The Early Modern Period

Part IV1450-1750

Remember the Periods

• 8,000 B.C.E.-600 B.C.E• 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.• 600 C.E.-1450• 1450-1750• 1750-1914• 1914-Present (Though in the future, they will, I predict, have a period 1914-2001)

1450: A Turning Point

• No more Mongols– what happens with trading routes when this happens?

• No more Byzantines• Rise of Ming China• Rise of Ottoman Empire• Rise of Safavid Empire• Rise of Mughal Empire• Rise of the West (Portugal and Spain, England, France, Holland)

Why c. 1450?• New Stuff

– New Technologies• Gunpowder Empires• Ships and navigation• Printing Press

– New Global Economy• Spanish reach the Americas (1492)• Portugal reaches India (1498)

– New Biological Exchanges• Smallpox, Measles, etc.• Decline of Aztec and Inca

• Still, some continuities…– Regional cultural patterns (e.g. Europe still Christian)– Gender relations (think patriarchy)

The World EconomyRead 355 block– Know the three things!

Write them here:Columbian Exchange

new export-import patterns created lasting inferioritiesoverseas empires

Stearns, Chapter 16

New Technologies Pave the Way

• Western Europe most adept at assimilating others’ technologies and developing innovations.– New naval technologies– Improved cartography– Gunpowder

New Naval Technologies

Ships have deeper drafts

New Naval Technologies (cont.)

Round Hulls

These Sails are So Tacky.. Er, Tacking

Other Technologies

Iberians: First Out of the Gate

Reconquista

Portuguese Explorations

Span-nerds… I mean Spaniards

Wait a Second… I Thought The Vikings Discovered America…

How did that turn out?

And They Did NOT Come Back

But After Columbus?

The Political Map Changes

Even the Dutch?

East India Companies

Columbian Exchange

Controlling Commerce

Lepanto

Shifting Trade Balances

The Mercantilist Dilemma

Mercantilist Solution

Core Nations v. Dependent Areas

International Inequality

China and Japan in the World Economy

Relatively Unaffected Areas

• Africa—except for slave trade

• Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal—bypassed

• Eastern Europe and Russia—agricultural, isolated, serfdom persisted

Expansion

Conquistadores and New Spain

French North America

English Colonies

Ideas Have Consequences

French and Indian War

A Great War for Empire

American Colonists

• Religious• Literate• Independent-minded• Influenced by European Enlightenment• More concerned for children than in Europe• Jealous of Dependent Nation status…

African Colony (an exception)

Asian Colonies

Impact on Western Europe

Impact on the Rest of the World