The End of the IndiansThe End of the Indians

Another Tribe Season Another Tribe Season Ends In DefeatEnds In Defeat

Pre Civil War Status QuoPre Civil War Status QuoRelocation (OK)Relocation (OK)250,000 Indians 250,000 Indians lived West of the lived West of the Mississippi River, Mississippi River, there to stay there to stay forever.forever.Many tribes Many tribes forced to adapt to forced to adapt to new lands… new lands…

The Plains IndiansThe Plains IndiansSioux, Crow, Sioux, Crow, Comanche and Comanche and Cheyenne lived Cheyenne lived off Buffalooff Buffalo–Used for tools, Used for tools,

clothing, art, clothing, art, shelter & foodshelter & food

End of the Great American DesertEnd of the Great American DesertPlains had been Plains had been seen as desertseen as desertWhites kept out, Whites kept out, but want to link but want to link East and West East and West with Railroads…with Railroads…1850’s, gold and 1850’s, gold and silver discovered silver discovered out west… settlersout west… settlers

The Cultures Clash… AgainThe Cultures Clash… AgainWhites want to Whites want to tame the desert tame the desert and make it bloom.and make it bloom.–Would destroy Would destroy

free ranging tribal free ranging tribal landslands

Indians forced onto Indians forced onto Reservations Reservations (Small and poor)(Small and poor)

The Destruction of the BuffaloThe Destruction of the BuffaloWhite settlers White settlers hunted buffalo for hunted buffalo for sport, used the sport, used the hides and left the hides and left the meat.meat.HUGE threat to HUGE threat to native survival..native survival..

Natives Resist Reservations Natives Resist Reservations 1860’s, Sioux 1860’s, Sioux attack & kill illegal attack & kill illegal settlers, Minnesota settlers, Minnesota declares war…declares war…Rebellion touches Rebellion touches off conflict across off conflict across the Plainsthe Plains–Settlements and Settlements and

stagecoaches stagecoaches attackedattacked

Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre1864 – US cavalry 1864 – US cavalry attacked Cheyenne attacked Cheyenne & Arapaho camp& Arapaho camp–Hundreds killedHundreds killed–Later proven to be Later proven to be

peaceful group peaceful group with US flag flyingwith US flag flying

Plains war growsPlains war grows

US recruits men by promising

plunder.

1866 – Fetterman Massacre1866 – Fetterman MassacreRed Cloud lures in Red Cloud lures in US army & kills 80 US army & kills 80 soldierssoldiersNew US policy for New US policy for US Indian Peace US Indian Peace CommissionCommission–Assimilate and Assimilate and

AmericanizeAmericanize–Turn Indians to Turn Indians to

farmersfarmers

Failed TreatiesFailed Treaties In wake of deaths, In wake of deaths, Bureau of Indian Bureau of Indian Affairs signs Affairs signs Treaty of Fort Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1868Laramie – 1868Some Indians Some Indians refuse to live refuse to live inside terms, Feds inside terms, Feds don’t fund termsdon’t fund termsTreaties break Treaties break down, doomed…down, doomed…

The Red River War - 1874The Red River War - 1874Comanches attack Comanches attack settlers as Treaty of settlers as Treaty of Medicine Lodge failsMedicine Lodge fails–Fed. supplies not Fed. supplies not

delivered, whites delivered, whites move in for buffalo move in for buffalo hides, whites not hides, whites not punished for crimespunished for crimes

1875, End of the 1875, End of the Southern Plains Wars Southern Plains Wars

Battle of the Little Big HornBattle of the Little Big HornBlack Hills known to Black Hills known to contain gold…contain gold…Crazy Horse & Sitting Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull lead Sioux off Res Bull lead Sioux off Res & drive out miners…& drive out miners…US cavalry (250 men) US cavalry (250 men) under Col. George under Col. George Custer attack 2,000 Custer attack 2,000 Indians. Last victory.Indians. Last victory.

Chief Chief JosephJoseph

In Idaho, Christian, In Idaho, Christian, cattle-breeding Nez cattle-breeding Nez Perces angered over Perces angered over forced move to smaller forced move to smaller reservationsreservationsChief Joseph tried to Chief Joseph tried to lead 1,300 to Canada. lead 1,300 to Canada. All his kids dead.All his kids dead.Stopped at boarder, “I Stopped at boarder, “I will fight no more will fight no more forever”. forever”.

Wounded KneeWounded KneeThe Ghost DanceThe Ghost DanceAs it spread, US As it spread, US orders arrest of orders arrest of Sitting Bull, who was Sitting Bull, who was killed when officers killed when officers arrivedarrivedFleeing Sioux hunted Fleeing Sioux hunted down and 100+ killed down and 100+ killed while encamped. while encamped. End of the N. PlainsEnd of the N. Plains

Reformers Criticize US PolicyReformers Criticize US PolicyHelen Hunt Helen Hunt Jackson, Jackson, A A Century of Century of DishonorDishonor & & RamonaRamonaAttacked failures Attacked failures of US govn’t to live of US govn’t to live up to the treaties up to the treaties and aid to Indiansand aid to Indians

The Dawes Act- Tribes OutlawedThe Dawes Act- Tribes Outlawed1871 – Congress 1871 – Congress declares no nations in declares no nations in nations will be allowednations will be allowed1887 – In response to 1887 – In response to Jackson et al, Jackson et al, Congress gives each Congress gives each Indian family 160 Indian family 160 acresacresMissionary schools Missionary schools created to teach Indian created to teach Indian kids to be whitekids to be white

The Plains The Plains Opened UpOpened Up

1889 – Oklahoma 1889 – Oklahoma Land RushLand Rush2 million acres 2 million acres opened up to opened up to settlers on April 22 settlers on April 22 at noon.at noon.Boomers v. SoonersBoomers v. SoonersOK City had 10,000 OK City had 10,000 inhabitants its 1inhabitants its 1stst day!!!day!!!