cyprus 11.6 12.4 17 500 18 500 82 82
Czech Rep 127.2 135.1 12 400 13 200 58 58
Estonia 11.0 12.1 7 700 8 400 36 37
Hungary 108.0 117.0 10 700 11 700 51 52
Latvia 14.2 15.6 5 900 6 600 28 29
Lithuania 22.8 24.3 6 200 6 600 29 29
Malta 4.3 4.6 11 100 11 900 52 53
Poland 317.4 340.2 8 200 8 800 39 39
Romania 129.4 135.4 5 800 6 000 27 27
Slovak Rep 55.4 58.3 10 300 10 800 48 48
Slovenia 29.7 32.1 15 000 16 100 71 72
Turkey 392.6 433.3 6 100 6 400 29 29
CC-13 1 284.3 1 364.6 7 400 7 900 35 35
EU-15 8 003.8 8 510.2 21 200 22 500 100 100
In % EUEU average
15.8% 16% 35% 35%
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ENLARGEMENT DGCommunication Strategyfor Enlargement: Objectives
Adopted by the Commission in May 2000, the objectives of the Communication Strategy are:
• In Member States• Communicating the reasons for enlargement;• Promoting dialogue and debate in society;• Information about candidate countries.
• In Candidate Countries• Improving of public knowledge and understanding;• Explaining of implications of accession;• Explaining of preparation for membership.
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ENLARGEMENT DGCommunication Strategyfor Enlargement: Budget
Budget per country and for the Central Services (in € million)
*: Member States**: Central services
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total
CEECs:Turkey:Malta:Cyprus:Sub-total:
4.50.5--5.0
8.50.60.20.29.50
8.90.70.20.210.0
9.810.30.411.50
9.310.30.411.0
5.310.30.47.0
3.7510.20.25.15
50.055.81.51.859.15
MS*: 0.5 5.4 9.75 13.0 13.5 9.75 6.0 57.9
CS**: 2.5 3.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 29.7
TOTAL 8 18.6 24.45 29.20 29.20 21.45 15.85 146.75
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Expanded EU, 2004
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New EU Constitution -2005
• Soundly defeated in France
• Soundly defeated in the Netherlands
• Significance:– A major setback in further unification– Not an insurmountable obstacle – it will
probably take longer to achieve than had originally hoped and planned for.