the emergence of creativity in digital development of

A Preliminary Model of A Preliminary Model of creativitycreativityin digital development of ain digital development of architecturerchitecture

Graduate Institute of Architecture, National Chiao Tung University, TAIWANChun Yu HSIEH

•Introduction

• Problem and objective

•Case study

•Analysis

•Verification

•Conclusion


A preliminary model of creativity in digital development of architecture

• “creativity is personality”(Simonton, 2000)

• “creative activity includes motivation, persistence, originality

and variation” (Newell, Shaw and Simon, 1962�Gardner 1988)

• “creativity is novel, unexpected and valuable” (Gero, 1996�Boden, 1998)

• “creativity as the process of finding and solving problems ”(Getzel and Csikszentmihalyi, 1976)

• “creativity derives from Expert-knowledge and sensitive insights ”(Akin, 1990�Roy, 1993)

• “creativity is explained through the identity of social values and the whole creative process ” (Boden,1991�Kim, 1990�Sternberg, 1988a)

Creativity Study


Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion

Analysis


• “computers open new and previously unknown perspectives ”(Peter Eisenman, 2000)

• “computer systems to possess three basic attributes, namely difference from natural materials like paper or pen, typology, time and parameters ”(�reg Lynn, 1998)

• “Digital media established a site for connecting people and computers ”

• “These new forms and spaces manipulated by digital media allow architecture to become subverted in the

design process and structure ” �Kolarevic, 2000�

Computer in Architecture

Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion



Analysis

However “Creativity” must be tested by society and culture”


Whether digital architecture is inherently creative in a larger social context ?


What role does creativity play in the cultural identification of society?


However “Creativity” must be tested by society and culture”


1. To investigation digital architecture can pass the test in society and culture to become an architecture that embodies creativity.

2. To find out the role of digital media in Csiksentmihalyi’s interacting creativity model.

Objective


Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion

1. A case study will be conducted to check whether digital architecture contains creativity or not.

2. To build a preliminary model of creativity in the digital development of architecture.

Methodology


Analysis

Figure 1. A system view of creativity. (After: M. Csikszentmihalyi, 1988)


Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion


Analysis

Domain

Harwell Hamilton Harris

Rudolf Schindler

Frank Lloyd Wright (1869~1959)

Le Corbusier (1887~1965)

John Portman

Childhood and The Expert-Knowledge


( Person) (Field) (Domain)




Free sketches and New material stimulating creativity




Domain

Person

�phenomenon 1.�The personal environment effect and domain knowledge

creative individuals can absorb knowledge around them and promote the formation of personal creativity through personal experience and environmental influence.


Fields of Accomplishment



• Pritzker Architecture Prize (1989 )

• “He has created a powerful new architectural language of computer-constructed curved

surfaces… ” (Mitchell, 2001).




�phenomenon 2.�� Gehry’s creativity extended from the

individual level to the field of architecture.

• Jean-Louis Cohen

• Beatriz Colomina

• Kurt Forster

• Charles Jencks

• Herbert Muschamp

• Micahel Sorkin

•Philip Johnson

Field

Person

The special digital architecture attracts the field to notice Gehry’s creaivity.




Year Age Teaching Position1979 50 The William Bishop Chair, Yale University

1982 53 Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture, Yale University

1984 55 Eliot Noyes Chair , Harvard University

1985-89 55-60 Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture, Yale University

1996 67 Visiting Scholar, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich1998 69 Visiting Professor, University of California at Los Angeles

1999 70 Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture, Yale University

The stretch of Digital Architecture




�phenomenon 3.��This phase has shown that Gehry’s creativity

has extended from the field to the domain.

Field Domain

1.by being invited to teach at university, Gehry has been recognized by the field of architecture.

2. Gehry’s designs have not only influenced architecture but also changed the human sensation of space.




�phenomenon 1.��Digital media indirectly affect the architectural domain and provide new creative individuals with new nutrients of the architectural domain

Domain

Person

The domain knowledge of this new generation of creators has been affected by digital media, as demonstrated through Gehry’s architecture.




FIELD(Social organization of Domain)

DOMAIN(Symbol System)

Genetic Pool and personal Experience

PERSON

�2� �1�

Social System Culture

�3�

Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion

Analysis

1. Owning multiple intelligences�2. Childhood experience becoming a source of creativity.3. Possessing a lot of expert-knowledge.4. Facing predicaments that are not recognized by field in young age 5. Breaking with tradition and trying previously untested methods.6. Novel and unprecedented design


( Person)



1. News reports on professional media including TV, magazines and books.

2. Appreciation from competitions.3. Individual exhibitions and participation in exhibition organization4. By combining new media-CATIA to create the sculpture of Fish in

Barcelona, Frank Gehry produced something creative and unprecedented.

5. Financial support and rewards.


(Field)

( Person)



1. News reports on professional media including TV, magazines and books.

2. Appreciation from competitions.3. Individual exhibitions and participation in exhibition organization4. By combining new media-CATIA to create the sculpture of Fish in

Barcelona, Frank Gehry produced something creative and unprecedented.

5. Financial support and rewards.

1. The emergence of free form. 2. Producing organic architecture and landscape building.3. Government promotion4. Teaching in academic institutes and thus influencing new designers.5. Greg Lynn, Mokoto Watanabe, UN Studio/Ben van Berkel,

Asymptote/Rashid+Couture, NOX and Neil Denari created new architectures in form, design process and construction.

6. A lot of digital media courses in universities

( Person)

(Field)

(Domain)




�phenomenon 4.��New stimulus of material and digital media

1. this investigation thus identifies another element in the design process—digital media.

2. This new type of media, regarded as a new stimulus, influences individual creativity in Csikszentmihalyi’s creativity triangle.

Person

New Motivation

as digital media

• Bruce Lindsey(2002)

• Gianni Ranaulo(2002)




The motivation of digital media

19921987




The motivation of digital media





The influence of digital media in field



•University of Sydney, Melbourne University, TU Delft, CMU, Washington University, Colombia University, Harvard University, MIT,

•MIT media LAB, Sony Media LAB, Intelligent Workplace Penthouse, Architecture & Building Aids Computer Unit Strathclyde, Key Center of Design Computing Cognition

•Negroponte (1972), Mitchell(1977), Schmitt (1987), Kalay (1987), Radford and Gero (1988)

•Design Studies, Automation in construction, Environment and planning B

•ACADIA, CAAD Futures, eCAADe, CAADRIA



FIELD(Social organization of Domain)

DOMAIN(Symbol System)

Genetic Pool and personal Experience

PERSON

�2� �1�

Social System Culture

�3�

New Motivation(Digital Media)

�4�

Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion


Analysis


Makoto Sei Watanabe (1952)

Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion


Analysis



The Architecture Review

World Architecture

L’Architecture

Casa Vogue

Deutsche Bauzeitung

Md

The New Yorker

LD+A

The Upper East Side resident

Daily News

The New Yorker

Massimiliano Fuksas (2000)

Maurizio Vitta(1998)

1993




Year

Age Title Journal 1995 43 To find a free order in housing design-using computer simulation Annual Meeting-Summaries 5266

1996 44 Induction cities: accessibility and fun to walk-using computer programs Annual Meeting-Summaries 5279

1997 45 On Demand City: planning of functions – using computer programs Annual Meeting-Summaries 5283

1997 45 To find a free order in housing design2- using computer simulation Annual Meeting-Summaries 5284

�4-1 ��(Architectural Institute of Japan)

Gianni Ranaulo(2002)




The emergence of digital media :Digital media are important in Makoto’s work

�4-4 (a)��

�4-4 (b)�IIDABASHI��(2000)

INDUCTION CITY A preliminary model of creativity in digital development of architecture


Introduction

Problem

Objective

Case Study

Verification

Conclusion

1. Digital architecture is still constantly evolving.

2. This research is just a single case analysis; it is a special case in a special domain.

3. This research focus on the structure of creativity. In further study, we could concentrate upon each main elements and study deeply to build the factors which form the four main elements of the social creativity model.

Limitation

1. it confirms that creativity in architecture is truly valuable in the digital age.

2. it proves that in the digital era, individuals, cultures and societies are all impacted by digital technologies.

SignificanceA preliminary model of creativity in digital development of architecture

Analysis


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