1

•POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGED•NEW GOVERNMENT WAS TESTED•LOUISIANA PURCHASE•WAR OF 1812•WESTWARD EXPLORATION•NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVAL•MANIFEST DESTINY•WAR OF 1848•NEW TERRITORIES•CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

Slide 3

2

POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGED

FEDERALIST(mostly northerners)

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN(Southern)

LED BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON LED BY THOMAS JEFFERSON

STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS

LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIES LIMITED INVOLVEMENT IN ECONOMICS BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

SUPPORT BRITISH SUPPORT FRENCH

MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS ESPECIALLY FROM NEW ENGLAND

FARMERS, TRADERS, PLANTATION OWNERS FROM RURAL AND FRONTIER

AREAS

3

AS THE FIRST SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY ALEXANDER HAMILTON WAS FACED WITH FOREIGN DEBT, DOMESTIC DEBTS TO SOLDIERS, AND STATE DEBTS. DUE TO THE

DIFFERING ECONOMIC CLIMATE IN EACH STATE IT WAS DIFFICULT TO CREATE A PLAN THAT BENEFITED ALL SINCE SOME HAD NO DEBT WHILE OTHERS WERE DEEPLY IN

DEBT. JEFFERSON HELPED WITH A COMPROMISE THAT WOULD SATISFY ALL: THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

PAID FOR ALL DEBTS AND THE CAPITAL WAS MOVED TO THE

SOUTH. HAMILTON CREATED THE NATIONAL BANK TO STANDARDIZE A NATIONAL

CURRENCY

FIRST TREASURY BUILDING IN PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

4

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY HAMILTON PROPOSED A FEDERAL

EXCISE TAX ON WHISKEY. HE WANTED TO RAISE MONEY FOR THE GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS

TEST THE GOVERNMENT'S ABILITY TO TAX. IT ESPECIALLY EFFECTED

FARMERS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA WHO REFUSED TO

PAY THE TAX AND EVENTUALLY THE SITUATION ESCALATED INTO VIOLENCE. IN 1794 A FEDERAL

ARMY WAS SENT TO DEAL WITH THE PROTESTORS WHO

SURRENDERED IN THE FACE OF FEDERAL FORCE. THIS EVENT

PROVED THAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT WOULD BE ABLE TO DEAL WITH CRISIS SITUATIONS IN A TIMELY AND ORDERLY FASHION.

The First REAL Big TEST OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT: WHISKEY REBELLION

PENNSYLVANIA

5

JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT 1796-1800

FEDERALISTSIGNED INTO LAW ALIEN ACT WHICH GAVE HIM THE POWER TO DEPORT ALIENS OR “DISLOYAL” FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENTS DURING THE WAR BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERSSIGNED INTO LAW THE SEDITION ACT WHICH MADE IT A CRIME TO “WRITE, PRINT, UTTER, OR PUBLISH…ANY FALSE, SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS WRITING” ABOUT THE PRESIDENT OR THE GOVERNMENTSERVED ONE TERM

6

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY: THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801-1809

ELECTION OF 1800 SPURRED THE 12TH AMENDMENT WHICH REQUIRED SEPARATE BALLOTS FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENTLOUISIANA PURCHASE

Jeffersons theory of Government

• Called Jeffersonian Democracy– People should control gov. – Tried to reduce gov to cut costs

• Smaller military• Eliminating internal taxes

7

8

THE LOUISIANA TERRITORYINCLUDED PARTS OF LOUISIANA, ARKANSAS, MISSOURI,

IOWA, MINNESOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NEBRASKA, KANSAS, OKLAHOMA, COLORADO, WYOMING,

TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND MONTANA

The Purchase 1803• Napoleon sold for 15

Million• To reduce his war

debt• 524,800,000 acres

(640 acres in a square mile)= .03 cents an acre

• 820,000 sq. miles = $18.29 (approx.) per sq. mile

9

10

EXPLORING THE NEW LANDSPRESIDENT JEFFERSON SENT MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK ON A JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY TO MAP AND INVESTIGATE

ON THE NEW WESTERN LANDS

CONFIDENTIAL LETTER FROM PRESIDENT JEFFERSON TO LEWIS AND CLARK ON THE

PURPOSE OF THEIR EXPLORATORY JOURNEY

MAP THEY TOOK WITH THEM

11

MAP OF LEWIS AND CLARK’S JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION

12

WHAT DID LEWIS AND CLARK ACCOMPLISH?THE EXPEDITION’S MAIN GOAL WAS TO FIND AN ALL-WATER ROUTE ACROSS THE CONTINENT. EVEN THOUGH THE WATER ROUTE WAS NEVER FOUND IT HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE

FUTURE COURSE OF U.S. HISTORY. THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RETURNED SHOWED THE GREAT POTENTIAL OF THE CONTINENT AND SET THE STAGE FOR INCREASED EXPLORATION,

TRADE, SETTLEMENT AND ANNEXATION.

13

WILLIAM ASHLEY, A ST. LOUIS TRADER, PLACED AN ADVERTISEMENT IN THE ST. LOUIS GAZETTE (1822) ASKING FOR "ONE HUNDRED ENTERPRISING YOUNG MEN" TO JOIN HIM IN A TRAPPING AND TRADING VENTURE IN THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI

WEST. THIS SIGNALED THE BEGINNING OF THE "MOUNTAIN MAN ERA." ($200 IN 2003 DOLLARS WOULD BE WORTH $2637.00)

14

THEY WERE FUR TRAPPERS WHO VENTURED INTO THE RUGGED, UNCIVILIZED ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA IN SEARCH OF

BEAVER AND OTHER FUR BEARING ANIMALS. AFTER THE BEAVER WERE NEARLY EXTERMINATED AND THE FUR HAT WENT OUT OF STYLE MANY

REMAINED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND GREAT PLAINS. THEY BECAME EXPLORERS, GUIDES AND EVEN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.

WHO WERE THE MOUNTAIN MEN AND WHAT DID THEY DO?

THE MOUNTAIN MEN BECAME NATIONAL HEROES. THERE WAS

GREAT INTEREST IN THEIR ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS.

Fur Trappers in this area• Jim Bridger• Peter Skeen Ogden• Jeremiah “Liver

Eating” Johnson

• Marriage• Rendevoux• Indians• Life span

15

Marbury Vs. Madison

• A few days before Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration, outgoing President Adams Appointed William Marbury to be Justice of Peace. Jefferson’s new Secretary of State said “NOPE”. Marbury asked the Supreme Court to force him in.

16

17

WAR OF 1812DURING THE EUROPEAN WARS THE UNITED STATES HAD

MANAGED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL EVEN THOUGH EUROPEAN NATIONS HAD SEIZED AMERICAN SHIPS WITH SUPPLIES AND THE

BRITISH HAD “IMPRESSED” AMERICAN CITIZENS ONBOARD (FORCED FIGHTING IN THEIR MILITARY). THE CONGRESS IN 1811 WAS DIVIDED OVER WHETHER OR NOT TO ENTER WAR AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN. THE WESTERNERS LIVING IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION WERE CONVINCED THE BRITISH WERE HELPING NATIVE

AMERICANS EXPAND ATTACKS AGAINST THEM, ULTIMATELY THE WAR HAWKS NEGOTIATED A DEAL WITH MADISON

WHERE THEY GUARANTEED HIM SUPPORT IN THE UPCOMING ELECTION AND HE AGREED TO ASK FOR A DECLARATION OF WAR.

The War of 1812

• American military was not prepared• British sacked D.C. and burned it.• Americans turned tide of war with a victory

at the Battle of New Orleans• Lasted till 1815 with U.S. winning

18

Consequences

• Federalist Party disappeared (those who opposed the war)

• Encouraged growth of manufacturing in U.S.

• Confirmed that U.S. was free and independent

19

20

JAMES MONROE, PRESIDENT 1817-1825

MOVED INTO THE NEWLY RESTORED WHITE HOUSE THAT HAD BEEN BURNED BY THE BRITISH IN THE WAR OF 1812OBTAINED FLORIDA FROM SPAIN NEGOTIATED A BOUNDARY LINE WITH CANADA (49th parallel)THE MONROE DOCTRINE

The Monroe Doctrine

• When Napoleon was defeated, Portugal and Spain wanted their land back. Russia was also staking claim.

• U.S. was being surrounded• Doctrine states:

– All European Powers shall not create new colonies or try to overthrow existing ones. To do so would be an act of war

21

The Missouri Compromise

• American politics was continuing to split nation.

• 1818 settlers in Missouri wanted to be admitted as a state in Union.– Issue was to decide if it should be a slave

state or not.– Only be allowed in if Maine could enter as a

free state– WHY? To keep a balance of slave and free

states. 22

23

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: ANDREW JACKSON 1829-1837

WAR HERO FROM THE WAR OF 1812At age of 13 fought in Revolutionary War. (OLD HICKORY)No college educationSlave holderSought to give the common people a chance to participate in gov.Spoils System-new administrations hire their own supporters

Giving jobs to friends and whoever gives you most money

24

NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVAL, 1830sTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT WAS PASSED MAY 1830 AFTER HEATED

AND BITTER ARGUMENTS IN

CONGRESS. THIS LAW MOVED MOST OF THE NATIONS OF TRIBES IN THE EASTERN PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INTO “INDIAN COUNTRY”, WHICH

TODAY IS OKLAHOMA. THE MOST TRAGIC

REMOVAL INVOLVED THE CHEROKEE WHO TRIED TO FIGHT IT IN COURT, HOWEVER THEY WERE FORCED THE DEPART

THEIR LAND. THOUSANDS DIED ON THE LONG JOURNEY

FROM WEATHER, STARVATION, AND

ILLNESS. THAT JOURNEY IS REMEMBERED AS THE

TRAIL OF TEARS.

Manifest Destiny

• U.S. was ordained to expand to the Pacific and into Mexican and Native American Territory.

• Reasons people moved:– Abundance of free and cheap land.– Personal economic problems

25

26

MANIFEST DESTINY WAS THE BELIEF THAT THE U.S. HAD A GOD GIVEN MISSION TO SPREAD ITS CIVILIZATION BY CONQUEST TO THE ENTIRE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

NO MATTER WHO IT HARMED.

27

REASONS FOR MANIFEST DESTINY

BELIEF THAT THE DEMOCRACY MUST CONTINUE TO GROW IN ORDER TO SURVIVE AND A DESIRE TO EXPAND THE BENEFITS OF AMERICANS

SOUTHERNERS WERE ANXIOUS TO ACQUIRE NEW LANDS FOR ADDITIONAL SLAVE STATES

A NEED TO DEVELOP NEW MARKETS MADE THE ACQUISITION OF THE PACIFIC PORTS A PRIORITY

FEAR THAT GREAT BRITAIN WOULD TRY AND BLOCK AMERICAN ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND MIGHT EXPAND HER OWN HOLDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA

28

Westward MigrationSanta Fe Trail• Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe (Mexican province in New Mexico)• Used by traders

Oregon Trail• Independence, Missouri to

Oregon City, OR• Used by settlers

Mormon Pioneers used Oregon Trail until they broke off and headed southwest to the Great Salt Lake. Led by Brigham Young. Called Deseret

29

TEXAS IndependenceMoses Austin receives land grant from Spain.Moses dies, son Stephen F. Austin receives okay from Spain, then Mexico to establish a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers

1821 San Felipe de Austin is established. . . “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer and no idler” allowedBy 1825, 20,000 Americans had settled in Texas

Issues develop between Mexican govt. and settlers. 1)Many brought their slaves to Texas, Mexico abolished slavery in 1829 and insisted Texans free their slaves. 2) Settlers didn’t follow Mexican culture. 3)Stephen Austin travels to Mexico to petition for greater self-government for Texas and is imprisoned by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

30

TEXAS Revolution• Austin freed in 1835 and returns to Texas convince ‘war’ is only resource• Call goes out to volunteers and settlers to fight for independence• Santa Anna determined to enforce law marches toward San Antonio

Battle of the AlamoLed by Lt. Col. William Travis187 Texans fought 1000’s Feb. 23, 1836—13 day siegeMarch 6, all 187 killed

31

TEXAS Battles, Independence, StatehoodMarch 2, 1836 Texas declares Independence

March 20, 1836 Battle of Goliad 300 Texas rebels executed by Santa Anna

April 21, 1836 Battle of San Jacinto led by Sam Houston surprised and captured Santa Anna and kill 630 Mexican soldiers within 18 minutes

Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas – let Santa Anna free

September 1836, Sam Houston elected first President of TEXAS

James K Polk elected US President in 1844, pro-slavery, admits Texas into Union, 1845

32

WAR with MEXICOWar begins in 1845, led by John C. Fremont into California

1846 Polk order Col. Stephen Kearny to Santa Fe, met by upper-class Mexicans that wanted to join the US, no shots fired

June 1846, American settlers sieze town of Sonoma, declare Republic of California

After one year of fighting, Mexico concedes defeat and signs Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo on February 2, 1848. US gets part of California.

US pays $15 mil. For California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado and Wyoming

1853, Pres. Franklin Pierce authorizes James Gadsden to purchase additional lands for $10 million for the present day 48 states

33

Market RevolutionPeople increasingly bought and sold goods rather than make them for themselves

Free Enterprise grows-freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with little govt. regulation

Entrepreneurs-businessmen that invested money in new industries

Samuel Morse patents telegraph in 1837. *by1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph spread across U.S.

Industry changes, female employees sought in textile mills*1820 Lowell textile mills—soon hours became long and working conditions deteriorated

Strikes easily defeated due to abundance of immigrants and unskilled workers

1830’s trade union movement1834 National Trades’ Union

1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt-Supreme Court supported worker’s right to strike