the development of literature in the philippines

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The Development of Literature in the Philippines

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TheDevelopment of

Literature inthe Philippines

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Philippine literature is theliterature associated with the

Philippines and includes thelegends of prehistory, and thecolonial legacy of thePhilippines. Most of the notableliterature of the Philippines waswritten during the Spanishperiod and the first half of the20th century in Spanishlanguage. Philippine literature iswritten inSpanish, English, Tagalog,and/or other native Philippinelanguages.

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The

Legendary

Period

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Mostly, our ancestors

have different storiesto tell which originatedfrom different places

and ethnic groups.Similarly, these storieswere believed to betrue and many people,particularly in theprovinces, still believethey exist.

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Philippine mythology include acollection of tales andsuperstitions about magicalcreatures and entities. Some

Filipinos, even though heavilywesternized and Christianized, stillbelieve in these tales. Theprevalence of belief in the figuresof Philippine mythology is strong in

the provinces. Because the countryhas many islands and is inhabitedby different ethnic groups,Philippine mythology andsuperstitions are very diverse.However, certain similarities existamong these groups, such as thebelief in Heaven (kaluwalhatian , kalangitan)  Hell (impiyerno , kasamaan ), and thehuman soul (kaluluwa ). 

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Philippine mythology isderived from Philippine folkliterature, which is thetraditional oral literature ofthe Filipino people. Thisrefers to a wide range ofmaterial due to the ethnicmix of the Philippines. Eachunique ethnic group has its

own stories and myths to tell.

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Early Works

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Doctrina Christiana , Manila,1593, is the first bookprinted in the Philippines.

Tomas Pinpin wrote andprinted in 1610 Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog 

nang Uicang Castilla , 119pages designed to help fellowFilipinos to learn the Spanishlanguage in a simple way. He is

also credited with the firstnews publication made in thePhilippines, "SuccessosFelices"

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• Doctrina Christiana was anearly book of RomanCatholic Catechism, written

by Fray Juan de Plasencia,and is believed to be one ofthe earliest books printed inthe Philippines, in the year1593. 

• The Doctrina Christiana isremarkable not only forhaving been printed at suchan early age in a elaboratedGothic font of the Spanishlanguage, but also for havingcopies made

in Tagalog versions, bothin Latin script and thecommonlyused Baybayin script of thenatives at the time, plusanother translation made in

traditional Chinese language.

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The book consists of thirty-eightleaves and seventy-four pages oftext in Spanish, Tagalogtransliterated into roman letters,and Tagalog in Tagalog characters(Baybayin Script), under a woodcutof St. Dominic, with the versooriginally blank, although incontemporary versions bears themanuscript inscription, "Tassada endos reales", signed Juan de Cuellar.

Literally translated from Spanishas “Christian Doctrine” the primarygoal of the book was to propagatethe Christian teachings across thePhilippine archipelago. CommonCatholic vocal prayers were all

included in the book.

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• Some historians dubTomas Pinpin, as the

"Prince of FilipinoPrinters" or the "Patriarchof Filipino Printing."

• He learned the art ofprinting about the end of1608 in the Dominican-owned printing press inAbucay.

• In Abucay, Father Blancas

employed in 1609 youngPinpin as an apprentice atthe printing shop andtaught him the art ofprinting.

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Spanish

Period (19thCentury)

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December 1, 1846 - La Esperanza,

the first daily newspaper, waspublished in the country.

Other early newspapers:1847 - La Estrella1848 - Diario de Manila1852 - Boletin Oficial de Filipinas

1884 - El Eco de Vigan, the firstprovincial newspaper (issued inIlocos).1890 - "El Boletín de Cebú" (TheBulletin of Cebu) – issued in CebuCity

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1863 - Spanish governmentintroduced a system of freepublic education that had animportant effect on theability of the population toread in Spanish and furtherin the rise of an educatedclass called thellustrado (meaning, well-

informed).

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Spanish - became the social

language of urban places andthe true lingua franca of thearchipelago.

A good number of Spanishnewspapers were publisheduntil the end of the 1940s.

*El Renacimiento  - mostinfluential of them (printed inManila by members of theGuerrero de Ermita family). 

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Some members ofthe ilustrado group, while residingor studying in Spain, decided tostart a literary production inSpanish with the aim of servingthe autonomy and/or independenceprojects.

Members of ILLUSTRADO:*Pedro Alejandro Paterno - wrotethe novel Nínay (first novelwritten by a Filipino)*José Rizal - wrote excellent

poetry and two famous novels inSpanish:1.Noli Me Tangere (Touch

Me Not), and 2.El Filibusterismo .

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Poetry and metrical romances 

Ladino Poems – Were natives of firstTagalog versifiers who saw print: highlyliterate in both Spanish and thevernacular.

Corridos – Were widely read during theSpanish period that filled the populace'sneed for entertainment as well asedifying reading matter in their leisuremoments.

Awit – like corrido's, these were alsowidely read during the Spanish period as

entertaining, edifying, reading manner intheir leisure time. It is also a fabricationof the writers imagination although thecharacters and the setting maybe European. The structure is rendereddodecasyllabic quatrains.

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Prose The prose works of theSpanish Period consistedmostly of didatic piecesand translations ofreligious writings in

foreign languages.

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Example:

Novels

Short StoriesEssaysWorks of Criticisms

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Dramas

Religious drama 

The Panunuluyan  – Literally, seeking entrance, the

Tagalog version of the Mexican Las Posadas. Heldon the eve of Christmas, it dramatizes Joseph'sand Mary's search for Bethlehem.

Cenaculo  – Was the dramatization of the passionand death of Jesus Christ.

Salubong  – 

An Easter play that dramatizes themeeting of the Risen Christ and His Mother.

Moriones  – Refers to the participants dressedroman soldiers, their identities hidden behindcolorful, sometimes grotesque, wooden masks.

The Santacruzan  – Performed during the month ofMay which have the devotion for the Holy Cross. Itdepicts St. Elena's search for the cross on whichChrist died.

Pangangaluwa  – An interesting socio-religiouspractice on All Saint's Day which literally meansfor The Soul.

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Secular dramas These were generally held during the ninenights of vigil and prayers after someone'sdeath, on the first death anniversary when thefamily members put away their mourningclothes.

The Karagatan – comes from the legendarypractice of testing the mettle of young menvying for a maiden's hand. The maiden's ringwould be dropped into sea and whoever

retrieves it would have the girl's hand inmarriage.

The Duplo – A forerunner of the balagtasan .The performances consist of two teams; Onecomposed of young womencalled Dupleras or Belyakas ; and the other, of

 young men calledDupleros or Belyakos .

The Comedia – It is about a courtly lovebetween, a prince and a princess of differentreligions. It is about a Christian-Muslimrelationship.